Effects of Sulfur Compounds on Cd Partitioning in a Simulated Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator

硫混合物(包括的硫，硫化物，亚硫酸盐和硫酸盐) 的效果，重金属的起始的集中和在市政的固体的 Cd 排放上的操作条件浪费(MSW ) 焚化用一个模仿的管状的炉子被调查并且模仿了与 Cd 刺的 MSW。Cd 的集中被诱导地联合的血浆原子的排放 spectrometry (ICP-AES ) 在根据相关 USEPA 方法包括底部灰，苍蝇灰和烟道气体消化样品以后测量。结果证明 S 和 Na2S 趋于增加在底部灰划分的 Cd，而 Na2SO3 和 Na2SO4 趋于减少在底部灰划分的 Cd。在底部灰划分的 Cd 上的硫混合物的效果在 Na2 S 】 S 】 Na2SO3 】 Na2SO4 的顺序。化学平衡分析也被执行在 Cd 吸附上决定吸着剂的效果。计算证明 S 为 Cd 介绍强壮的亲密关系并且，当温度升起到时，由 SiC2 制止 Cd 吸附在 830 ° C 和 1030 ° C 之间， SiO2 的 Cd 吸附效率是超过 80% ， Al2O3 的效率直到 85% 。

Quantitative effects of phase transition on solute partition coefficient,inclusion precipitation, and microsegregation for high-sulfur steel solidification

Segregation and inclusion precipitation are the common behaviours of steel solidification, which are resulted from the redistribution and diffusion of the solute elements at the solid-liquid interface. The effect of the phase transition of high-sulfur free-cutting steel is quantified in the present work for the solute partition coefficient(ki), inclusion precipitation, and microsegregation by establishing a coupling model of microsegregation and inclusion precipitation, wherein the quantified dependencies of ki in terms of temperature, phase and carbon(C) content were applied. Results showed that the solidification temperature range and phase transition of high-sulfur steel that under different solidification paths and C contents were quite different, leading to differences in ki and eventually in microsegregation. kC,kP, and kS were mainly affected by phase composition and kSi was primarily by temperature, while kMn depended on both phase composition and temperature during solidification. Increasing the C content within the interval 0.07-0.48 wt%, the ‘proportion of the δ phase maintained temperature region during solidification’(Pδ), kave Pand kave S(kiave, the average value of the ki across the whole stages of solidification)decreased monotonically, whereas kave Cincreased linearly. The peritectic reaction impacted on the phase composition and ki, leading to the change in microsegregation. Such effect of the peritectic reaction was more significant at the last stage of solidification. When the Pδ was between 75% and 100%(corresponding to 0.07-0.16 wt% C), the solidification path resulted in a greater effect on the microsegregation of solutes C, P, and S because of the peritectic reaction. The microsegregation of solutes Mn and S were comprehensively influenced by kMn, kS and Mn S precipitation as well. The studies would help reveal the solute redistribution at the solid-liquid interface, and improve the segregation of high-sulfur steel by controlling the solidification and precipitation in practice.

垃圾焚烧中硫化合物对重金属Pb迁移分布影响

采用管式炉和模拟垃圾对垃圾焚烧中硫化合物(包括S、Na2S、Na2SO3、Na2SO4)、焚烧温度、重金属初始加入浓度以及焚烧停留时间对Pb迁移分布的影响进行了研究.使用ICP-AES分析技术(美国EPA消解方法)对重金属浓度进行测量.结果表明,垃圾焚烧中4种硫化合物的加入均使得Pb在底渣中的分布比例比未加入硫化合物时的分布比例降低.Pb在底渣中的分布比例随加入S和Na2S含量的增加而减少,相应地在飞灰中的分布随S和Na2S加入量的增加而增加,而Pb的迁移分布比例受Na2SO3和Na2SO4含量变化的影响不显著.温度的升高使得Pb向飞灰中的分布比例逐渐增加,整个试验温度范围内Pb在烟气中的分布均为0.初始浓度的增加也使Pb在底渣中的分布比例逐渐升高,飞灰中的分布比例逐渐下降.停留时间的增加会使得Pb在底渣中的分布比例降低,相应地在飞灰中的分布比例会增加.

LF精炼过程中硫分配比和脱硫动力学方程研究

通过 ＬＦ精炼脱硫工业实验，确定了在不同条件下熔渣和钢水中的实际硫分配比．在二元碱度较高时，大部分实验数据与经验公式计算值相差近 ２－４倍 此外，用反应平衡计算的值要比实验数据大许多.在本实验条件下，脱硫速率和时间之间有较好的线性关系，脱硫传质系数为 ２．６７×１０－３ｃｍ／ｍｉｎ．该结果为ＬＦ炉生产中脱硫提供了必要的依据.

低碳低硅铝镇静钢LF顶渣硫分配比预报模型

根据钢厂100 t BOF-吹氩-LF-RH-Ca处理流程生产优质深冲(DDQ)级深冲热轧带钢SPHE(%:≤0.07C、≤0.03Si、0.20～0.30Mn、≤0.020P、≤0.010S、0.02～0.06Als)时Ca处理过程S含量过高的情况,通过KTH硫容量模型,分析了CaO/SiO_2、Al_2O_3和MgO对精炼渣硫分配比L_S的影响,建立了CaO-MgO-SiO_2-Al_2O_3四元渣系脱硫模型,优化LF脱硫的精炼渣成分。结果表明,使用优化后的精炼渣(%:50CaO、6MgO、≤5SiO_2、30～35Al_2O_3),LF精炼钢水的脱硫率≥80%。模型预测值与实测值误差为±5%的占80%。

冶金炉渣硫化物容量和磷酸盐容量的关系

推导了炉渣硫化物容量（或容量指数）与硫分配比及磷酸盐容量（或容量指数）与磷分配比的关系。总结了不同渣系硫化物容量和磷酸盐容量与诸如复杂炉渣碱度、光学碱度、碱性组元含量表达的炉渣成分的关系。讨论了几个冶金常规渣系硫化物容量和磷酸盐容量的关系，发现硫化物容量与磷酸盐容量的对数值具有线性关系。根据硫化物容量和磷酸盐容量的关系给出同时脱硫、脱磷的基本条件。

SO_2在水和有机溶剂中的化学形态及其脂/水分配系数:SO_2生理学研究新模式

为了探讨内源性SO2生理作用和毒理作用的化学机制,采用真空减压法、超声波法、通气法、光谱扫描法及摇瓶法等对SO2在水和有机溶剂中的化学形态及其脂/水分配系数进行了研究.研究结果表明:1)气态SO2不仅易溶于水,而且更易溶于有机溶剂;2)SO2在水和有机溶剂中的溶解主要是物理性溶解,其主要以SO2分子状态存在于溶液中,在饱和溶液中90%以上是以自由分子状态存在,在较低浓度下也有50%左右以自由分子状态存在;3)SO2的脂/水分配系数仅为0.16～0.20,使存在于生物膜(脂相)系统的内源性SO2很容易进入水相并转化为亚硫酸盐,这将导致其在组织细胞内的半寿期很短,这符合信号分子的特征.由此结论:1)以SO2生理盐水溶液作为SO2供体,可作为研究内源性SO2生理作用和毒理作用的新模式;2)内源性SO2在组织细胞内的失活途径是:SO2→SO32-/HSO3-→SO42-.此外,论文认为亚硫酸钠和亚硫酸氢钠混合液并不能作为"SO2供体"用以处理生物组织.

精炼渣组成对钢-渣硫分配比的影响

采用二次正交回归实验设计方法在中频感应炉内进行碱度R(CaO/SiO_2)2～7的CaO-SiO_2-MgO- Al_2O_3精炼渣系的脱硫实验,建立渣系组分与钢-渣硫分配比Ls关系的数学模型,实验渣碱度、渣指数MI (R:Al_2O_3)、CaF_2、MgO和FeO含量对硫分配比Ls的影响。结果表明,渣碱度R 3.5～5.0、渣指数MI 0.25～0.40时脱硫效果较好;精炼渣最佳组分为(%):9CaF_2、8MgO、13Al_2O_3、<0.5FeO,R值=4。

炉渣组分对CaO-Al_2O_3-SiO_2-TiO_2-MgO-Na_2O渣系与铁液间硫分配比的影响

针对高碱度高氧化铝的Ca O-Al_2O_3-Si O_2-Ti O_2-Mg O-Na_2O六元渣系,通过在1 773 K温度下测定其与铁液间的硫分配比,研究该渣系的脱硫性能.利用偏最小二乘法回归分析,建立了可较好预测硫分配比的回归方程,利用回归方程分析了炉渣碱度(mCa O/mSi O_2)、Mg O、Ti O_2、Al_2O_3以及Na_2O对硫分配比的影响.结果表明,当炉渣碱度大于2.9时,炉渣硫分配比均在140以上,表明该渣系具有较强的脱硫能力.在实验范围内,硫分配比随炉渣碱度的增加而提高.当碱度一定时,Mg O对硫分配比的影响不大,Ti O_2、Al_2O_3均使硫分配比降低,其中Al_2O_3降低硫分配比较为明显.硫分配比随Na_2O增加而增加,少量的Na_2O即可明显提高炉渣的脱硫能力.

P_2O_5、V_2O_5、FeO、CaO对硫在Na_2O-SiO_2渣系和碳饱和铁水间平衡分配比的影响

在 Na_2O—SiO_2渣系中分别添加 P_2O_5、V_2O_5、FeO 氧化物,考察了它们对硫在渣和金属间平衡分配比的影响。发现这三种氧化物对 Na_2O—SiO_2渣系脱硫均有不利影响。在 Na_2O—SiO_2渣系中,固定 SiO_2含量,用等摩尔 CaO 取代其中的 Na_2O,比较了它们的脱硫能力。得知 CaO 的脱硫能力不及 Na_2O。

2015—2018年山西省车用柴油质量状况分析

基于GB 19147—2013/2016《车用柴油》,以山西省车用柴油抽检样品为对象,分析2015—2018年车用柴油实际质量状况。结果表明:总体上,2015年抽检样品合格率最低,为58.3%,随后样品合格率以11.7%的年均增长率升至2016年的70.8%和2017年的82.1%,2018年抽检合格率稍有降低,为81.3%。其中国Ⅳ、国Ⅴ、国Ⅵ样品合格率分别为65.3%、78.9%和97.4%。不合格样品主要超标项目为硫浓度和闪点,超标样品硫浓度平均值为(671.7±1061.4)mg/kg,闪点平均值为(47.0±9.4)℃。空间上,山西省车用柴油抽检样品合格率呈现以“2+26”城市为主的中东部城市高、西南部城市低的规律;时间上,各城市的车用柴油合格率变化呈稳定改善型、后进追赶型和恶化型3种类型。建议建立分级分区精准油品监管制度,加强对车用柴油的质量监管。

包钢高炉渣脱硫性能的研究

为提高包钢高炉渣的脱硫能力,根据包钢现场高炉渣的成分,配制了碱度、MgO、Al2O3三个系列的合成渣样,进行脱硫实验。结果表明,碱度在1.0左右,w（MgO）在10%-13%之间,w（A l2O3）小于15%的炉渣,脱硫能力强,适于包钢高炉生产。

分壁精馏技术用于油田轻烃分离生产溶剂油的模拟研究

研究了采用分壁精馏技术对油田轻烃进行分离生产溶剂油的工艺。利用Aspen流程模拟软件对分离过程进行了建模,研究分离效果及影响因素。考察了理论塔板数、液相分配比、气相分配比等参数对轻烃分离效果及溶剂油产品中硫化物分布的影响规律。结果表明:在95层塔板、塔顶压力88 kPa、回流比4.0、液相分配比0.5、气相分配比1.05的条件下,可以获得满足质量指标要求的6号溶剂油(宽馏程)和120号溶剂油产品。6号溶剂油中硫化物以C_(6)硫醚、噻吩为主,120号溶剂油中硫化物以C_(7)~C_(9)复杂噻吩为主,分壁塔底为C_(10)以上硫化物。采用分壁塔分离技术生产溶剂油产品,装置投资费用约3500万元,轻烃年销售额增加4965万元。

Multi-objective Modeling and Assessment of Partition Properties: A GA-Based Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship Approach

In this work a multi-objective quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) analysis approach was reported based on the study on three partition properties of 50 aromatic sulfur-containing carboxylates. Here multi-objectives (properties) were taken as a vector for QSPR modeling. The quantitative correlations for partition properties were developed using a genetic algorithm-based variable-selection approach with quantum chemical descriptors derived from AM1-based calculations. With the QSPR models, the aqueous solubility, octanol/water partition coefficients and reversed-phase HPLC capacity factors of sulfur-containing compounds were estimated and predicted. Using GA-based multivariate linear regression with cross-validation procedure, a set of the most promising descriptors was selected from a pool of 28 quantum chemical semi-empirical descriptors, including steric and electronic types, to integrally build QSPR models. The selected molecular descriptors included the net charges on carboxyl group (Q OC), the 2nd power of net charges on nitrogen atoms (Q 2 N), the net atomic charge on the sulfur atoms (Q S), the van der Waals volume of molecule (V), the most positive net atomic charge on hydrogen atoms (Q H) and the measure of polarity and polarizability (π), which were main factors affecting the distribution processes of the compounds under study. The statistically best QSPR models of six descriptors were simultaneously obtained by GA-based linear regression analysis. With the selected descriptors and the QSPR equations, mechanisms of partition action of the Sulfur-containing carboxylates were able to be investigated and interpreted.

Basicity for blast furnace-type slag containing B_2O_3 and high MgO

There is quite abundant resource of ludwigite ore in Liaoning Province of China. Content of MgO in the slag of pyrometallurgical separation of boron from iron is much higher than that in the ordinary slags. Through the equilibrium partition ratio of sulfur L S between the metal and the slag in an atmosphere of CO N 2, the acidic coefficients for B 2O 3 and the basic coefficients for MgO were estimated. The basic formulae were given for the blast furnace type slag containing B 2O 3 and high MgO.

大型高含硫天然气净化厂仪表控制系统优化改造与应用

针对高含硫天然气净化厂集散控制系统(DCS)、安全仪表系统(SIS)在日常生产运行、检维修等方面存在的问题进行分析研究,并提出了可行性建议。通过实施控制系统软硬件升级、分区改造等,保障了控制系统的安全可靠,确保了装置的长周期运行。

Industrial Application of Desulfurization Using Low Basicity Refining Slag in Tire Cord Steel

Desulfurization performance with low binary basicity refining slag in 72 grade tire cord steel was calculated using FactSage and it is found that sulfur content in steel decreases with the increase of basicity of slag, MgO content in slag and slag/steel ratio while sulfur partition ratio between slag and steel increases gradually with the increase of basicity of slag as well as MgO content. Experiments were carried out and the results are of great agreements with theoretical calculation. Then industrial application tests were performed in a domestic plant and good results were achieved. Sulfur content in steel decreases gradually during refining process, as a result, sulfur content in the billets is controlled in the range of 0.007 1%-0.008 1%. Sulfur content in steel refined with slag basicity of 1.21 is lower than that of 1.02, while the plasticity of oxide compound inclusions is a little better controlled in low basicity heats. Using refining slag with basicity of 1.0-1.2 and MgO content of 5%-10% and reducing the slag takeover of LD are favorable for improving the desulfurization performance and the plasticity of inclusions during the industrial production.

Thermodynamic Analysis of Desulfurization and Its Connection With Deoxidation and Temperature for SPHC in JISC During LF Refining Process

The thermodynamic characteristics of desulfurization reaction (CaO)+[S]=(CaS)+[O] is analyzed based on the detailed composition of liquid steel and slag of Steel Plate Hot Commercial (SPHC) in Jiuquan Iron & Steel Corporation(JISC), where the activities of CaO, CaS and Al2O3 in molten slag are calculated by thermodynamic software FactSage for a more accurate result. The critical values of [O%]/[S%] for desulfurization at different temperature is are obtained, typically 0.09 at 1873K, which shows directly that it should deoxidize adequately for obtaining a favorable desulfurization condition. In addition, the thermodynamic analysis indicates that the actual dissolved O is much higher than that of equilibrium calculation which shows Al-O reaction in LF is far away from equilibrium, but it is perfect agreement with the computing results when taking the activity of Al2O3 as 1 that due to the inclusion component in LF is mainly Al2O3. Besides, with the temperature rise, the sulfur partition ratio increases softly meanwhile the reaction between Al and O is limited to a great degree resulting in the increase a dissolved oxygen in liquid steel that decreases the sulfur partition ratio seriously. As a result, the sulfur partition ratio appears to decrease with temperature increase in Al killed steel.

Sulfur distribution in preparation of high titanium ferroalloy by thermite method with different CaO additions

Ferrotitanium is used as a deoxidizer and alloying agent during steelmaking process,which has a high demand for sulfur control.Sulfur was introduced from raw materials in the process of producing ferrotitanium by thermite method,where CaO was used as fluxing agent.At the same time,CaO has a great desulfurization capability.Effects of CaO addition on the distribution of sulfur in high titanium ferroalloy prepared by thermite method were studied in this work.The equilibrium diagram of Ti-AlFe-S system was calculated by FactSage 6.4 software package with FactPS and FTmisc database.The alloy and slag samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer(ICP-AES),X-ray fluorescence(XRF)and high-frequency infrared ray carbon sulfur analyzer.The result indicates that the sulfur in the alloy firstly exists in the form of liquid FeS,thereafter TiS(s)and eventually Ti2 S(s)during cooling.The sulfur is mainly distributed in the alloy,and only a small amount of sulfur remains in the slag.Moreover,it is noted that the sulfur in the alloy does not distribute homogeneously,and it exists in the form of solid solution phase,(Ti,Al,Fe)S.S content in the slag,the sulfur capacity of the slag and the sulfur distribution ratio(LS)all increase with the increment of CaO addition,while S content in alloys decreases.

Characteristics of Deoxidation and Desulfurization during LF Refining Al-killed Steel by Highly Basic and Low Oxidizing Slag

Steel and slag samples were taken at the start and the end of LF refining for steel plate cold common （SPCC）, in the compact strip production （CSP） process, and at the same time, the temperature and oxygen activity a[o] were measured by using an oxygen sensor. Furthermore, inclusions in steel samples were monitored by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） combined with energy dispersive spectroscopy （EDS）. It was confirmed that a [o] in liq- uid steel was in equilibrium with inclusion rather than with top slag during LF refining. Desulfurization was related to deoxidation since a[o] at slag-steel interface was clarified to be very close to that in liquid steel under the specific con- dition in LF with intense stirring by argon blowing and refined by highly basic low oxidizing slag for Al-killed steel. Sulfur partition ratio （Ls） was very sensitive to a[o]. Since a[o] increased rapidly with temperature rise, it not only offset promotion to desulfurization reaction with temperature rise but decreased Ls. For Al-killed steel, the.modifica- tion of Al2O3 for lowering the activity of Al2O3 in inclusion was believed to be favorable for both deoxidation and desulfurization during LF refining.