INTERFACIAL TENSION BETWEEN SLAG AND COPPER MATTE

The interfacial tension between FeO-CaO-SiO_2-MgO system slag and Cu-Fe-S system matte was determinated by the X-ray radiograph sessile drop method.The effects of FeO/SiO_2 ratio in the slag,contents of CaO,FeO,ZnO and CaF_2 in the slag on interracial tension and the relation of inter facial tension with the grade of matte and temperature have been studied.The floatation coefficient and film coefficient of slag-matte system has been calculated and the mechanism of the transition of iron and oxygen from slag to matte has also been discussed.

Breaking the Fe_(3)O_(4)-wrapped copper microstructure to enhance copper-slag separation

The precipitation of Fe_(3)O_(4)particles and the accompanied formation of Fe_(3)O_(4)-wrapped copper structure are the main obstacles to copper recovery from the molten slag during the pyrometallurgical smelting of copper concentrates.Herein,the commercial powdery pyrite or anthracite is replaced with pyrite-anthracite pellets as the reductants to remove a large amount of Fe_(3)O_(4)particles in the molten slag,resulting in a deep fracture in the Fe_(3)O_(4)-wrapped copper microstructure and the full exposure of the copper matte cores.When 1wt%composite pellet is used as the reductant,the copper matte droplets are enlarged greatly from 25μm to a size observable by the naked eye,with the copper content being enriched remarkably from 1.2wt%to 4.5wt%.Density functional theory calculation results imply that the formation of the Fe_(3)O_(4)-wrapped copper structure is due to the preferential adhesion of Cu_(2)S on the Fe_(3)O_(4)particles.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(FTIR),and Raman spectroscopy results all reveal that the high-efficiency conver-sion of Fe_(3)O_(4)to FeO can decrease the volume fraction of the solid phase and promote the depolymerization of silicate network structure.As a consequence,the settling of copper matte droplets is enhanced due to the lowered slag viscosity,contributing to the high efficiency of copper-slag separation for copper recovery.The results provide new insights into the enhanced in-situ enrichment of copper from mol-ten slag.

A New Technology for Copper Slag Reduction to Get Molten Iron and Copper Matte

The change of iron composition as well as the removal of copper from iron was investigated in the reduction process, and a new way to deal with copper slag was proposed. The iron in copper slag exists mainly in the form of fayalite, and the copper sulfide content accounts for just about 50%. Therefore, the magnetic separation as well as grinding floatation method is not suitable, and a pyrogenic treatment on copper slag is necessary. The carhurization and desulfurization process is restricted to a degree within the carbon composite pellets, and copper matte phase pre- cipitates from copper slag in the reduction process, which is immiscible with molten iron and slag. The copper con- tent decreases to 0.4% as the carbon content in molten iron reaches 3.84%, and the removal ratio of copper from molten iron approaches to 80%. The reduction and sulfurization process can be eompleted in one step, and the copper is separated from iron based on the ternary system of iron-matte-slag.

Enhancement of the nickel converter slag-cleaning operation with the addition of spent potlining

The slag cleaning(or matte settling) process was experimentally investigated at 1573 K using a fayalitic nickel converter slag containing spinel and matte/alloy particles.The addition of various amounts of spent potlining(SPL) was studied in terms of its influence on matte settling and the overall metal recoveries.The slags produced were characterized by scanning electron microscopy,energy-dispersive spectroscopy,and wet chemical analysis using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry.The presence of solid spinel particles in the molten slag hindered coalescence and settling of matte/alloy droplets.Matte settling was effectively promoted with the addition of as little as 2 wt% SPL because of the reduction of spinel by the carbonaceous component of the SPL.The reduced viscosity of the molten slag in the presence of SPL also contributed to the accelerated matte settling.Greater metal recoveries were achieved with larger amounts of added SPL.Fast reduction of the molten slag at 1573 K promoted the formation of highly dispersed metal particles/clusters via accelerated nucleation in the molten slag,which increased the overall slag viscosity.This increase in viscosity,when combined with rapid gas evolution from accelerated reduction reactions,led to slag foaming.

AN INTELLIGENT DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM （IDSS） IN THE OPERATION PROCESS OF ELECTRIC FURNACE FOR CLEANING SLAG

In this paper, the structure and function of the IDSS in the operation process of electric furnace for cleaning slag are presented and the fuzzy neural network decision model (FNNDM) in the IDSS is specially suggested. The IDSS possesses selflearning and adaptive properties, and has been used for managing and analyzing the optimal operational conditions since June 1992. Electric energy consumption has been reduced remarkably and the coefficient of recovery of cobalt and nickel has been increased.

A FUZZY NEURAL NETWORK DECISION MODEL ON THE OPERATION PROCESS OF ELECTRIC FURNACE FOR CLEANING SLAG AND ITS APPLICATION

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Evaluation of the Electroslag Remelting Process in Medical Grade of 316LC Stainless Steel

This study is focused on the effects of electroslag remelting by prefused slag （CaO, Al2O3, and CaF2） on macrostructure and reduction of inclusions in the medical grade of 316LC （316LVM） stainless steel. Analysis of the obtained results indicated that for production of a uniform ingot structure during electroslag remelting, shape and depth of the molten pool should be carefully controlled. High melting rates led to deeper pool depth and interior radial solidification characteristics, while decrease in the melting rates caused more reduction of nonmetallic inclusions. Large shrinkage cavities formed during the conventional casting process in the primary ingots were found to be the cause of the fluctuation in the melting rate, pool depth and extension of equiaxed crystals zone.

Characterization of Size and Density Separated Fractions of a Bituminous Coal as a Feedstock for Entrained Slagging Gasification

Coal is one of the main sources of energy in many parts of the world and has one of the largest reserves/production ratios amongst all the non-renewable energy sources. Gasification of coal is one among the advanced technologies that has potential to be used in a carbon constrained economy. However, gasification availability at several commercial demonstrations had run into problems associated with fouling of syngas coolers due to unpredictable flyash formation and unburnt carbon losses. Computer models of gasifiers are emerging as a powerful tool to predict gasifier performance and reliability, without expensive testing. Most computer models used to simulate gasifiers tend to model coal as a homogenous entity based on bulk properties. However, coal is a heterogeneous material and comminution during feedstock preparation produces particle classes with different physical and chemical properties. It is crucial to characterize the heterogeneity of the feedstocks used by entrained flow gasifiers. To this end, a low ash US bituminous coal that could be used as a gasifier feedstock was segregated into density and size fractions to represent the major mineral matter distributions in the coal. Float and sink method and sieving were employed to partition the ground coal. The organic and inorganic content of all density fractions was characterized for particle size distribution, heating value, ultimate analysis, proximate analysis, mineral matter composition, ash composition, and petrographic components, while size fractions were characterized for heating value, ash composition, ultimate and proximate analysis. The proximate, ultimate and high heating value analysis showed that variation in these values is limited across the range of size fractions, while the heterogeneity is significant over the range of density fractions. With respect to inorganics, the mineral matter in the heavy density fractions contribute significantly to the ash yield in the coal while contributing very little to its heating value. The ash yield across the size fractions exhibits a bimodal distribution. The heterogeneity is also significant with respect to the base-to-acid ratio across the size and density fractions. The results indicate that the variations in organic and inorganic content over a range of density and size classes are significant, even in the low ash, vitrinite rich coal sample characterized here. Incorporating this information appropriately into particle population models used in gasifier simulations will significantly enhance their accuracy of performance predictions.

铜渣贫化回收铜的研究现状及展望

铜是现代工业不可或缺的原材料,然而我国铜资源对外依存度高,是典型的“卡脖子”资源。铜主要通过火法冶炼铜精矿制得,冶炼过程渣量大、渣含铜量高达0.5%~5%,远高于我国铜矿的可采品位(0.2%)。因此,研究铜渣贫化回收铜的工艺对提升我国资源保障能力具有重要意义。基于铜/铜锍在渣中的赋存状态、铜损的主要形式,重点综述了现阶段铜渣贫化回收铜的工艺技术,包括火法贫化法、浮选法、湿法处理等,并对未来的研究重点进行了展望。目前,电炉贫化处理量大,技术成熟,但其通常使用煤炭等作为还原剂,由于其密度小于铜渣,反应时大多漂浮渣层表面并燃烧,反应不充分,也不利于大气环保。另外,工业上常使用金属铁棒还原炉底结瘤的磁铁矿,但其密度大于铜/铜锍,在渣液中沉降速度快,对渣层的还原不彻底。因此,开发环保、高效的还原剂逐渐成为火法电炉贫化研究的重点。浮选法是处理天然铜矿的常用手段,但铜渣存在硬度高、伴生关系复杂、粒度分布不均、微细粒多等浮选难点,同时铜渣高温浮选导致捕收剂失活的问题也亟待解决。在处理低品位铜渣时,湿法浸出是常用手段,但化学试剂和废液环保问题难以解决;生物浸出具有性质稳定、对环境无污染,且浸出后金属含量较低等优点,但其浸出周期长、效率低。根据目前贫化工艺的难点,对未来贫化工艺开发与优化进行了展望,如增加外场聚集四氧化三铁以改善铜/铜锍沉降环境、开发环保高效的火法贫化还原剂、探究还原剂对不同铜渣渣型的作用机制以及开发耐高温的铜渣浮选新药剂等。

铜熔炼渣的火法回收工艺与铅锌锑富集规律

铜精矿火法冶金后产生的熔炼渣经浮选回收铜后,尾渣含Pb、Zn和Sb,仍具有一定回收经济价值。浮选法对铜熔炼渣中Pb、Zn和Sb的回收率低,而火法熔炼通过高温和碳热还原可以有效分离这些元素。对直接还原熔炼、造锍还原熔炼和氧化-还原熔炼3种典型的火法回收工艺进行了对比中试试验。结果表明:火法回收工艺可达到理想的铜回收率,但不同工艺对Pb、Zn和Sb的回收效果不同;直接还原熔炼提高了Pb的回收率;造锍还原熔炼提高了Zn的回收率;熔炼法需消耗大量还原剂和能源,经济性需慎重考虑。火法熔炼适合作为铜回收的备用工艺进行研究。

安徽枞阳祖家墩遗址炉渣的科技研究

枞阳地区以其特殊的地理位置、丰富的铜矿资源和众多的古代矿冶遗址,成为探索安徽青铜时代冶金技术发展的重要地区。采用XRD、SEM-EDS等方法对该地区祖家墩遗址出土炉渣进行检测分析和研究。结果表明,祖家墩遗址出土炉渣均为冶炼渣。通过铜硫比和周围矿山开采情况,推测该遗址所使用矿石更可能为硫化铜矿石。根据炉渣中夹杂的金属颗粒判断,祖家墩遗址可能同时存在红铜和砷铜两种冶炼活动,其砷铜不排除是使用氧化矿与含砷硫化矿石共熔还原而成,砷料来源应与铜陵当地多金属矿床有关。

鞍钢高品质IF钢板坯白条缺陷产生原因及措施

针对高品质IF钢铸坯经火焰清理后,角部出现熔渣导致的缺陷问题,分析了缺陷产生的原因,采取了提高高压水水压、调整火焰清理机本体的浮动距离、优化火焰清理机氧气与低压丙烷燃气的配比等措施后,有效地解决了白条缺陷,提高了铸坯的表面质量。

汽车涂装亚光色批量生产方法研究

亚光色光泽度低,给人典雅、柔和目视效果,越来越受消费者喜爱,但亚光漆面无法使用常规亮光色漆面缺陷处理方法,因此本文对喷涂前准备、喷涂过程中工艺问题、漆渣控制、生产组织进行探究,梳理控制漆面缺陷方法,为同行实现汽车涂装亚光色批量生产提供思路。

杂质锌对顶吹炉铜熔炼系统的影响

鉴于杂质锌对顶吹炉生产中产品质量和生产率的不利影响,系统研究了入炉精矿中锌含量对铜熔炼顶吹炉系统冰铜、炉渣、烟尘的影响。结果表明,随着入炉精矿中锌的平均品位由0.88%上升至3.59%:冰铜中锌含量由0.68%上升至2.16%,不利于后续降低吹炼渣及精炼渣中铜含量;电炉渣中的锌含量由2.02%上升至5.80%,将导致更多的含锌铁尖晶石固相在高温下析出,使炉渣熔化温度出现升高趋势;上升烟道烟尘中锌含量增至3.34%,含锌物相增加将引入高熔点、高黏度锌铁尖晶石,诱发半熔融状或致密坚硬的结瘤物产生,难以破碎清除;电收尘系统烟尘率由0.96%提升至6.88%,烟尘中锌含量由4.25%增至8.44%,增加电收尘系统负担,降低除尘效率。

四氧化三铁在造锍熔炼铁橄榄石炉渣中的行为

造锍熔炼是火法炼铜的关键工序,通常采用铁橄榄石炉渣体系(SiO_(2)-FeO_(x)-MO,M代表金属)。系统讨论了四氧化三铁的性质、生成、溶解、析出、作用,以及危害与其消除方法等,并指出以往“在造锍熔炼中,四氧化三铁熔点高、黏度大,其生成将对造锍熔炼过程产生严重不利影响”这一观点是不全面的。在造锍熔炼中,四氧化三铁的生成及过饱和析出与温度、炉渣FeSiO_(2)质量比、体系中FeS和Cu_(2) S活度、SO_(2)分压等因素相关;Fe(Ⅲ)在炉渣中的溶解度决定于渣温。四氧化三铁过饱和析出于炉渣中后,炉渣黏度应按Einstein-Roscoe公式计算。此外,还对不同熔炼方法中炉渣温度和Fe SiO_(2)质量比不同的原因进行了分析。

铜冶炼转炉渣还原硫化提钴渣系的研究与运用

本文通过研究铜冶炼转炉渣FeO-SiO_(2)体系下,添加不同比例的MgO、SiO_(2)、Al_(2)O_(3),分析其对炉渣熔点、粘度及钴铜回收率的影响,旨在为公司转炉渣还原硫化提钴提供理论支持和指导。

闪速熔炼渣含铜影响因素分析及优化措施

福建某铜业公司闪速熔炼原料成分波动大,渣含铜难以控制,对后续铜渣浮选的生产操作和工艺指标控制均有一定影响。针对此问题,分析了闪速熔炼渣的化学成分和物相组成,研究了金属铜在渣中的损失形式及其对渣含铜的影响,并从优化闪速熔炼炉况、干精矿成分和铁硅比等方面提出了降低渣含铜的控制措施。实践表明:通过控制炉渣中的Fe_(3)O_(4)质量分数在9%以下,铁硅比在1.25左右,冰铜品位在61%~62%,可以将闪速熔炼渣中的铜质量分数维持在1.1%以下,获得了较好的闪速熔炼渣渣型,并能保持稳定,降低了金属铜的损失。

钢包下渣检测改进的应用

在钢水连铸生产工艺过程中,连铸钢包中的氧化剂和钢水掺杂的杂质混合形成液体钢渣,含有钢水和油状钢渣的熔体从连铸包注入到中间包,会严重影响钢水质量,降低出钢率。本文结合国内外钢包下渣检测的先进方法,采用电磁感应+钢包称重结合的检测控制方式,探究实现连铸机的钢包下渣检测自动化和智能化控制。通过实时监测钢水重量信号和钢渣的电导率的变化信号,经过二次仪表和工控机分析处理后发出控制信号(控制滑板开关)和报警信号来控制钢包下渣量,从而控制钢水洁净度。

铜钴冶炼渣还原造锍熔炼回收铜和钴

从试验上验证了铜钴硫化矿冶炼新工艺的可行性,并着重研究了新工艺中铜钴冶炼渣还原造锍熔炼阶段还原剂焦炭用量、硫化剂黄铁矿用量、熔炼温度和保温时间对铜钴回收率的影响。结果表明,加入铜钴冶炼渣质量分数6%的焦炭和20%的黄铁矿,在1 350℃熔炼3h,弃渣含铜、钴可分别降至0.12%和0.074%,产品铜钴锍中铜、钴回收率分别达到92.95%和89.95%。贫化渣主要物相为铁橄榄石(Fe2SiO4)和磁铁矿(Fe3O4),铜钴锍主要物相为硫化亚铁(FeS)、钴铁硫化物(Fe0.92Co0.08S)、吉硫铜矿(Cu8S5)。

铜渣组分含量对渣锍高温沉降分离效果的影响

本文利用高温沉降实验对FeO-SiO2-Fe3O4-CaO-Al2O3-MgO系中不同组分含量以及温度对铜渣、铜锍分离效果的影响进行研究,同时利用热力学计算软件FactSage结合含固相熔渣的黏度、密度计算公式,对不同渣型炉渣的黏度和密度进行计算,进而研究其对渣锍分离效果的影响。结果表明,当炉渣黏度大于0.5 Pa·s时,黏度升高对渣锍分离有着十分不利的影响。当炉渣各组分控制在SiO2/Fe比(w(SiO2)/w(Fe))0.82%~0.97%、w(CaO)0~6.2%、w(Al2O3)2%~7%、w(MgO)0~1.25%和w(Fe3O4)0~10%,且沉降温度在1230℃以上时,熔渣具有良好的流动性,其密度也在理想的范围内,沉降后渣中的含铜量低于1%。由沉降后渣的矿相分析表明,难以沉降的铜物相主要为呈点状分布的微米级黄铜矿和少量大粒径的辉铜矿。