Effects of serum inflammatory factors,health index and disease activity scores on ankylosing spondylitis patients with sleep disorder

BACKGROUND Patients with ankylosing spondylitis(AS)frequently suffer from comorbid sleep disorders,exacerbating the burden of the disease and affecting their quality of life.AIM To investigate the clinical significance of serum inflammatory factors,health index and disease activity scores in patients with AS complicated by sleep disorders.METHODS A total of 106 AS patients with comorbid sleep disorders were included in the study.The patients were grouped into the desirable and undesirable prognosis groups in accordance with their clinical outcomes.The serum levels of inflammatory factors,including C-reactive protein,erythrocyte sedimentation rate,interleukin(IL)-6,tumour necrosis factor-αand IL-1β,were measured.Disease activity scores,such as the Bath AS functional index,Bath AS disease activity index,Bath AS metrology index and AS disease activity score,were assessed.The health index was obtained through the Short Form-36 questionnaire.RESULTS The study found significant associations amongst serum inflammatory factors,health index and disease activity scores in AS patients with comorbid sleep disorders.Positive correlations were found between serum inflammatory factors and disease activity scores,indicating the influence of heightened systemic inflammation on disease severity and functional impairment.Conversely,negative correlations were found between disease activity scores and health index parameters,highlighting the effect of disease activity on various aspects of healthrelated quality of life.Logistic regression analysis further confirmed the predictive value of these factors on patient outcomes,underscoring their potential utility in risk assessment and prognostication.CONCLUSION The findings demonstrate the intricate interplay amongst disease activity,systemic inflammation and patientreported health outcomes in AS patients complicated by sleep disorders.The results emphasise the need for comprehensive care strategies that address the diverse needs and challenges faced by these patients and underscore the potential relevance of serum inflammatory factors,health index and disease activity scores as prognostic markers in this patient population.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and sleep disorders

Studies have shown that non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)may be associated with sleep disorders.In order to explore the explicit relationship between the two,we systematically reviewed the effects of sleep disorders,especially obstructive sleep apnea(OSA),on the incidence of NAFLD,and analyzed the possible mechanisms after adjusting for confounding factors.NAFLD is independently associated with sleep disorders.Different sleep disorders may be the cause of the onset and aggravation of NAFLD.An excessive or insufficient sleep duration,poor sleep quality,insomnia,sleep-wake disorders,and OSA may increase the incidence of NAFLD.Despite that some research suggests a unidirectional causal link between the two,specifically,the onset of NAFLD is identified as a result of changes in sleep characteristics,and the reverse relationship does not hold true.Nevertheless,there is still a lack of specific research elucidating the reasons behind the higher risk of developing sleep disorders in individuals with NAFLD.Further research is needed to establish a clear relationship between NAFLD and sleep disorders.This will lay the groundwork for earlier identification of potential patients,which is crucial for earlier monitoring,diagnosis,effective prevention,and treatment of NAFLD.

Reconsidering the role of depression and common psychiatric disorders as partners in the type 2 diabetes epidemic

Common psychiatric disorders(CPDs)and depression contribute significantly to the global epidemic of type 2 diabetes(T2D).We postulated a possible pathophysiological mechanism that through Bridge-Symptoms present in depression and CPDs,promotes the establishment of emotional eating,activation of the reward system,onset of overweight and obesity and,ultimately the increased risk of developing T2D.The plausibility of the proposed pathophysiological mechanism is supported by the mechanism of action of drugs such as naltrexonebupropion currently approved for the treatment of both obesity/overweight with T2D and as separate active pharmaceutical ingredients in drug addiction,but also from initial evidence that is emerging regarding glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists that appear to be effective in the treatment of drug addiction.We hope that our hypothesis may be useful in interpreting the higher prevalence of CPDs and depression in patients with T2D compared with the general population and may help refine the integrated psychiatric-diabetic therapy approach to improve the treatment and or remission of T2D.

Lack of a causal relationship between tea intake and sleep disorders: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Background:The relationship between tea intake(TI)and sleep disorders(SDs)has been a topic of interest for some time,but there remains a lack of data showing a causal relationship.We aimed to use a two-sample Mendelian randomization study to determine whether there is a causal link between TI and SDs.Methods:We collected data regarding TI,with a focus on green tea intake(GTI),herbal tea intake(HTI),and rooibos tea intake(RTI);and data regarding SDs and insomnia from genome-wide association studies.We analyzed these data using an inverse variance-weighted two-sample Mendelian randomization study,by means of the TwoSampleMR package in R4.2.3 software.Results:We found no genetic causal relationships of TI,GTI,HTI,or RTI with insomnia.The odds ratios(ORs)for these relationships were as follows:TI:OR=0.61,95%confidence interval(CI):0.29–1.28;GTI:OR=1.04,95%CI:0.95–1.14;HTI:OR=0.98,95%CI:0.82–1.17;and RTI:OR=1.04,95%CI:0.99–1.09.In addition,there were no genetic causal relationships of TI,GTI,HTI,or RTI with SDs.The OR values for these relationships were as follows:TI:OR=0.6,95%CI:0.34–1.06;GTI:OR=1,95%CI:0.93–1.07;HTI:OR=0.89,95%CI:0.66–1.2;and RTI:OR=1.02,95%CI:0.98–1.06.Conclusion:We found no causal relationships of TI with SDs or insomnia,irrespective of the type of tea consumed.However,additional Mendelian randomization studies are required to further explore the relationships of the timing and quantity of tea consumption with SDs and insomnia.

Sleep Disorders among Professional Oil Tanker Drivers in Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

Introduction: Sleep disorders among professional drivers are a major road safety problem. They cause fatigue and drowsiness at the wheel, which can lead to road traffic accidents and even accidents at work. The aim of this study was to assess sleep disorders among professional drivers of oil tankers in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Methods: This was a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study carried out from 11 April 2020 to 11 September 2020 in the national hydrocarbon company’s fuel depot. All the drivers present at the time were included and accomplished a questionnaire incorporating the commonly scales using to assess sleep disorders, sleep quality and sleep apnoea. Data analysis using R 3.6.1 software enabled to perform univariate and multivariate analyses to identify associated factors. Adjusted odd ratios were used to measure the strength of association. The significance level chosen was p ≤ 0.05. Results: All the 339 respondents were male. A proportion of 33.6% suffered from insomnia, including 12.7% with moderate to severe insomnia, and 18.58% were at risk of sleep apnoea. On the Epworth scale, 26.6% of drivers showed sleep debt and 4.1% excessive daytime sleepiness. The risk factors associated with insomnia were the use of psychostimulants. A history of diabetes and insomnia were risk factors associated with sleep apnoea syndrome. Conclusion: The prevalence of sleep disturbance and insomnia among the respondents were 52.2% and 33.6% respectively. Use of psychostimulants was the identified risk factor. The prevalence of SAS was 4.72%, with diabetes and insomnia as associated factors.

Agomelatine:a potential novel approach for the treatment of memory disorder in neurodegenerative disease

Agomelatine is a selective agonist of melatonin receptor 1A/melatonin receptor 1B(MT/MT)and antagonist of 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptors.It is used clinically to treat major depressive episodes in adults.The pro-chronobiological activity of agomelatine reconstructs sleep-wake rhythms and normalizes circadian disturbances via its agonistic effect of melatonin receptor 1A/melatonin receptor 1B,which work simultaneously to counteract depression and anxiety disorder.Moreover,by antagonizing neocortical postsynaptic 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptors,agomelatine enhances the release of dopamine and noradrenaline in the prefrontal cortex,increases the activity of dopamine and noradrenaline,and thereby reduces depression and anxiety disorder.The combination of these two effects means that agomelatine exhibits a unique pharmacological role in the treatment of depression,anxiety,and disturbance of the circadian rhythm.Emotion and sleep are closely related to memory and cognitive function.Memory disorder is defined as any forms of memory abnormality,which is typically evident in a broad range of neurodegenerative diseases,including Alzheimer’s disease.Memory impairment and cognitive impairment are common symptoms of neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases.Therefore,whether agomelatine can improve memory and cognitive behaviors if used for alleviating depression and circadian-rhythm sleep disorders has become a research“hotspot”.This review presents the latest findings on the effects of agomelatine in the treatment of psychologic and circadian-rhythm sleep disorders in clinical trials and animal experiments.Our review evaluates recent studies on treatment of memory impairment and cognitive impairment in neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases.

Mental health and insomnia problems in healthcare workers after the COVID-19 pandemic:A multicenter cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND Healthcare workers(HCWs)are at increased risk of contracting coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)as well as worsening mental health problems and insomnia.These problems can persist for a long period,even after the pandemic.However,less is known about this topic.AIM To analyze mental health,insomnia problems,and their influencing factors in HCWs after the COVID-19 pandemic.METHODS This multicenter cross-sectional,hospital-based study was conducted from June 1,2023 to June 30,2023,which was a half-year after the end of the COVID-19 emergency.Region-stratified population-based cluster sampling was applied at the provincial level for Chinese HCWs.Symptoms such as anxiety,depression,and insomnia were evaluated by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7,Patient Health Questionnaire-9,and Insomnia Severity Index.Factors influencing the symptoms were identified by multivariable logistic regression.RESULTS A total of 2000 participants were invited,for a response rate of 70.6%.A total of 1412 HCWs[618(43.8%)doctors,583(41.3%)nurses and 211(14.9%)nonfrontline],254(18.0%),231(16.4%),and 289(20.5%)had symptoms of anxiety,depression,and insomnia,respectively;severe symptoms were found in 58(4.1%),49(3.5%),and 111(7.9%)of the participants.Nurses,female sex,and hospitalization for COVID-19 were risk factors for anxiety,depression,and insomnia symptoms;moreover,death from family or friends was a risk factor for insomnia symptoms.During the COVID-19 outbreak,most[1086(76.9%)]of the participating HCWs received psychological interventions,while nearly all[994(70.4%)]of them had received public psychological education.Only 102(7.2%)of the HCWs received individual counseling from COVID-19.CONCLUSION Although the mental health and sleep problems of HCWs were relieved after the COVID-19 pandemic,they still faced challenges and greater risks than did the general population.Identifying risk factors would help in providing targeted interventions.In addition,although a major proportion of HCWs have received public psychological education,individual interventions are still insufficient.

Relevance of sleep for wellness:New trends in using artificial intelligence and machine learning

Sleep and well-being have been intricately linked,and sleep hygiene is paramount for developing mental well-being and resilience.Although widespread,sleep disorders require elaborate polysomnography laboratory and patient-stay with sleep in unfamiliar environments.Current technologies have allowed various devices to diagnose sleep disorders at home.However,these devices are in various validation stages,with many already receiving approvals from competent authorities.This has captured vast patient-related physiologic data for advanced analytics using artificial intelligence through machine and deep learning applications.This is expected to be integrated with patients’Electronic Health Records and provide individualized prescriptive therapy for sleep disorders in the future.

Sleep disorders in Alzheimer’s disease:the predictive roles and potential mechanisms

Sleep disorders are common in patients with Alzheimer’s disease,and can even occur in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment,which appears before Alzheimer’s disease.Sleep disorders further impair cognitive function and accelerate the accumulation of amyloid-βand tau in patients with Alzheimer’s disease.At present,sleep disorders are considered as a risk factor for,and may be a predictor of,Alzheimer’s disease development.Given that sleep disorders are encountered in other types of dementia and psychiatric conditions,sleep-related biomarkers to predict Alzheimer’s disease need to have high specificity and sensitivity.Here,we summarize the major Alzheimer’s disease-specific sleep changes,including abnormal non-rapid eye movement sleep,sleep fragmentation,and sleep-disordered breathing,and describe their ability to predict the onset of Alzheimer’s disease at its earliest stages.Understanding the mechanisms underlying these sleep changes is also crucial if we are to clarify the role of sleep in Alzheimer’s disease.This paper therefore explores some potential mechanisms that may contribute to sleep disorders,including dysregulation of the orexinergic,glutamatergic,andγ-aminobutyric acid systems and the circadian rhythm,together with amyloid-βaccumulation.This review could provide a theoretical basis for the development of drugs to treat Alzheimer’s disease based on sleep disorders in future work.

Psycho-cognitive behavioral problems in sleep disordered children

Sleep disturbances are common in childhood and adolescence. Sleep problems in early infants tend to be persistent and prominent in preschool and school-aged children. Chronic sleep disorders, especially in young children may lead to neurobehavioral problems and psycho-cognitive impairment. Sleep difficulties may be the result of underlying medical conditions, （breathing disorders） or psychological problems. Research studies have shown the association between sleep disorders and day time cognitive impairment, behavioral problems, poor school performance and inattention in children. Appropriate diagnosis and early management of sleep disorders in children lead to improvement of neurocognitive function and behavioral problems in these children.

Epidemiology of Sleep Disorders among Chronic Hemodialysis Patients in Senegal: A Multicentric Study

Introduction: Sleep disorders (SD) are common dialysis patients and can impact their quality of life. In previous studies, black ethnicity was associated with higher incidence of SD but a few data are available in African patients. This study aimed to describe prevalence and risk factors of SD among Senegalese dialysis patients. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study between February 15th and April 30th 2012 including 127 patients (75 males and 52 females) aged 46.8 ± 16.9 (16 - 85 years) and dialysed since >6 months in three dialysis centres. For each patient, we assessed insomnia according to international definition, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) with the Berlin questionnaire, restless leg syndrome (RLS) using abridged version of Cambridge-Hopkins RLS questionnaire, and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) with Epworth sleepiness scale. Logistic multivariate regression was used to identify factors associated with different SD. Results: Overall prevalence of SD was 88% comprising: insomnia (64.3%), OSAS (49.1%), RLS (24.1%) and EDS (20.5%). Forty-two patients presented at least two disorders. No difference was noticed in prevalence of SD between genders (p = 0.14). Level of blood pressure were not different across patients with and without SD. Insomnia correlated with anemia, inflammation and EDS. OSAS was associated with age ≥50 years, EDS and neck circumference ≥25 cm. RLS correlated with anemia and EDS. Other parameters such as gender, dialysis vintage, KT/V, obesity, diabetes status and hypoalbuminemia were not associated with the different SD. The majority of patients had not been diagnosed before the survey and none of them was under treatment. Conclusions: Our findings are compatible with high prevalence of sleep disorders reported in other populations. Insomnia and OSAS are the most frequent SD but some patients combined many disorders. Nephrologists should be more aware of these SD in order to detect them early and provide efficient treatment.

Obstructive sleep apnea increases heart rhythm disorders and worsens subsequent outcomes in elderly patients with subacute myocardial infarction

OBJECTIVE Obstructive sleep apnea(OSA)is a potential cardiovascular risk.We aimed to investigate the association of OSA with heart rhythm disorders and prognosis in elderly patients with new-onset acute myocardial infarction(AMI).METHODS We prospectively enrolled 252 AMI elderly patients(mean age,68.5±6.9 years)who were undergoing revascularization and completed a sleep study during their hospitalization.All subjects were categorized into non-OSA(apnea–hypopnea index(AHI)<15,n=130)and OSA(AHI≥15,n=122)groups based on the AHI.The changes in the autonomic nervous system,incidence of arrhythmia during nocturnal sleep,and major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events(MACCEs)were compared between the groups.RESULTS The mean AHI value in all AMI patients was 22.8±10.9.OSA patients showed higher levels of body mass index and peak high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and lower levels of minimum nocturnal oxygen saturation(Min Sa O2),as well as greater proportion of multivessel coronary artery disease(all P<0.05).The OSA group also showed significant increases in heart rate variability and heart rate turbulence onset(both P<0.05)and higher incidence of arrhythmia(including sinus,atrial,and ventricular in origin).At a median follow-up of 6 months(mean 0.8–1.6 years),OSA(AHI≥15)combined with hypoxia(Min Sa O2≤80%)was independently associated with the incidence of MACCEs(hazard ratio[HR]:4.536;95%confidence interval[CI]:1.461-14.084,P=0.009)after adjusting for traditional risk factors.CONCLUSIONS OSA and OSA-induced hypoxia may correlate with the severity of myocardial infarction,increase the occurrence of heart rhythm disorders in elderly subacute MI patients,and worsen their short-term poor outcomes.

Classification,prevalence and integrated care for neurodevelopmental and child mental health disorders:A brief overview for paediatricians

‘Neurodevelopmental disorders’comprise a group of congenital or acquired longterm conditions that are attributed to disturbance of the brain and or neuromuscular system and create functional limitations,including autism spectrum disorder,attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder,tic disorder/Tourette’s syndrome,developmental language disorders and intellectual disability.Cerebral palsy and epilepsy are often associated with these conditions within the broader framework of paediatric neurodisability.Co-occurrence with each other and with other mental health disorders including anxiety and mood disorders and behavioural disturbance is often the norm.Together these are referred to as neurodevelopmental,emotional,behavioural,and intellectual disorders(NDEBIDs)in this paper.Varying prevalence rates for NDEBID have been reported in developed countries,up to 15%,based on varying methodologies and definitions.NDEBIDs are commonly managed by either child health paediatricians or child/adolescent mental health(CAMH)professionals,working within multidisciplinary teams alongside social care,education,allied healthcare practitioners and voluntary sector.Fragmented services are common problems for children and young people with multi-morbidity,and often complicated by subthreshold diagnoses.Despite repeated reviews,limited consensus among clinicians about classification of the various NDEBIDs may hamper service improvement based upon research.The recently developed“Mental,Behavioural and Neurodevelopmental disorder”chapter of the International Classification of Diseases-11 offers a way forward.In this narrative review we search the extant literature and discussed a brief overview of the aetiology and prevalence of NDEBID,enumerate common problems associated with current classification systems and provide recommendations for a more integrated approach to the nosology and clinical care of these related conditions.

Clinical Characteristics of Sleep Disorders in Patients with Parkinson's Disease

In order to investigate the sleep quality and influencing factors in patients with Parkinson＇s disease（PD）, 201 PD patients were enrolled and underwent extensive clinical evaluations. Subjective sleep evaluation was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index（PSQI）, and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale（ESS）. It was found that poor sleep quality（77.11%） and excessive daytime sleepiness（32.34%） were commonly seen in PD patients and positively correlated with disease severity. Then 70 out of the 201 PD patients and 70 age- and sex-matched controls underwent a polysomnographic recording. The parameters were compared between PD group and control group and the influencing factors of sleep in PD patients were analyzed. The results showed that sleep efficiency（SE） was significantly decreased（P〈0.01）, and sleep latency（SL） and the arousal index（AI） were increased（P〈0.05） in the PD group as compared with those in the control group. SE and total sleep time（TST） were positively correlated with the Hoehn and Yahr（H＆Y） stage. There was significant difference in the extent of hypopnea and hypoxemia between the PD group and the control group（P〈0.05）. Our results indicate that PD patients have an overall poor sleep quality and a high prevalence of sleep disorder, which may be correlated with the disease severity. Respiratory function and oxygen supply are also affected to a certain degree in PD patients.

Evaluation of Clinical Efficacy of Combined Use of Acupuncture and Medicine in Treating Sleep Disorder in Patients with Anxiety Disorder

[Objectives]To evaluate the clinical efficacy of combined acupuncture and medicine in the treatment of sleep disorders in patients with anxiety disorders.[Methods]A total of 300 anxiety patients with sleep disorders were randomly selected and divided into a research group and a control group,with 150 cases in each group.The control group was administered with western medicine,and the research group was treated with acupuncture and medicine to compare their clinical treatment effects.[Results]The total effective rate of treatment in the research group was significantly higher than that in the control group;after treatment,both the PSQI and SAS scores of the two groups were significantly reduced,and the reduction degree of the research group was higher than that of the control group,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).[Conclusions]Combined use of acupuncture and medicine to treat sleep disorders in patients with anxiety disorders has better curative effect and fewer adverse reactions,so it has high clinical application value.

Breath monitoring,sleep disorder detection,and tracking using thin-film acoustic waves and open-source electronics

Apnoea,a major sleep disorder,affects many adults and causes several issues,such as fatigue,high blood pressure,liver conditions,increased risk of type II diabetes,and heart problems.Therefore,advanced monitoring and diagnosing tools of apnoea disorders are needed to facilitate better treatment,with advantages such as accuracy,comfort of use,cost effectiveness,and embedded computation capabilities to recognise,store,process,and transmit time series data.In this work we present an adaptation of our apnoea-Pi open-source surface acoustic wave(SAW)platform(Apnoea-Pi)to monitor and recognise apnoea in patients.The platform is based on a thin-film SAW device using bimorph ZnO and Al structures,including those fabricated as Al foils or plates,to achieve breath tracking based on humidity and temperature changes.We applied open-source electronics and provided embedded computing characteristics for signal processing,data recognition,storage,and transmission of breath signals.We show that the thin-film SAW device out-performed standard and off-the-shelf capacitive electronic sensors in terms of their response and accuracy for human breath-tracking purposes.This in combination with embedded electronics makes a suitable platform for human breath monitoring and sleep disorder recognition.

Melatonin for an obese child with MC4R gene variant showing epilepsy and disordered sleep: A case report

BACKGROUND Abnormalities in the melanocortin receptor 4(MC4R)gene often lead to obesity,but are rarely associated with other conditions such as epilepsy and sleep disorder.CASE SUMMARY Here,we present a case of a male obese child with a heterozygous variant in MC4R(c.494G>A,p.Arg165Gln)inherited from his father,who presented with disordered sleep and abnormal facial movements.Examination through melatonin rhythm testing and electroencephalography led to a diagnosis of sleep disorder and epilepsy,as his melatonin rhythm was markedly distorted and the electroencephalography revealed epileptic discharges.He received treatment with an antiepileptic drug;however,the therapy was ineffective and the sleep disorder appeared to be deteriorating.Subsequently,we initiated adjuvant treatment with melatonin.Upon re-examination,his body mass index had decreased,the sleep disturbance had resolved,and his seizures were well controlled.Electroencephalography review was normal,and a typical melatonin rhythm was restored.CONCLUSION We concluded that,in addition to causing obesity,abnormalities in the MC4R gene may contribute to the development of sleep disorders and epilepsy,and that melatonin can be used as an adjuvant therapy to alleviate these symptoms.

Chemogenetic activation of sublaterodorsal tegmental glutamatergic neurons alleviates rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder symptoms in a chronic rat model of Parkinson disease

Rapid eye movement(REM)sleep behavior disorder(RBD)is a parasomnia that is featured by elevated motor behaviors and dream enactments during REM sleep.Clinical observations show that RBD bears significant relevance with several synucleinopathies such as Lewy body dementia and Parkinson disease(PD),and often develops prior to their diagnosis.Being a potential biomarker of PD,investigating the relationship of RBD symptoms and their emergence in developing PD would provide insight intoits pathogenesis.Here,in a chronic model of PD,rats with daily rotenone treatment exhibited key RBD features,including elevated sleep muscle tone,sleep fragmentation and EEG slowing at different time points.Based on detectedearly alpha synuclein aggregation and neural apoptosis in the sublaterodorsal tegmental nucleus(SLD),an area known to promote REM sleep and maintain sleep muscle atonia,the possible involvement of SLD glutamatergic neurons was interrogated.Via chemogenetic activation of SLD glutamatergic neurons,key RBD symptoms and EEG slowing in REM sleep were alleviated.These results are consistent with a progressive degeneration in REM sleep promoting pathways.Our findings provide a foundation for further studies into RBD and its relationship to neurodegenerative diseases.

Study on the medication rules of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of sleep disorder after stroke based on data mining

Objective:To explore the medication rule of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)in the treatment of sleep disorder after stroke by using data mining technology.Methods:A computer search was used to search the electronic database of clinical literature on the treatment of sleep disorders after stroke by TCM from January 2000 to January 2021.Excel was used to establish the database,and the prescription information was described and analyzed statistically.Using IBM SPSS Modeler 18.0 software,Apriori algorithm was used for TCM association analysis,and IBM SPSS 22.0 software was used for systematic cluster analysis of high-frequency TCM.Results:A total of 67 literatures were included,covering 131 traditional Chinese medicines.The medecines with a higher frequency of sodium use include Ziziphi Spinosae Semen(Suanzaoren),Angelicae Sinensis Radix(Danggui),Ligusticum(Chuanxiong),liquorice(Gancao),Poria cocos(Fuling),and so on.From the effect point of view,deficiency-tonifying medicine,sedative medicine and blood-activating and stasis-removing medicine are commonly used.The medicinal properties are mainly cold,mild and warm.The main medicine flavor are sweet and bitter.The medicines mostly belong to the liver,heart and spleen Meridian.Thirty-three association rules were obtained for medicine pairs and medicine groups from the correlation analysis,and the core combinations were"Ziziphi Spinosae Semen(Suanzaoren)-Tuber fleeceflower stem(Yejiaoteng)","Ziziphi Spinosae Semen(Suanzaoren)-Polygala(Yuanzhi)","Ziziphi Spinosae Semen(Suanzaoren)-Cortex albiziae(Hehuanpi)"and"Angelicae Sinensis Radix(Danggui)-Radix bupleuri(Chaihu)-Radix Paeoniae Alba(Baishao)"and so on.Seven medicine aggregation groups were obtained by medicine cluster analysis.Conclusion:In the treatment of sleep disorder after stroke by TCM,the main method is to calm the heart and mind.Meanwhile,according to different syndrome types,the treatment methods of tonifying the heart and spleen,nourishing the liver and kidney,soothing the liver and softening the liver,clearing heat and resolving phlegm,nourishing the blood and promoting blood circulation are selected,which provide certain reference for clinical treatment.

The Role of EEG in the Diagnosis and Management of Patients with Sleep Disorders

Sleep disorders affect an individual’s ability to sleep well on a regular and natural basis. Inadequate sleep can have adverse outcomes for health and safety. Electroencephalogram (EEG) has been presented as an authentic indicator to monitor brain activities. In this review paper, different procedures of EEG tests for recording and monitoring brain activity during sleep such as the EEG electrodes system and the Dreem headband (DH) have been introduced. Also, the processes of recording and analyzing the data have been discussed and compared with each other. The results of various stages of sleep from EEG tests help sleep specialists diagnose or evaluate sleep disorders accurately and choose appropriate strategies. Sleep disorder management is integral to provide patients with a safe sleeping environment.