Traditional methods for nonlinear dy-namic analysis,such as correlation dimension,Lyapunov exponent,approximate entropy,detrended fluctuation analysis,using a single parameter,cannot fully describe the extremely sophi...Traditional methods for nonlinear dy-namic analysis,such as correlation dimension,Lyapunov exponent,approximate entropy,detrended fluctuation analysis,using a single parameter,cannot fully describe the extremely sophisticated behavior of electroencephalogram (EEG). The multifractal for-malism reveals more “hidden” information of EEG by using singularity spectrum to characterize its nonlin-ear dynamics. In this paper,the zero-crossing time intervals of sleep EEG were studied using multifractal analysis. A new multifractal measure Δasα was pro-posed to describe the asymmetry of singularity spec-trum,and compared with the singularity strength range Δα that was normally used as a degree indi-cator of multifractality. One-way analysis of variance and multiple comparison tests showed that the new measure we proposed gave better discrimination of sleep stages,especially in the discrimination be-tween sleep and awake,and between sleep stages 3 and 4.展开更多
BACKGROUND： According to observable behaviors, sleep and wakefulness are two fundamentally different behavioral states. Although electroencephalogram （EEG） is traditionally used to define sleep stage, it is difficu...BACKGROUND： According to observable behaviors, sleep and wakefulness are two fundamentally different behavioral states. Although electroencephalogram （EEG） is traditionally used to define sleep stage, it is difficult to detect or to quantify microarousals or disruptions during sleep. In addition initial sleep cannot be defined. It is thought that the wake-sleep transition cannot be defined by EEG patterns. OBJECTIVE： To observe the behavioral response magnitude during wake-sleep transition by EEG monitoring and to define the wake-sleep transition. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A behavioral and neural network study was performed at the Key Lab of Human Being Development and Mental Health of Central China Normal University, and Lab of Brain and Cognitive Science of South Central University for Nationalities, China in July 2007. PARTICIPANTS： A total of 30 healthy volunteers, of equal gender and aged （19.7 ± 1.1 ） years, were recruited from the Central China Normal University, China for this study. None of the subjects had undergone EEG recording prior to this study or received any medication for sleep disturbances. METHODS： A novel adaptive approach was applied to detect wake-sleep transition, which avoided stimulus-induced waking. To test the difference between wake state and wake-sleep transition, the amount of self-information and mutual-information were effective parameters to analyze wake-sleep transition. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The following parameters were measured： morphological changes in reaction time-magnitude, as well as correlation between phase changes and sleep, and wake and wake-sleep transition. RESULTS： There were three typical phases in morphological changes of reaction time-magnitude. With regard to the behavioral definition and criterion for sleep, the phase morphological characteristics displayed good correlation with behavioral states, such as sleep, wakefulness, and sleep onset. Entropy as an indicator of brain cognitive processes was introduced to test for differences between the wakefulness and sleep onset phase. Results indicated a cognitive declined transitional period different between sleep and wake. After staggered cognitive changes during the wake-sleep transition, the brain underwent marked alterations and transitioned into sleep quickly with no bi-directional EEG changes. CONCLUSION： Wake-sleep transition exists as an independent stage.展开更多
BACKGROUND： Sedative and hypnotic chemical drugs prolong the total-sleep time （TST） by a decrease in slow-wave sleep 2 （SWS2） and rapid-eye-movement sleep （REMS） and a relative increase in slow-wave sleep 1 （S...BACKGROUND： Sedative and hypnotic chemical drugs prolong the total-sleep time （TST） by a decrease in slow-wave sleep 2 （SWS2） and rapid-eye-movement sleep （REMS） and a relative increase in slow-wave sleep 1 （SWS1）. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effect of the Chinese medicine Zhusha Anshen Wan at different doses on each sleeping state in insomnic rats, and to identify its mode of action in improving sleep. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A randomized controlled study in rats. This study was performed in the Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine during the period from January 2005 to July 2006. MATERIALS： Twenty-four male Wistar rats, weighing （220±5） g, were selected. The main components in Zhusha Anshen Wan, Cinnabaris, Rhizoma Coptidis, Radix Glycyrrhixae, Prepared Radix Glycyrhizae Radix Angelicae Sinensis, and Rehmannia Pride Rhizome, were authenticated by Dr Xiaowei Du, Professor of Pharmacology. ND-97 Digital Polysomnography was purchased from the Shanghai Medical Instrument High Technology Company and Footplate Electrical Stimulator from the Harbin Research Institute of Electrical Instruments. METHODS： Rats were deprived of sleep by using the Footplate Electrical Stimulator. Insomnic rats were randomized into high-, mid- and low-dose Zhusha Anshen Wan groups, eight rats in each group. Animals were administrated with different doses of Zhusha Anshen Wan （equal to crude drug 7.2, 3.6, 1.8 g/kg） consecutively for seven days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： 30 minutes after the last administration, rats of each group suffered 8 hours foot-shocks while electroencephalography signals were recorded using Digital Polysomnography. Total time of waking （W）, SWS1, SWS2, REMS and TST were calculated for pre- and post-administration, respectively. RESULTS： All 24 rats were included in the statistical analysis of the results without any loss. In the low-dose Zhusha Anshen Wan group, SWS2 was increased significantly compared with pre-administration. In the middle-dose Zhusha Anshen Wan group, W was decreased significantly, but SWS1, SWS2 and TST were increased markedly compared with pre-administration, and there were significant differences between pre- and post-administration （P 〈 0.05-0.01）. In the high-dose Zhusha Anshen Wan group, the duration of W was significantly decreased after administration, but SWS1, SWS2, REMS and TST were significantly longer than pre-administration （P 〈 0.05-0.01）. CONCLUSION： The effect of Zhusha Anshen Wan on sleeping states is dose-dependent. Zhusha Anshen Wan acts by extending SWS1 and SWS2 to increase the total sleeoing time.展开更多
Sleep disorders affect an individual’s ability to sleep well on a regular and natural basis. Inadequate sleep can have adverse outcomes for health and safety. Electroencephalogram (EEG) has been presented as an authe...Sleep disorders affect an individual’s ability to sleep well on a regular and natural basis. Inadequate sleep can have adverse outcomes for health and safety. Electroencephalogram (EEG) has been presented as an authentic indicator to monitor brain activities. In this review paper, different procedures of EEG tests for recording and monitoring brain activity during sleep such as the EEG electrodes system and the Dreem headband (DH) have been introduced. Also, the processes of recording and analyzing the data have been discussed and compared with each other. The results of various stages of sleep from EEG tests help sleep specialists diagnose or evaluate sleep disorders accurately and choose appropriate strategies. Sleep disorder management is integral to provide patients with a safe sleeping environment.展开更多
More and more studies have been reported on whether music and other types of auditory stimulation would improve the quality of sleep. Many of these studies have found significant results, but others argue that music i...More and more studies have been reported on whether music and other types of auditory stimulation would improve the quality of sleep. Many of these studies have found significant results, but others argue that music is not significantly better than the tones or control conditions in improving sleep. For further understanding the relationship between music and sleep or music and arousal, the present study therefore examines the effects of brain music on sleep and arousal by means of biofeedback. The music is from the transformation of rapid eye movement （REM） sleep electroencephalogram （EEG） of rats using an algorithm in the Chengdu Brain Music （CBM） system. When the brain music was played back to rats, EEG data were recorded to assess the efficacy of music to induce or improve sleep, or increase arousal levels by sleep staging, etc. Our results demonstrate that exposure to the brain music increases arousal levels and decreases sleep in rats, and the underlying mechanism of decreased non-rapid eye movement （NREM） and REM sleep may be different.展开更多
基金Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 60501003）.
文摘Traditional methods for nonlinear dy-namic analysis,such as correlation dimension,Lyapunov exponent,approximate entropy,detrended fluctuation analysis,using a single parameter,cannot fully describe the extremely sophisticated behavior of electroencephalogram (EEG). The multifractal for-malism reveals more “hidden” information of EEG by using singularity spectrum to characterize its nonlin-ear dynamics. In this paper,the zero-crossing time intervals of sleep EEG were studied using multifractal analysis. A new multifractal measure Δasα was pro-posed to describe the asymmetry of singularity spec-trum,and compared with the singularity strength range Δα that was normally used as a degree indi-cator of multifractality. One-way analysis of variance and multiple comparison tests showed that the new measure we proposed gave better discrimination of sleep stages,especially in the discrimination be-tween sleep and awake,and between sleep stages 3 and 4.
文摘BACKGROUND： According to observable behaviors, sleep and wakefulness are two fundamentally different behavioral states. Although electroencephalogram （EEG） is traditionally used to define sleep stage, it is difficult to detect or to quantify microarousals or disruptions during sleep. In addition initial sleep cannot be defined. It is thought that the wake-sleep transition cannot be defined by EEG patterns. OBJECTIVE： To observe the behavioral response magnitude during wake-sleep transition by EEG monitoring and to define the wake-sleep transition. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A behavioral and neural network study was performed at the Key Lab of Human Being Development and Mental Health of Central China Normal University, and Lab of Brain and Cognitive Science of South Central University for Nationalities, China in July 2007. PARTICIPANTS： A total of 30 healthy volunteers, of equal gender and aged （19.7 ± 1.1 ） years, were recruited from the Central China Normal University, China for this study. None of the subjects had undergone EEG recording prior to this study or received any medication for sleep disturbances. METHODS： A novel adaptive approach was applied to detect wake-sleep transition, which avoided stimulus-induced waking. To test the difference between wake state and wake-sleep transition, the amount of self-information and mutual-information were effective parameters to analyze wake-sleep transition. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The following parameters were measured： morphological changes in reaction time-magnitude, as well as correlation between phase changes and sleep, and wake and wake-sleep transition. RESULTS： There were three typical phases in morphological changes of reaction time-magnitude. With regard to the behavioral definition and criterion for sleep, the phase morphological characteristics displayed good correlation with behavioral states, such as sleep, wakefulness, and sleep onset. Entropy as an indicator of brain cognitive processes was introduced to test for differences between the wakefulness and sleep onset phase. Results indicated a cognitive declined transitional period different between sleep and wake. After staggered cognitive changes during the wake-sleep transition, the brain underwent marked alterations and transitioned into sleep quickly with no bi-directional EEG changes. CONCLUSION： Wake-sleep transition exists as an independent stage.
文摘BACKGROUND： Sedative and hypnotic chemical drugs prolong the total-sleep time （TST） by a decrease in slow-wave sleep 2 （SWS2） and rapid-eye-movement sleep （REMS） and a relative increase in slow-wave sleep 1 （SWS1）. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effect of the Chinese medicine Zhusha Anshen Wan at different doses on each sleeping state in insomnic rats, and to identify its mode of action in improving sleep. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A randomized controlled study in rats. This study was performed in the Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine during the period from January 2005 to July 2006. MATERIALS： Twenty-four male Wistar rats, weighing （220±5） g, were selected. The main components in Zhusha Anshen Wan, Cinnabaris, Rhizoma Coptidis, Radix Glycyrrhixae, Prepared Radix Glycyrhizae Radix Angelicae Sinensis, and Rehmannia Pride Rhizome, were authenticated by Dr Xiaowei Du, Professor of Pharmacology. ND-97 Digital Polysomnography was purchased from the Shanghai Medical Instrument High Technology Company and Footplate Electrical Stimulator from the Harbin Research Institute of Electrical Instruments. METHODS： Rats were deprived of sleep by using the Footplate Electrical Stimulator. Insomnic rats were randomized into high-, mid- and low-dose Zhusha Anshen Wan groups, eight rats in each group. Animals were administrated with different doses of Zhusha Anshen Wan （equal to crude drug 7.2, 3.6, 1.8 g/kg） consecutively for seven days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： 30 minutes after the last administration, rats of each group suffered 8 hours foot-shocks while electroencephalography signals were recorded using Digital Polysomnography. Total time of waking （W）, SWS1, SWS2, REMS and TST were calculated for pre- and post-administration, respectively. RESULTS： All 24 rats were included in the statistical analysis of the results without any loss. In the low-dose Zhusha Anshen Wan group, SWS2 was increased significantly compared with pre-administration. In the middle-dose Zhusha Anshen Wan group, W was decreased significantly, but SWS1, SWS2 and TST were increased markedly compared with pre-administration, and there were significant differences between pre- and post-administration （P 〈 0.05-0.01）. In the high-dose Zhusha Anshen Wan group, the duration of W was significantly decreased after administration, but SWS1, SWS2, REMS and TST were significantly longer than pre-administration （P 〈 0.05-0.01）. CONCLUSION： The effect of Zhusha Anshen Wan on sleeping states is dose-dependent. Zhusha Anshen Wan acts by extending SWS1 and SWS2 to increase the total sleeoing time.
文摘Sleep disorders affect an individual’s ability to sleep well on a regular and natural basis. Inadequate sleep can have adverse outcomes for health and safety. Electroencephalogram (EEG) has been presented as an authentic indicator to monitor brain activities. In this review paper, different procedures of EEG tests for recording and monitoring brain activity during sleep such as the EEG electrodes system and the Dreem headband (DH) have been introduced. Also, the processes of recording and analyzing the data have been discussed and compared with each other. The results of various stages of sleep from EEG tests help sleep specialists diagnose or evaluate sleep disorders accurately and choose appropriate strategies. Sleep disorder management is integral to provide patients with a safe sleeping environment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 60736029, 30870655, and 30570474.
文摘More and more studies have been reported on whether music and other types of auditory stimulation would improve the quality of sleep. Many of these studies have found significant results, but others argue that music is not significantly better than the tones or control conditions in improving sleep. For further understanding the relationship between music and sleep or music and arousal, the present study therefore examines the effects of brain music on sleep and arousal by means of biofeedback. The music is from the transformation of rapid eye movement （REM） sleep electroencephalogram （EEG） of rats using an algorithm in the Chengdu Brain Music （CBM） system. When the brain music was played back to rats, EEG data were recorded to assess the efficacy of music to induce or improve sleep, or increase arousal levels by sleep staging, etc. Our results demonstrate that exposure to the brain music increases arousal levels and decreases sleep in rats, and the underlying mechanism of decreased non-rapid eye movement （NREM） and REM sleep may be different.
