Slaughterhouses Wastewater Characteristics in the Gaza Strip

Slaughterhouses generate considerable quantities of wastewater due to the huge amount of blood produced from slaughtering process and the need for cleaning and hygiene of meat. Due to the extraordinary content of organics and minerals, wastewater from slaughterhouses needs special care and treatment for safe disposal to the environment. Currently, wastewater from slaughterhouses in the Gaza Strip is discharged to the public networks without any treatment burdened central wastewater treatment plant, where partially treated effluent discharged to the sea. The aim of this research is to characterize the wastewater from Gaza slaughterhouse to identify the best approach for treatment. Samples from the slaughterhouse were collected during working hours and analysed for physical and chemical parameters. The pH, EC, DO, BOD, TSS, COD, Ammonia Nitrogen and TKN account for 7.1, 3300 μsm, 1.95, 2350, 3500, 4502, 30 and 154 mg/l, respectively. Wastewater from Gaza city slaughterhouse is within the range in comparison to other wastewater from slaughterhouses all over the world.

Machine Design Approach to Bone Waste Utilization in Slaughterhouses of Developing Countries with Focus on Nigeria

The conversion of bone waste obtained from meat processing in slaughterhouses is of great significance across the world, with rising concerns about its utilization in developing countries. In Nigeria, for instance, there are fewer successful strategies to transform bone waste into high-value products. While most research papers have concentrated on revealing the environmental, aesthetic, and catastrophic health problems associated with the current slaughterhouse waste disposal in developing countries, this paper presents an engineering approach to managing slaughterhouse solid wastes that majorly consist of bones and horns. A medium-size bone milling machine was designed and fabricated with well-detailed design principles to make it reproducible in any industrial capacity. 3D modeling and simulation were employed to evaluate the machine design and performance. Static simulations performed show that the machine can withstand values of 219.313 kPa, 12.7 exp 7 MPa and 2182.5 Nm for the shaft bending moment, hammer pressure, and output torque, respectively. The machine is 98% efficient on performance evaluation, milling 250 kg of treated sun-dried cow bones in an average time of 10 min 2 sec. This paper also recommends workable means for the installation and utilization of the bone milling machine in slaughterhouses across Nigeria.

An integrative approach to enhancing small-scale poultry slaughterhouses by addressing regulations and food safety in northern -Thailand

Background:In Asian countries,small-scale rural poultry meat production can face challenges due to food safety policies that limit economic growth and hinder improvement of sanitation and disease prevention.In this study,an integrative,participatory research approach was used to elucidate the sanitation and disease prevention practices in small-scale poultry slaughterhouses in rural northern Thailand.Methods:Initial steps included the identification of key stakeholders associated with the meat production chain,development of a research framework,and design of a methodology based on stakeholder consultations.The framework and methodology combine issues in five major areas:(1)public health,(2)socioeconomics,(3)policy,(4)veterinary medicine,and(5)communities and the environment.Methods used include questionnaires,direct observation,focus groups,and in-depth interviews.In addition,a microbiological risk assessment approach was employed to detect Salmonella contamination in meat processing facilities.The microbial risk assessment was combined with stakeholder perceptions to provide an overview of the existing situation,as well as to identify opportunities for upgrading slaughterhouses in order to more effectively address matters of food safety,processing,and government licensing.Results:The conceptual framework developed elucidated the complex factors limiting small-scale slaughterhouse improvement including a lack of appropriate enabling policies and an apparent absence of feasible interventions for improvement.Unhygienic slaughterhouse management was reflected in the incidence of Salmonella contamination in both the meat and the surrounding environment.Conclusion:There is potential for the use of an integrative approach to address critical problems at the interface of rural development and public health.The findings of this study could serve as a model for transdisciplinary studies and interventions related to other similar complex challenges.

CTX-M producing Escherichia coli isolated from cattle feces in Bogor slaughterhouse,Indonesia

Objective: To determine the occurrence of CTX-M producing Escherichia coli(E. coli)from cattle feces in Bogor slaughterhouse, Indonesia.Methods: A total of 220 cattle feces samples were collected from Bogor slaughterhouse from March to April 2015. Presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase(ESBL) producing E. coli was detected by disc diffusion test based on the recommendation from Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute(2014). Bacterial strains which were confirmed as producing ESBLs were further analyzed for the presence of bla genes of the ESBL by PCR.Results: The results showed that CTX-M producing E. coli isolates were detected in 19 samples from 220 samples(8.6%). The b-lactamase genes detected were CTX-M-1(n = 10) and CTX-M-9(n = 9). All of the CTX-M producing E. coli isolates showed multidrug resistance phenotypes to at least four antibiotics. The highest incidence of antibiotics resistance was showed to ampicillin(100.0%), cefotaxime(100.0%), and cefpodoxime(100.0%), followed by streptomycin(84.3%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole(73.7%), erythromycin(52.6%), kanamycin(26.3%), doxycycline(10.5%), and ceftazidime(0.0%).Conclusions: Detection of CTX-M-producing E. coli in cattle feces raises important questions as they can represent a potential risk factor to public health.

Slaughterhouse Wastewater Characterization and Treatment: An Economic and Public Health Necessity of the Meat Processing Industry in Ontario, Canada

The characteristics of the slaughterhouse effluents and current wastewater treatment practices in the province of Ontario, Canada are analyzed. Meat processing plants are found to produce large amounts of wastewater due to the slaughtering process and cleaning of their facilities. Furthermore, the composition of the wastewater varies according to the type and number of animals slaughtered and the water requirements of the process. However, the slaughterhouse wastewater usually contains high levels of organics and nutrients. Several slaughterhouses in Ontario discharge their wastewater into the municipal sewer system after primary pretreatment at the meat processing plant. Therefore, due to the high-strength characteristics of the slaughterhouse effluents, an extensive treatment for a safe discharge into the environment is required. Thus, the combination of biological processes and advanced oxidation technologies for slaughterhouse wastewater treatment is evaluated in this study. Results show that the application of combined biological and advanced oxidation processes is recommended for on-site slaughterhouse wastewater treatment.

Rate of carcass and offal condemnation in animals slaughtered at Yazd slaughterhouse,central Iran

Objective:To determine the rate of carcass and offal condemnation in the animals slaughtered at Yazd slaughterhouse,Yazd,Iran.Methods:In a nine-month retrospective survey from June 2011 to March 2012,all the carcasses and offal condemnations for large animals(cattle and camels) and small animals(sheep and goats)in Yazd Slaughterhouse were carefully recorded daily.Results:In total,2741 large animals(cattle and camels) and 77515 small animals(sheep and goats) were slaughtered during the period of this survey.Six carcasses(0.21%) of the large animals and 18 carcasses(0.02%) of the small animals were condemned.For large animals,condemnations in summer and autumn were significantly greater than winter(P<0.05).Condemnation rate of liver,lungs and kidneys for the large animals were 5.36%,21.23%and 3.68%respectively and for the small animals were 4.37%,5.46%and 0.51%respectively.The main recorded reasons for carcass condemnations in both large and small animals were icterus and cachexia.The most prevalent lesion resulting in offal condemnation was due to parasitic infection specially metacestods.Conclusions:This study aimed to show the efficiency of documentation records during meal inspection at slaughterhouses to monitor the amount of condemnation and possible approaches to better awareness about the future preventive programs.Considering the percentage of condemnation of carcass and offal in the present study and their price in Iranian markets,the overall economic losses seems to be notable at Yazd slaughterhouse.

Hepatitis in slaughterhouse workers

Slaughterhouse workers(SHW) are at increased risk of hepatitis which can occur due to different organisms and should be investigated for viral, bacterial, and parasitic organisms. Slaughter house personnel including butchers are at a higher risk of infections from cuts and blood-letting, with the possible risk of the transmission of blood-borne pathogens to their colleagues. The objective of this review is to evaluate the common etiologies of hepatitis in SHW which will assist in the assessment of these patients presenting with transaminitis. Types of Microorganisms causing hepatitis with their reservoirs, routes of transmission,laboratory diagnosis, clinical features, treatment options and preventive strategies are included in this review. Proper investigation and awareness is of utmost importance as it causes significant financial constraints derived from workers health cost and from livestock production losses when the disease is confirmed. The work up is essential because infected workers might be a source of infections to other colleagues, family and the consumers.

Hepatitis E virus in professionally exposed: A reason for concern?

The zoonotic risk of hepatitis E virus(HEV)is well established.The HEV seroprevalence rates vary according to geographical region,assays used,and study cohorts.HEV infection is still underdiagnosed,implying the need to evaluate the disease's burden in the general population and specific risk groups,such as professionally exposed.Close contact with various animal reservoirs such as pigs,rabbits,sheep,dogs,wild boars,and deer has been associated with higher anti-HEV seroprevalence as a part of occupational exposure.While exact transmission routes remain to be determined,some general preventive measures such as proper hand hygiene,the usage of personal protective equipment,and the thermal processing of food before consumption should be followed.A“One-Health”multisectoral approach should be implemented to achieve optimal health and well-being outcomes,recognizing the interconnections between humans,animals,plants,and their shared environment,in which a vaccine against the zoonotic genotypes 3 and 4 and swine vaccination should be considered as a possible public health measure.This opinion review comprehensively addresses the HEV burden of professional exposure for butchers,slaughterhouse workers,veterinarians,farmers,hunters,and forestry workers delineates the current limits of protective work measures,and tackles future directions.

Factors Influencing Salmonella Contamination and Microbial Load of Beef Carcass at the Yaoundé Slaughterhouse, Cameroon

Delivering safe beef carcass at the Yaoundéabattoir is challenged by improper Good Manufacturing Practices(GMP)and poor hygiene practices leading to microbial contamination during slaughtering and dressing processes.This study was to estimate the safety and quality of carcasses via detection of Salmonella and evaluation of aerobic colony count(ACC),Enterobacteriaceae count(EC).Swabs of carcass from 145 cattle were collected at three different sites.Hides&anus from live cattle,butchers’hands,and processing environment were also swabbed.Detection of Salmonella was carried out following ISO 6579.ACC and EC were evaluated using ISO 4833 and ISO 21528-2.Beef carcass registered higher Salmonella prevalence(4.37%).Generally,microbial load of carcass was beyond FAO microbiological criteria.The post-evisceration carcasses had the highest isolation rate of Salmonella(52.63%).Both sampling site and seasonal variations had statistically significant impact(p<0.05)on microbial load.Our results reflected poor conditions of slaughtering and inadequate hygienic practices.There is an urgent need for training the abattoir personnel on the GMP and need for the implementation of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point(HACCP)principles throughout the slaughtering process at the Yaoundéslaughterhouse.

The Institutionalization of Life Cycle Assessment in Mexico

This article presents a study of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) at a slaughterhouse located in north-western Mexico with the purpose of testing the premise of a low degree of institutionalization of Industrial Ecology in Mexico. The article aims at analyzing the current role played by the Mexican academia in increasing the degree of institutionalization of the concept of LCA in northwestern Mexico. There was conducted a life cycle analysis study according to the standards ISO 14040: 2006, NMX-SAA-14040-IMNC-2008NOM in a Federally Inspected Type (TIF by Spanish acronym) Slaughterhouse in the state of Sonora in Northwest Mexico. The slaughter process was characterized by observing the production tasks during several walkthroughs the production lines and by having short interviews with workers, supervisors, and the manager. The CH4 emissions were calculated using the guidelines suggested by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2006). The present LCA case study revealed opportunities for improving the environmental performance of the slaughterhouse by taking measures such as the reduction of CH4 from enteric fermentation since methane was one of the main greenhouse gases responsible for climate change. Although, the LCA generated reliable information in terms of climate change or water eutrophication, the chances of implementing sustainable initiatives were unlikely because the benefits to reduce the impacts to climate change or to reduce the water crisis would be unnoticeable and unaffordable for companies. Findings in this study also confirmed the importance of Mexican universities for promoting and conducting more LCA studies among private and public organizations in order to guide firms towards this tool. The case study here presented gives insights to LCA stakeholders in Mexico to implement or improve the effectiveness of their potential LCA initiatives through the identification of strategies, opportunities, and barriers.

Practical handling skills during road transport of fattening pigs from farm to slaughterhouse: A brief review

The transport of fattening pigs is characterized by a strong human-animal interaction. Consequent handling is important because of animal welfare, meat quality and matching economic consequences. During road transport, human impact can be divided in different steps: 1) driving pigs from the pens via an alley to the trailer, 2) loading, 3) actual transport, 4) unloading to the lairage, and 5) the final phase driving pigs to the stunning. An inadequate design and a poor condition of the facilities will negatively affect the ease of handling pigs. Because of the consequences, acute stress during transport and slaughter should be minimized by acting on the education of people, on equipment and on preparation of animals for the journey. Education programs have to be repeated regularly so that knowledge can be refreshed.

Extraction of Fat and Fatty Acid Composition from Slaughterhouse Waste by Evaluating Conventional Analytical Methods

To attain maximum recovery of useful compounds from slaughterhouse waste (Suet, Tongue, Pancreas) of selected ruminant (cow, goat, lamb, and bull), the fat extraction efficiency of popular methods was compared along with fatty acid (FAs) composition. Four selected methods including Soxhlet (SOX), acid hydrolysis, Bligh & dyer (B&D), and Folch (FOL) were assessed. After methylation, extracted lipids were analyzed by Gas chromatography for FA composition. Data indicated that all selected methods were significantly (p < 0.05) different from each other, particularly higher differences were noticed for low lipid-containing products (Tongue, Pancreas) as well as their respective FA Composition. Based on Analysis of Variance and Principal component analysis, the effective method for lipid and FA Composition analysis was the FOL method. The Soxhlet method was only effective for samples with high-fat content i.e., suet, while the B&D method gave comparatively low lipid content in analyzed samples. Hence based on the results, excellent fat and fatty acid extraction was achieved with the FOL method.

Influence of Climate Temperature on the Valorization of Dung-Wastewater Slaughterhouse Biogas in Two Regions: In Chad and Senegal

In this work, we have produced biogas by co-digestion of cow dung and slaughterhouse wastewater under different climate temperatures in two countries: N’Djamena in Chad, a country of Central Africa and Dakar in Senegal, a country of West Africa. In a first approach, we put the cow dung in cans of 1.5 L, hermetically closed. The goal was to know how long you could produce biogas. Then we built a bio-digester to produce biogas for cooking. Each bio-digester was exposed to receive solar heat that varied between 27°C to 41°C in Chad and between 24°C to 30°C in Senegal. Influenced by the high temperature and a minimum residence time, the experiments showed that the N’Djamena test produced biogas more quickly than the Dakar test which, on the contrary, had a low temperature and a long residence time. The production of biogas began at the end of seven days with flammability on the twenty-first day for the bio-digester in Chad and after twenty-seven days with a flammability on the thirty-sixth day for the bio-digester of Senegal. The different digestates were valorised in fertilizers, bricks and green coal. Our research aims to meet the living conditions of the rural world specifically for women by reducing their work and thus allowing them to have more time to self-educate and educate their children.

Environmental impact assessment of chicken meat production using life cycle assessment

The present study was conducted in Varamin city of Tehran province,Iran.The environmental impact of broiler production at farm gate and chicken meat production at slaughterhouse gate per mass-based functional unit in summer and winter seasons were evaluated using life-cycle assessment(LCA)methodology.Environmental impact categories including abiotic depletion potential,acidification potential,eutrophication potential,global warming potential,ozone depletion potential,human toxicity potential,freshwater and marine aquatic ecotoxicity potential,terrestrial ecotoxicity potential,and photochemical oxidation potential were assessed via CML 2 baseline 2000 v2.04/world,1990 method.According to the results,the global warming potential,acidification and eutrophication for production of 1 ton packed meat were estimated to be 2931.91 kg CO2-eq,41.75 kg SO2-eq and 14.69 kg PO4-eq,in summer and 5357.61 kg CO2-eq,61.9 kg SO2-eq and 19.34 kg PO4-eq in winter,respectively.The evaluations revealed that the broiler production stage was the main source of environmental impacts principally due to production and transportation of feed and on-farmemissions in the life cycle of chicken meat production.Broiler production farms,slaughterhouse and transportation account for 56%,31%and 13%of total energy consumption,respectively.

Hybrid zeolite-based ion-exchange and sulfur oxidizing denitrification for advanced slaughterhouse wastewater treatment

The discharge of slaughterhouse wastewater(SWW)is increasing and its wastewater has to be treated thoroughly to avoid the eutrophication.The hybrid zeolite-based ion-exchange and sulfur autotrophic denitrification(IX-AD)process was developed to advanced treat SWW after traditional secondary biological process.Compared with traditional sulfur oxidizing denitrification(SOD),this study found that IX-AD column showed:(1)stronger ability to resist NO_(3)^(-) pollution load,(2)lower SO_(4)^(2-) productivity,and(3)higher microbial diversity and richness.Liaoning zeolites addition guaranteed not only the standard discharge of NH_(4)^(+)-N,but also the denitrification performance and effluent TN.Especially,when the ahead secondary biological treatment process run at the ultra-high load,NO_(3)-N removal efficiency for IX-AD column was still~100%,whereas only 64.2%for control SOD column.The corresponding average effluent TN concentrations for IX-AD and SOD columns were 5.89 and 65.55 mg/L,respectively.Therefore,IX-AD is a promising technology for advanced SWW treatment and should be widely researched and popularized.

A comparison of process performance during the anaerobic mono-and co-digestion of slaughterhouse waste through different operational modes

The use of consecutive feeding was applied to investigate the response of the microbial biomass to a second addition of substrates in terms of biodegradation using batch tests as a promising alternative to predict the behavior of the process. Anaerobic digestion（AD） of the slaughterhouse waste（SB） and its co-digestion with manure（M）, various crops（VC）, and municipal solid waste were evaluated. The results were then correlated to previous findings obtained by the authors for similar mixtures in batch and semi-continuous operation modes. AD of the SB failed showing total inhibition after a second feeding. Co-digestion of the SB ＋ M showed a significant improvement for all of the response variables investigated after the second feeding, while co-digestion of the SB ＋ VC resulted in a decline in all of these response variables. Similar patterns were previously detected, during both the batch and the semi-continuous modes.

Assessment of biogas generation potential from slaughterhouse wastes in Dhaka city,Bangladesh

Slaughterhouse waste is a highly energy-rich waste and is an attractive material to treat through anaerobic digestion to produce biogas.Biogas could be burned to provide heating and electricity or can be converted to bio-methane to be used as fuel.It can also aid in waste management and evidently reduce the ecological and environmental hazards.In this paper,the potential of biogas generation from the slaughterhouses in Dhaka is investigated.Slaughterhouses in 21 regions in Dhaka city have been surveyed for data collection and analysis.The study estimates that approximately 7915 tons of slaughterhouse waste are generated annually from the slaughterhouses in Dhaka city which has the potential to generate 2.15 Mm^(3) of biogas.A case study on the biggest government registered slaughterhouse is also demonstrated regarding generating electricity.