The skeletons of corals are made of calcium carbonate by biomineralization process, in the form of aragonite or calcite. To understand the characteristics of coral skeletons, especially mineralogy, crystal phases, org...The skeletons of corals are made of calcium carbonate by biomineralization process, in the form of aragonite or calcite. To understand the characteristics of coral skeletons, especially mineralogy, crystal phases, organization and structure in individual species, X-ray powder diffraction techniques have gained increased interest in recent years as useful non-destructive tools. This review provides an overview on the recent progress in this field and briefly introduces the related experimental approach. The application of X-ray diffraction (XRD) to elucidating the structural and mechanical properties of mineral crystals in corals is reviewed in terms of characterization of CaCO3 crystal orientation. In addition, we discuss how this technique has increased our understanding of the function of the organic matrix proteins of calcified coral skeletons during mineral formation. Such information is helpful in deducing the mechanical and structural model of corals with respect to biomineralization system of skeletons.展开更多
通过化瘀通络中药对糖尿病肾病(DN)大鼠肾脏足细胞骨架蛋白α-actinin-4、Synaptopodin的干预作用,探讨化瘀通络中药减少蛋白尿,防治DN的可能作用机理。选取健康雄性SD大鼠50只并按随机数字表法分为正常组(C组)10只,其余40只采用高糖高...通过化瘀通络中药对糖尿病肾病(DN)大鼠肾脏足细胞骨架蛋白α-actinin-4、Synaptopodin的干预作用,探讨化瘀通络中药减少蛋白尿,防治DN的可能作用机理。选取健康雄性SD大鼠50只并按随机数字表法分为正常组(C组)10只,其余40只采用高糖高脂饲料联合1%链脲佐菌素(STZ)腹腔注射复制糖尿病(DM)大鼠模型,72 h后尾静脉取血检测血糖,血糖≥16.7 mmol/L为糖尿病大鼠造模成功,成模大鼠再随机分为3组,分别为模型组(M组)、化瘀通络中药组(Z组)、厄贝沙坦组(I组)。各治疗组分别给予不同干预,16周后分别检测各组大鼠24 h尿蛋白(24 h UTP)、血凝及血小板参数等指标;采用蛋白质印迹法(Western-Blot)、实时荧光定量(Real-time PCR)方法检测各组大鼠肾脏足细胞骨架蛋白α-actinin-4、Synaptopodin的表达情况。结果显示,与C组比较,其余各组大鼠24 h UTP明显升高(P<0.01),血凝、血小板相关指标均出现明显变化;与M组相比,24h UTP均明显减少(P<0.01),血凝、血小板相关指标均有明显改善;与I组比较,中药组大鼠24 h UTP明显减少(P<0.05)。与C组相比,其他各组大鼠肾组织α-actinin-4、Synaptopodin表达水平均明显降低(P<0.05,P<0.01);与M组相比,两治疗组两种蛋白表达均明显升高(P<0.05,P<0.01);与I组比较,中药组大鼠Synaptopodin的基因和蛋白表达均明显上调(P<0.05)。以上结果说明化瘀通络中药可以降低糖尿病肾病大鼠尿蛋白,其机制可能与改善血液高粘、高凝状态,上调足细胞骨架蛋白α-actinin-4、Synaptopodin,维持足细胞正常结构和功能有关。展开更多
文摘The skeletons of corals are made of calcium carbonate by biomineralization process, in the form of aragonite or calcite. To understand the characteristics of coral skeletons, especially mineralogy, crystal phases, organization and structure in individual species, X-ray powder diffraction techniques have gained increased interest in recent years as useful non-destructive tools. This review provides an overview on the recent progress in this field and briefly introduces the related experimental approach. The application of X-ray diffraction (XRD) to elucidating the structural and mechanical properties of mineral crystals in corals is reviewed in terms of characterization of CaCO3 crystal orientation. In addition, we discuss how this technique has increased our understanding of the function of the organic matrix proteins of calcified coral skeletons during mineral formation. Such information is helpful in deducing the mechanical and structural model of corals with respect to biomineralization system of skeletons.
文摘通过化瘀通络中药对糖尿病肾病(DN)大鼠肾脏足细胞骨架蛋白α-actinin-4、Synaptopodin的干预作用,探讨化瘀通络中药减少蛋白尿,防治DN的可能作用机理。选取健康雄性SD大鼠50只并按随机数字表法分为正常组(C组)10只,其余40只采用高糖高脂饲料联合1%链脲佐菌素(STZ)腹腔注射复制糖尿病(DM)大鼠模型,72 h后尾静脉取血检测血糖,血糖≥16.7 mmol/L为糖尿病大鼠造模成功,成模大鼠再随机分为3组,分别为模型组(M组)、化瘀通络中药组(Z组)、厄贝沙坦组(I组)。各治疗组分别给予不同干预,16周后分别检测各组大鼠24 h尿蛋白(24 h UTP)、血凝及血小板参数等指标;采用蛋白质印迹法(Western-Blot)、实时荧光定量(Real-time PCR)方法检测各组大鼠肾脏足细胞骨架蛋白α-actinin-4、Synaptopodin的表达情况。结果显示,与C组比较,其余各组大鼠24 h UTP明显升高(P<0.01),血凝、血小板相关指标均出现明显变化;与M组相比,24h UTP均明显减少(P<0.01),血凝、血小板相关指标均有明显改善;与I组比较,中药组大鼠24 h UTP明显减少(P<0.05)。与C组相比,其他各组大鼠肾组织α-actinin-4、Synaptopodin表达水平均明显降低(P<0.05,P<0.01);与M组相比,两治疗组两种蛋白表达均明显升高(P<0.05,P<0.01);与I组比较,中药组大鼠Synaptopodin的基因和蛋白表达均明显上调(P<0.05)。以上结果说明化瘀通络中药可以降低糖尿病肾病大鼠尿蛋白,其机制可能与改善血液高粘、高凝状态,上调足细胞骨架蛋白α-actinin-4、Synaptopodin,维持足细胞正常结构和功能有关。
