Effects of site conditions on earthquake ground motion and their applications in seismic design in loess region

The Loess Plateau is an earthquake prone region of China, where the effects of loess deposit on ground motion were discovered during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake(Ms8.0) and the 2013 Minxian-Zhangxian earthquake(Ms6.6). The field investigations, observations, and analyses indicated that large number of casualties and tremendous economic losses were caused not only by collapse and damage of houses with poor seismic performance, landslides, but also amplification effects of site conditions, topography and thickness of loess deposit, on ground motion. In this paper, we chose Dazhai Village and Majiagou Village as the typical loess site affected by the two earthquakes for intensity evaluation, borehole exploration, temporary strong motion array, micro tremor survey, and numerical analysis. The aim is to explore the relations between amplification factors and site conditions in terms of topography and thickness of loess deposit. We also developed site amplification factors of ground motion for engineering design consideration at loess sites. The results showed that the amplification effects are more predominant with increase in thickness of loess deposit and slope height. The amplification mayincrease seismic intensity by 1 degree, PGA and predominant period by 2 times, respectively.

Effect of site amplification on inelastic seismic response

The available models for eff ective periods of site and structure are reviewed in context of frequency tuning in the inelastic seismic response of soil-structure system. The eff ect of seismic intensity and ductility demand, on the eff ective periods, is investigated, and inelastic site amplifi cation is shown to be strongly correlated to the normalized eff ective period. Two non-dimensional parameters, analogous to the conventional site amplifi cation factors in codes, are defi ned to quantify the inelastic site amplifi cation. It is shown that the inelastic site amplifi cation factor (i.e. ratio of constant ductility spectral ordinates at soil site to those at rock outcrop) is able to represent the site eff ects more clearly, as compared to the inelastic site amplifi cation ratio (i.e. ratio of inelastic spectral ordinates at soil site to the corresponding elastic spectral ordinates at rock outcrop). Further, the peak in the amplifi cation factor corresponding to the eff ective site period diminishes rapidly with increasing ductility demand.

The plurality effect of topographical irregularities on site seismic response

Topography can have signifi cant eff ects on seismic ground response during an earthquake because topographic irregularities cause considerable diff erences between the seismic waves emitted by the source and the waves reaching the ground surface. When a seismic motion happens in a topographically irregular area, seismic waves are trapped and refl ected between the topographic features. Therefore, the interaction between topographies can amplify seismic ground response. In order to reveal how interaction between topographies infl uences seismic response, several numerical fi nite element studies have been performed by using the ABAQUS program. The results show that topographic features a greater distance between the seismic source and the site would cause greater seismic motion amplifi cation and is perceptible for the hills far away from the source and the ridges. Also, site acceleration response is impacted by surrounding topography further than site velocity and displacement response.

Analysis of Seismic Risk at an Engineering Site from Site Effect Seismic Intensity Data Using the Seismotectonic Method——Taking Six Reservoir Dam Sites in Western Anhui as an Example

The seismotectonic method is used to study the seismogenic structures and the maximum potential earthquake around an engineering site in order to determine the seismic risk at the site. Analysis of seismic risk from site effect seismic intensity data, in combination with regional seismo_geological data, using the seismotectonic method can provide a more reliable result. In this paper, taking the area of six reservoir dam sites in western Anhui as an example, we analyze the seismic risk from site effect seismic intensity data in combination with the seismotectonic conditions and find that P (I≥i)=10% over 50 years. The result shows that the seismogenic structure and the maximum potential earthquake have a controlling effect on seismic risk from future earthquakes in the area around the site.

Analysis of the role of diffraction in topographic site effects using boundary element techniques

The role played by the diffraction field on the problem of seismic site effects is studied. For that purpose we solve and analyze simple scattering problems under P and SV in-plane wave assumptions, using two well known direct boundary-element-based numerical methods. After establishing the difference between scattered and diffracted motions, and introducing the concept of artificious and physically based incoming fields, we obtain the amplitude of the Fourier spectra for the diffracted part of the response： this is achieved after establishing the connection between the spatial distribution of the transfer function over the studied simple topographies and the diffracted field. From the numerical simulations it is observed that this diffracted part of the response is responsible for the amplification of the surface ground motions due to the geometric effect. Furthermore, it is also found that the diffraction field sets in a fingerprint of the topographic effect in the total ground motions. These conclusions are further supported by observations in the time-domain in terms of snapshots of the propagation patterns over the complete computational model. In this sense the geometric singularities are clearly identified as sources of diffraction and for the considered range of dimensionless frequencies it is evident that larger amplifications are obtained for the geometries containing a larger number of diffraction sources thus resulting in a stronger topographic effect. The need for closed-form solutions of canonical problems to construct a robust analysis method based on the diffraction field is identified.

甘肃积石山6.2级地震村镇建筑震害调查与分析

积石山地震对甘肃和青海部分地区房屋建筑造成了严重破坏。调查了地震烈度7度和8度地区的11个调查点的村镇建筑震害。震害调查表明:地震灾区主要为乡镇和农村地区,房屋结构类型主要为土木、砖木和未设防砖混结构;在烈度8度地区,土木结构房屋主要表现为严重破坏或倒塌破坏,砖木结构和未设防砖混结构房屋主要表现为中等破坏和严重破坏,设防砖混和钢筋混凝土框架结构房屋主要表现为轻微破坏和中等破坏;在烈度7度地区,土木结构房屋以中等破坏为主,砖木结构和未设防砖混结构房屋以轻微破坏和中等破坏为主,设防砖混和钢筋混凝土框架结构房屋以轻微破坏和基本完好为主。此次地震震害较同级别地震偏重,与震区复杂地形、地震动峰值放大效应、建筑砌筑质量差和结构受力不合理等因素相关。建议进一步开展复杂地形场地放大效应及频谱影响研究,重视建筑非结构构件抗震宣传与实用技术研发。

斜入射情形场地基本周期的计算

场地基本周期是场地效应模型的重要变量,是场地分类的重要指标。已有基本周期的计算假定基岩地震波为垂直入射,常用方法包括利用垂直入射情形下场地内SH波竖向一维传播模型建立的模拟与经验方法,其中逐层单自由度法这一经验方法因计算简易、结果与模拟方法相当而被日本抗震设计规范所采纳。然而垂直入射假定大多与实际不符,为此给出可考虑基岩地震波斜入射的场地基本周期计算方法。首先利用Snell定律将基岩斜入射地震波作用下场地内的SH波二维传播表征为一维竖向视传播建立了斜入射情形场地内SH波传播模型。其次利用这一模型给出了斜入射情形基本周期计算的模拟和修正逐层单自由度法并应用于KiK-net台站场地,结果表明基本周期随入射角的增加而变小,就统计所得平均入射角57°而言,基本周期将缩减11%;修正逐层单自由度法可准确考虑斜入射的影响且计算简易度和原方法相当。最后,讨论了基岩面选取对基本周期计算的影响,结果表明,若依据土体首次达到给定剪切波速以确定基岩面,当剪切波速大于700m/s时,不同基岩面所对应的基本周期具有高度线性相关性。

复杂地震动作用下底部框架砌体结构抗震性能研究

针对复杂三维震动特性下底框砌体结构的抗震性能,在太平洋地震工程研究中心的地震动数据库中,选取了六类复杂特性地震动记录,输入到两种不同层数的底框砌体结构及其隔震结构数值模型,计算得到动力弹塑性时程下的地震响应参数,评估其复杂地震动下的抗震性能.结果表明:对于底框砌体结构,脉冲型地震能对结构造成更剧烈的地震响应;底框砌体隔震结构中,软土脉冲型地震能给结构造成更大的地震响应.从速度脉冲影响的角度分析,速度脉冲效应会降低各层数底框砌体隔震结构的减震率.基础隔震对于提高底框砌体结构的抗震性能具有一定的作用,考虑到抗震性能和经济合理性,对于低矮的底框砌体结构,不建议采用基础隔震设计,而对于较高的底框砌体结构,基础隔震能有效减少结构上部的砖砌体受拉破坏.

机器学习在地震事件自动分类中的应用

使用地震事件分类识别软件(SERS)对内蒙古地震台网2019—2022年编报的内蒙古东部地区20次分类存疑的地震事件进行类型识别,模型识别率为90.4%;通过对比其与人工编目结果发现,只有3次事件识别为天然地震,概率较低。对这3次地震事件记录数据的振幅比和时频分析结果表明,震中距较近台站的波形记录具有明显的P波振幅大、能量高的特点,结合研究内蒙古东部地区地质构造及场地响应的相关文献,推测这些地震事件分类识别主要受场地影响,存在场地放大效应。

远海岛礁与场地地震反应研究现状

本文从岛礁地质构造、岛礁地震反应数值模拟方法和岛礁场地效应等方面总结了海域岛礁地震反应的研究现状,对比并且分析了海域岛礁数值模拟方法中的流固耦合模拟方法、固体边界模拟方法和地震动输入方法;总结了现有海域岛礁地震反应的场地效应相关的研究成果。相关研究表明:海水对岛礁场地的放大系数有明显影响,岛礁表面砂层对水平向地震动加速度峰值放大显著,随着输入地震动峰值的增大,岛礁场地的PGA放大效应趋于减小;海域岛礁场地对中低频段的地震动反应较为显著,加速度峰值放大系数一般介于1.5到4.0之间。为满足岛礁工程的抗震设计,需要进一步解决岛礁工程合理地震动输入、岛礁场地地震反应规律与岛礁工程的设计地震动参数等关键科学问题。

深切峡谷上承式钢管混凝土拱桥地震响应分析

为探究深切峡谷地形对桥梁结构体系且考虑场地效应的抗震问题,以东溪河特大桥为例,根据桥址实际地形建立空间平面应变场地模型以及建立全桥有限元空间动力计算模型,采用线性时程分析法对比在一致激励分析与考虑场地效应的非一致激励下结构的地震响应。结果表明:1)场地效应均放大了两岸拱脚位置处的地震动,南岸地震动大于北岸,且场地效应会提升短周期结构在地震作用下的破坏能力;2)场地效应对增大拱肋上弦管拱脚、1/4拱肋和拱顶的弯矩及拱肋轴力也有一定的放大效果,其规律不明显,此外拱肋竖向位移在场地效应下显著放大;3)场地效应对交接墩和拱上立柱在地震响应下内力和位移响应的放大规律基本一致,但矮墩对场地效应更加敏感。

Influence of site conditions on ground motion at far field loess sites during strong earthquake

Loess is widely distributed in China and the Loess Plateau is one of the major areas where strong earthquakes often take place. The seismic amplification effects were discovered in the Plateau during the Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake and some other strong events. Based on earth tremor observation, borehole exploration and site seismic response analysis, the site effects of topography of Loess Yuan on ground motion were investigated in details. The earth tremor investigation shows that predominant frequencies at the bottom sites of Loess Yuan are greater than those at the top obviously. The sites seismic response analysis shows that the Loess Yuan may amplify peak ground acceleration (PGA) by 1.44 2.0 times. Therefore, site effects of mountains and loess topography on ground motion should be taken account into in seismic design in loess regions.

The Tesistan, Mexico earthquake (M_w 4.9) of 11 May 2016: seismic-tectonic environment and resonance vulnerability on buildings

To highlight the importance of small earthquakes in seismic hazard, a study of the 11 May 2016, Mw 4.9, Tesistan, Mexico earthquake is presented. Due to the close proximity of the event to the city, accelerations were considerably higher than those caused by historical severe earthquakes (6.0 < Mw < 8.2). This paper addresses two objectives related to the Tesistan event: the fi rst is to estimate the focal mechanism solution in order to place the event in the context of the tectonic environment of this area. The second is focused on a vulnerability evaluation of buildings that suff ered resonance. Several building′s typologies with variations in construction system and height are assessed in terms of resonance with the structural and soil periods. The results show that around the Zapopan station, strong damage is expected in intermediate to high-rise buildings (12-30 m) with moment resistant frame systems and in reinforced concrete shear walls. Masonry structures around this station may not present resonance. In contrast, in the surroundings of the Guadalajara station, all intermediate height buildings from 9 to 21 m may present resonance.

Assessment of seismic ground motion amplification and liquefaction at a volcanic area characterized by residual soils

A seismic hazard was assessed related to site effects at Abbadia San Salvatore, central Italy, on the Mt. Amiata slopes, an ancient volcanic area characterized by residual soils(thick layers of loose to dense sands originated from weathering of the trachydacitic lavas). The seismic ground amplification and soil liquefaction related to these layers were recognized as the major seismic hazards for the area.Geological, geophysical, and geotechnical surveys were carried out on the volcanic rocks. The Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio(HVSR) analysis of 252 noise measurements and 29 shear-wave velocity models of the subsoil allowed a seismic microzonation of the studied area, distinguished by thick weathered volcanic sands and shear-wave impedance contrast with respect to the seismic bedrock(volcanic bedrock). The differentiation of classified zones allowed recognition of areas characterized by residual(almost undisturbed) soils from those with soils probably affected by flowing water. The analysis of hazards revealed that peak acceleration by seismic amplification of ground motion exceeded the value set by the national rules(0.175 g) in a restricted area of the zone characterized by the most perturbed soils(Zone D);the potential occurrence of soil liquefaction was also greater in this zone. Finally, the study showed potential high hazards due to site effects of the volcanic mountainous area characterized by residual soils as opposed to an alluvial plain formed by volcanic debris where these effects have generally been more recognized.

不同场地类别条件下框架结构地震响应的方向差异性研究

结构地震响应与所在场地的土层条件密切相关,而水平双向地震动作用方向的差异也会导致结构不同方向震害的差异.基于设计反应谱,选取了20组实际记录的水平双向地震动,针对基岩(Ⅰ_(0))、Ⅱ类以及Ⅲ类场地,对五层钢筋混凝土框架结构在双向地震动作用以及场地土层非线性效应共同影响下的地震响应进行分析,研究场地效应对地表地震动方向性以及上部结构地震响应方向性的影响.研究表明:在结构抗震设计时,不仅要考虑场地效应引起的地表地震动放大,还需要考虑场地效应引起结构地震响应的最不利方向以及方向差异性相比于基岩地震动作用时的变化;仅考虑出露基岩地震动输入的结构地震响应分析往往不安全,且忽略了场地效应对结构地震响应最不利方向的影响.

我国Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类场地上PGA归一化加速度反应谱特征统计研究

近30年来全球强震动记录,尤其是大震记录的数量显著增加,有必要对近40年前基于仅300余条强震动记录获得的地震动加速度反应谱特征进行检验与修正。基于NGA-West2数据库中全球范围内3584条强震动记录的统计发现,我国场地类别划分标准下Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类场地上地面峰值加速度(PGA)归一化反应谱(阻尼比5%)与地震震级密切相关,与震源距离、地震动强度等因素的相关性相对较弱;我国现行抗震规范中设计谱低估了地震震级对反应谱谱型的影响,第4段的直线下降模式也与统计特征不符;在主要受大震控制的地区,设计谱特征周期取值过小而偏于冒险。参考中欧美抗震规范中的设计谱规准化原则,给出了适用于我国Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类建筑场地上的设计谱修正建议,主要改变为延长了受大震控制地区设计地震动分组的特征周期,并调整了下降段的下降模式与衰减指数,以更可靠地反映地震动反应谱的中长周期特性。

局部场地效应下超千米跨度公铁两用斜拉桥时频域地震响应研究

为在时、频域范围内量化场地效应对超千米跨度公铁两用斜拉桥地震响应的影响,基于加速度功率谱模型并结合不同的场地条件细化模型参数,采用虚拟激励和多点时程分析法,分别在时、频域范围内开展超千米跨度公铁两用斜拉桥地震响应分析,并将结构地震响应进行对比,结果表明:对于主梁主跨,柔软场地工况下的主梁位移、内力响应最大,坚硬场地工况下的响应最小,其他工况均介于两者之间且呈规律性变化,柔软场地工况下的主梁内力响应较坚硬场地下的响应最大相差407%;考虑各局部场地效应工况对主梁左边跨地震响应影响,区别于主梁主跨,主梁左边跨位移、内力响应除在柔软场地工况下出现最大值外,其他场地工况下的地震响应值交替变化,变化规律并不完全明确。综合考虑各局部场地工况,采用时程分析法斜拉桥地震响应计算结果总体大于频域虚拟激励法计算结果,各关键地震响应增大率介于9%~182%。因此,对于超千米跨度公铁两用斜拉桥抗震分析,频域方法可能会低估其地震响应,为准确评估斜拉桥动力响应,时程分析法依然是首选的抗震分析方法。

宽河谷非均匀工程场地非线性地震反应空间变异特征研究

针对宽河谷非均匀工程场地地震动响应的空间差异性,以长江下游宽河谷场地为研究对象,建立了宽河谷非均匀场地非线性地震响应的静、动力耦合有限元分析模型,考虑了行波效应和上覆水压力的影响,分析了场地地表及地层不同深度处地震反应空间变异特征。结果表明:场地地表不同位置处地震动参数差异明显,其变化规律与地形起伏相一致,且在多级边坡坡顶、地形起伏较大处地震动参数产生突变,揭示了宽河谷非均匀场地地震动响应空间的差异性;场地地表的反应谱表现出“多峰”、“宽周期”等特性。将计算结果与不考虑地形的简化模型计算结果进行对比分析,验证了非均匀宽河谷场地需要充分考虑地形和土层非均匀的必要性。

一种用于场地-建筑群体系地震响应分析的二维耦合法

该文章发展了一种用于计算场地-建筑群体系地震响应的二维耦合法,其中采用间接边界元法模拟远场土体,采用有限元法模拟近场土体,用解析算法的刚性基础-等效均质块体模型模拟建筑群。该耦合法的优势是建筑群无需离散单元,计算量小,结构参数简单直观,且无需人工边界即可满足场地无穷远处辐射条件。通过与已有文献结果对比,验证了该文章耦合法计算准确,精度较高。通过数值计算分析了场地-建筑群效应对结构动力响应的影响,研究表明:场地-建筑群效应可能明显放大结构地震响应幅值,这与整个场地-建筑群的特性及地震波特性有关;当建筑群中结构参数相同且结构刚度较大时,场地-建筑群效应可能对结构地震响应幅值的影响较大,尤其是处于建筑群中心位置的结构,该文章算例中放大率达36.17%;当建筑群将相同参数结构分区布置(如多层区、高层区)时,场地-建筑群效应可能对各区中心位置结构的地震响应幅值的影响较大。

基于不同基岩深度反演地震动的比较

从KiK-net台阵网中选取了属于Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类场地的39个台站,并收集了相应的钻孔资料。对应于每一个钻孔,假定了2个地震波输入基岩界面,一个为规范规定的基岩面(剪切波速大于等于500 m/s,称为输入面1),另一个为钻孔底部的岩石面(实际剪切波速远大于500 m/s,称为输入面2),分别建立了一维土层模型。采用一维土层地震反应分析的等效线性化方法,由地表加速度记录反演计算了基岩输入界面1和界面2的地震动,分别计算了界面1和界面2的峰值加速度PGA比值和有效峰值加速度EPA比值。经比较,在不同的地表地震动强度输入下,无论是Ⅱ类还是Ⅲ类场地,界面1和界面2的PGA比值和EPA比值基本上介于1.0~3.0之间。显然,基岩输入面越深,剪切波速越大,地表加速度放大效应越明显,基岩输入面的选取对地表地震动有很大影响。