THE EARLIEST SLAVERY DOCUMENTS FROM MESOPOTAMIA

In his ice-breaking article "The Smell of the Cage in Cuneiform Digital Library" Journal 2009/4, Robert K. Englund discusses some archaic lists of slaves from Uruk III and Jemdet Nasr (Ancient Ni-ru?) about 3100-2900 B.C.

The Rising up of the Maternal Love against Slavery

By analyzing the two stories' social backgrounds,writing backgrounds and comparing the two slave mothers' life experiences,the essay explores the rising up of the two mothers for their children's free and happy lives,their endurance during the escape and their strive for true freedom both physically and mentally.

The Connection Between Slavery and Prophecy as It Relates tothe American Nation in the Writings of the Adventist PioneersDuring the Antebellum Period

The period between 1850 and 1865 was a period of major social upheavals in American society; the major issue was the slavery. This period also witnessed the birth and organization of the Sabbatarian Adventism, a pre-millennial Christian movement distinguished by an emphasis on the Seventh-day Sabbath and a special understanding of Bible prophecies. Most Adventist pioneers vehemently opposed slavery, although not always on the same ground as their Christian counterparts. Aided by their peculiar understanding of Bible prophecy, the early Adventists identified America with apocalyptical end-time power, slavery being the key attribute of the ＂beast that looks like a lamb but speaks like a dragon＂ from Revelation 13：11. This article investigates the development of Adventist connection between slavery, America and Bible prophecy.

Why Is Global History Important for the Study of Slavery?

The article evaluates the significance of global history in the study of slavery.This topic has been researched and understood by several researchers,who have analyzed various points of view on it.This article will explore how global history pertains to the study of slavery by collecting different instances from the worldwide history of slavery(Europe,Africa,and the Americas)by using the case study technique.Through the case study of slavery in a global context,the article seeks to have a clear impression of learning about slavery in greater depth.The article’s result illustrates that global history is important in understanding slavery since it shows a wide variety of slavery’s development in different locations.Finally,the article will broaden our understanding of slavery as a worldwide uneven process.Furthermore,the article may be used as a reference to comprehend how to evaluate slavery by taking different approaches into account,which encourages more individuals to explore new viewpoints and thinking concepts to contribute to the study of slavery.To some extent,the article is limited,because it only emphasizes the history of slavery after the medieval period,and it is worth mentioning that early slavery is not global circulation,which is not the main focus in this article.Future studies can investigate early history of slavery and compare with global history of slavery after 1500.

The Ghost Daughter Returns Home： Memory of Slavery in Toni Morrison＇s Beloved

This article aims to present Beloved, a ghost-in-the-flesh protagonist of Toni Morrison＇s Pulitzer Prize-winning novel Beloved （1987）, as an incarnation of memory of slavery. Interpreted as personal and shared experience, Beloved will be analyzed on the basis of memory＇s dynamic nature as an active mnemonic agent operating in and between the individual and collective zones. It will be also argued that on the one hand, Beloved embodies memories of past slaved lives of the novel＇s central characters, Sethe and Paul D, while on the other hand she plays the role of an allegoric reminder of all Black slaves who lived and died in bondage on the American continent. Finally, Beloved will be symbolically seen as a historical, cultural and psychological link between contemporary African Americans and their African ancestors of the Middle Passage. The theoretical framework for this study of Morrison＇s most memorable ghost figure will follow from a discussion of memory＇s individual and shared qualities, as well as from the concepts of a collective consciousness, the collective unconscious, and collective memory.

The Stylistic Analysis of Frederick Douglass's Speech-The Hypocrisy of American Slavery

To make a speech more appealing,expressive and persuasive,speaker has to do much work on its syntax,lexis and tropes,and arrange these elements in a more stylistically appropriate way.As for Frederick Douglass's The Hypocrisy of American Slavery,it is syntactically,lexically,and rhetorically perfect and eloquent.This paper aims to analyze the stylistic features of this speech from the lexical,syntactic and rhetorical perspectives,so as to argue that the deliberately employed stylistic layout of this speech helps Douglass convey his ideas and messages to the audience,and furthermore,enhances the angry tone of him to make the listener understand how adverse and unequal the situation was to the African American people in the 1850's America.

人“统治”人何以正当?——亚里士多德“Natural Slavery”问题释解与演绎

人们往往会形成这样一个印象:亚里士多德在为奴隶制辩护。亚里士多德对'奴隶制'的'美论'并非是为奴隶制辩护,而是从自然目的论出发对'Natural Slavery'学说的阐述和建构。他认为,人之天性中存在的理性差别根本上决定人(理性完全者)'统治'人(理性不足者)的自然正当性和永恒性。它与中国儒家基于人之德性差异的统治正当论存在许多共通契合。在现代语境下,'Natural Slavery'实际是一种政治社会领域的理性分工论:人的理性差异决定人与人必然存在'脑力与体力、管理与被管理'分工和分化。面对所谓'禀赋决定论'甚至'种族主义'的质疑和批判,亚氏学说必须充分吸纳'自由开放、机会平等'现代文明观念方能更具解释力和生命力。展望未来,或许人工智能的发展会为消灭'社会分工'这种人之'异化'根源创造积极可能。

Morality and Realpolitik:The Ideas of American Upper Class in the North on the Blacks and Slavery Before the Civil War

The condemnations of black slavery were not common before the mid-18th century,and they were mostly based on Christian egalitarianism.Around the American Revolution,with the spread of the theory of natural rights,many social elites believed that slavery deprived blacks of their natural rights and violated the principle of equality in a democratic republic.Anti-slavery gradually became the mainstream public opinion.However,since slaves were private property of many politicians,the abolition of slavery would act against the interests of white elites,and the ideology of racial confrontation between blacks and whites provided an identity to the white community.Therefore,slavery was reserved from the founding period.In the mid-19th century,various social reforms arose.Humanitarianism was deeply rooted in elites'minds,and the idea that blacks have the general attributes of human beings is gradually accepted by educated white people.The sense of dignity of work in the North constituted a different value from the South and became another theoretical basis for public voice to criticize slavery.However,for the sake of party unity and the national interest,the abolition were not put into practice until the Civil War broke out.By the middle of the 19th century,although the public opinion of anti-slavery was formed in the North,the upper class elites held the position of realpolitik while balancing the morality of abolition and the economic and political interests.

Rescued From Slavery

China has begun to crack down on cruel employers following the bust of a brutal slave trade that supplied mine and kiln

Analysis and Interpretation of the Social Reality Reflected in Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin

The basic assumption of Marxist criticism is that those who control a society's economy also control or largely influence its material, cultural, and intellectual products. The Marxist criticism theory in Uncle Tom's Cabin is about the reality of liberation theology, and twentieth-century political resistance movement in order to expose the evilness of slavery.

打破奴隶制与种族主义之间传统的二元(英文)

In the history of America, there is always a dispute about the relationship of racism and slavery. Does racism lead to the system of slavery or the discrimination towards those slaves especially those Negroes result in racism? It seems this issue remains elusive. However in this essay, the resorts to some conceptions of linguistics to break the stereotyped mode of relationship between them, and explores the item from a broader perspective, and then makes a conclusion--- when we analyze the relationship of racism and slavery we should not confine to a limited view of the binary opposition of them.

Historical Traumas and the Cure:Psychoanalysis of Traumatic Fixation in Beloved

Toni Morrison, one of the representative among all outstanding African American writers, portrayed before the readers the brutal life the black people had gone through and their efforts in regaining. Unlike most works that depicted the sufferings and fighting against slavery, her novels especially her masterpiece Beloved described the ex-slaves physical and psychological traumas rooted in the bitter past. This paper will follow the healing process that includes defining, confronting and curing the traumas until they finally recover with unity, love and self recognition.

Survival after Sexual Violence and Genocide: Trauma and Healing for Yazidi Women in Northern Iraq

Introduction: In August 2014, the Yazidi community of Sinjar, in the Nineveh Governorate of Northern Iraq, was brutally targeted by the so-called Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) for annihilation through murder, torture, and the systematic and premeditated use of rape and sexual slavery of Yazidi women. In 2016, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights concluded that ISIS was committing genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes against Yazidis. Methods: Using current international literature, which includes reviews, qualitative interviews of survivors, and reports from medical and humanitarian actors, this paper explores the short and potentially long-term physical and mental health consequences of the extreme physical and sexual violence and atrocities perpetrated against Yazidi women. Results: Yazidi women survivors of kidnapping, sex slavery, and rape experienced significant levels of physical ailments, chronic pain, and mental health conditions. All women reported feelings of guilt, stress, insomnia, and severe flashbacks. The incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) ranged from 42% to 90%. Sixty-seven percent suffered from a somatoform disorder, 53% had depression, 39% experienced anxiety, and 28% suffered from dissociation. Conclusions: Sexual violence against women is a common tool systematically employed during wars and genocide. In recent ISIS attacks, intentional perpetration of mass rapes of women and execution of men was a strategy to destroy an entire population. PTSD and depression are common after traumatic stress. For disaster responders and humanitarian workers, training and education to understand, try to prevent, and plan for interventions when gender-based violence and sexual exploitation occurs must become a mandatory part of emergency preparedness.

Rhizomic Identity, Performative Identity, In-Becoming Identity of the Characters in Maryse Cond6＇s Narratives

In Western culture, the symbol of the tree which divides into branches and has a foliage of the same lineage as its roots is the best symbol for describing identity and also for describing the Cartesian reasoning which proceeds by eliminating misconceptions and following thesingle true idea. In the West Indies culture, it is the rhizome that is the best symbol to describe the identity of these peoples. The rhizome as explained by Deleuze and Gattari in their Introduction Rhizome of the book .4 thousand plateaus, is a tuber that makes roots after being cut off from its original plant. In this respect, it is most appropriate to describe the people of the Caribbean who have been cut off from their African roots by slavery but who have thrived on the island, re-establishing links with the different peoples who came to work there. The rhizome is similar to the mangrove that protects the island from marine erosion, it intertwines with other plants so that it is impossible to distinguish the source plant. In this respect, it is the best symbol to describe the creole identity and the refusal of the West Indians to return to a racial and social system that promulgated the white race as superior to the black race during colonialism. The structure of the books of Maryse Cond6 is itself rhizomatic since it does not present the theme of its stories through the view point of an omnipotent author but through the view points of all the characters of the novel who by their discussions letthe reader discover their terrible history of slavery, and transform himinto a new man who would seek diversity.

Haitian Poverty: A Challenge Ahead

Poverty is one of the significant problems that Haiti is facing presently.Poverty in Haiti is caused by several factors(structural or cultural).Furthermore,Haiti’s debt is a result of decades of exploitation from European colonizers.Nonetheless,Haiti also lacks the capacity to influence social processes,public policies,and resource allocation.She requires access to the relevant skills,knowledge,education,and personal development that are essential for the development of a society.Throughout this article,it is argued that international aid,corruption,slavery,and unemployment are some of the main factors that cause poverty in Haiti.However,even though Haiti is a developing country,it has lots of resources that can be most helpful to her development.Conversely,we can infer that to reduce or eradicate poverty,it is necessary to have strong institutions,transparent governments,equitable distribution of resources,and integrity of character in governments.

Amo’s Hermeneutics and Hegel’s Historical Prejudices Against Africa

During the lifetime of Anton Wilhelm Amos(ca.1700-ca.1755),the hermeneutics served not only interpreting and understanding of philosophical contexts,but also to overcome the prejudices and the underlying spirit of partiality with them.As one of the first modern theorist and systematician of hermeneutics,Amo dealt intensively with the prejudice problem.According to him,any prejudice is a mistake of the mind.Generalizing,Amo claims that prejudices are not a consequence of a false knowledge,but they arise by the lack of knowledge par excellence and are therefore in contradiction with reason.Amo sees the task of hermeneutics to counteract the prejudices inherent contradictions.With regard to the historical hermeneutics,he recommends to look at the past,not by selective or specific moments,but in its generality,in order to avoid contradictory and even false interpretations.But he acknowledges that only generalists as polyvalent historians of philosophy with an interdisciplinary mindset and multilingualism knowledge have this ability to general thinking.It will be examined more closely in this presentation whether Hegel can meet the hermeneutic claim within the meaning of Amo because of his pessimistic-ridiculous and contradictory prejudices about Africa.Finally,the question will be whether Hegel perhaps confounded his mental projections with the real history of Africa why he did not succeed to identify the real causes of the problems of this continent,and to describe their immediate consequences objectively.

Contentious Discourses： Signifying on the Law in African American Writing

African American narratives are peopled with subjectivities struggling to retrieve and reconstruct themselves as persons--and thus citizens--through and against American legal narratives, where personhood and citizenship are concerned. Thus, there was the problematic for blacks of how to apply citizenship to their corporeal existence when they were labeled as property. The historical legal narrative of America was constructed on the power of the dominant white elite to prevent the emergence of a narrative of African American life other than that which they authorize, legislate, and narrate. To this end, it has been argued, that narratives in African American literature treat the question of the legal status of African Americans or have it as a fundamental trope of struggle in the narrative. This idea suggests that the law＇s ability as a shaper and determinant of African American social identity, presets the narrative base for African American narrative. This paper examines the relationship between ＂＇laws of separations＂, and African American narrative through a rereading of works of two contemporary novelists, Toni Morrison and Gloria Naylor. Their works, the author argue, are counter-positioned narratives that create contentious dialogue and elaborate the way in which segregationist codes and Jim Crow laws are grounded in the very nature of citizenship for African Americans.

A Comparative Analysis of Causes of Tom＇s and Eliza＇s Different Fates in Uncle Tom＇s Cabin

Since African-Americans were transported to America, more than three hundred years have passed. During the tragic and bitter period of time, African-Americans never stopped their efforts to achieve their freedom. Through the description of two kinds of heroines, Uncle Tom and Eliza, Harriet Beecher Stowe tells us： Tom, who was resigned to bad conditions, obedient to the slave-owner, was doomed to death while Eliza who dared to revolt slavery gained a new life and freedom. To some extent, Uncle Tom＇s Cabin played an active function to advance social development, especially in the movement of abolitionist and the American Civil War. The present paper focuses on the analysis of the causes of the different fates belonging to Tom and Eliza respectively from the perspectives of the external cause and internal cause and their own characters.

The Body in Relation to the Other

In this study,I analyze Glissant’s idea of the Caribbean society as an inclusive community that treats its members with equality and mutual respect.The literary analysis includes novels Brown Girl in the Ring(BGR)by Nalo Hopkinson,Les Affres d’un défi(The Throes of a Challenge)(AF)by Frankétienne,and L’Envers du décor(Behind the Scene)(ED)by Ernest Pépin.All three novels demonstrate how the enslaving western governments of the Black populations of the Caribbean,have dispossessed the Black people of their culture and identity and instilled a feeling of shame into them,and minimized them as zombies.Glissant,like the mentioned authors,raises the question of whether our modern governments still operate on the same principles.Ernest Pépin shows how modern tourists and settlers still envision the Caribbean islands as Christopher Columbus did for the Western world’s profit only.Glissant proposes another form of world relations in the Caribbean,neither ontological nor one of political affiliation with France,but a rhizomatic relation with all the former communities of which the Caribbean peoples are composed.

Human Smuggling and the International Sex Trade： An Evaluation of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act

The United States Congress set a benchmark in US anti-human trafficking policy with the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 （TVPA 2000J. The TVPA 2000 and its subsequent reauthorizations in 2003, 2005, and 2008 were put forth to increase the scope, focus, and effectiveness of US efforts to combat human trafficking. In-depth analyses of each reauthorization provide an understanding of the aims of the TVPA. The evolution of the TVPA reauthorizations dearly demonstrates that the US is committed to thwarting human trafficking both domestically and internationally. The analyses examine strengths and weaknesses of the legislation and provide insight as to how the TVPA reached its current state as the William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008 （TVPRA 2008）. Drawing from the evolution of TVPA legislation, the future of the human trafficking phenomenon and legislation is discussed.