Research on Nonlinear Dynamic Characteristics ofStructures Supported on Slide-Limited Friction Base Isolation System

This paper presents a new type of base isolation system, i. e. , slide-limited friction (S-LF) base isolation system . Based on this system, the harmonic and subharmonic periodic response of S-LF subjected to harmonic motions is investigated by using Fourier-Galerkin-Newton (FGN) method with Flo-quet theory. The dynamic response of S-LF subjected to earthquake ground motions is calculated with a high order precision direct integration method, and the numerical results are presented in maximum acceleration response spectra of superstructure and maximum sliding displacement response spectrum form. The comparison of isolating effects of S-LF, pure-friction base isolation system (P-F) and resilient-friction base isolation system (R-FBI) shows that the isolating property of S-LF is superior to those of P-F and R-FBI. Finally, by analyzing an engineering example, it is observed that the distribution of the maximum shear between floors and absolute acceleration of S-LF to earthquake ground motion is very different from that of traditional structures.

Seismic performance of cable-sliding friction bearing system for isolated bridges

During past strong earthquakes, highway bridges have sustained severe damage or even collapse due to excessive displacements and/or very large lateral forces. For commonly used isolation bearings with a pure friction sliding surface, seismic forces may be reduced but displacements are often unconstrained. In this paper, an alternative seismic bearing system, called the cable-sliding friction bearing system, is developed by integrating seismic isolation devices with displacement restrainers consisting of cables attached to the upper and lower plates of the bearing. Restoring forces are provided to limit the displacements of the sliding component. Design parameters including the length and stiffness of the cables, friction coefficient, strength of the shear bolt in a fixed-type bearing, and movements under earthquake excitations are discussed. Laboratory testing of a prototype bearing subjected to vertical loads and quasi-static cyclic lateral loads, and corresponding numerical finite element simulation analysis, were carried out. It is shown that the numerical simulation shows good agreement with the experimental force-displacement hysteretic response, indicating the viability of the new bearing system. In addition, practical application of this bearing system to a multi-span bridge in China and its design advantages are discussed.

Effects of vertical excitation on the seismic performance of a seismically isolated bridge with sliding friction bearings

A finite element model is constructed for a sliding friction bearing in a seismically isolated bridge under vertical excitation with contact/friction elements. The effects of vertical excitation on the seismic performance of a seismically isolated bridge with sliding friction bearings and different bearing friction coefficients and different stiffness levels （pier diameter） are discussed using example calculations, and the effects of excitation direction for vertical excitation on the analysis results are explored. The analysis results shows that vertical excitation has a relatively large impact on seismic performance for a seismically isolated bridge with sliding friction bearings, which should be considered when designing a seismically isolated bridge with sliding friction bearings where vertical excitation dominates.

The Influence of Normal Load and Sliding Speed on Frictional Properties of Skin

The study of frictional properties of human skin is important for medical research, skin care products and textile exploi- tation. In order to investigate the influence of normal load and sliding speed on the frictional properties of skin and its possible mechanism, tests were carded out on a multi-specimen friction tester. When the normal load increases from 0.1 N to 0.9 N, normal displacement and the friction coefficient of skin increase. The friction coefficient is dependent on the load, indicating that both adhesion and deformation contribute to the friction behaviour. The deformation friction was interpreted using the plough model of friction. When sliding speed increases from 0.5 mm·s^-1 to 4 mm·s^-1, the friction coefficient increases and ＂stick-slip＂ phenomena increase, indicating that hysteretic friction contributes to the friction. The hysteretic friction was in- terpreted using schematic of energy translation during the rigid spherical probe sliding on the soft skin surface, which provides an explanation for the influence of the sliding speed on the frictional characteristics of the skin.

Coupled effects of particle overall regularity and sliding friction on the shear behavior of uniformly graded dense sands

Particle morphology has been regarded as an important factor affecting shear behaviors of sands,and covers three important aspects,i.e.global form(overall shape),local roundness(large-scale smoothness),and surface texture(roughness)in terms of different observation scales.Shape features of different aspects can be independent of each other but might have coupled effects on the bulk behavior of sands,which has been not explored thoroughly yet.This paper presents a systematic investigation of the coupled effects of the particle overall regularity(OR)and sliding friction on the shear behavior of dense sands using three-dimensional(3D)discrete element method(DEM).The representative volume elements consisting of ideal spheres and irregular clumps of different mass proportions are prepared to conduct drained triaxial compression simulations.A well-defined shape descriptor named OR is adopted to quantify particle shape differences of numerical samples at both form and roundness aspects,and the particle sliding friction coefficient varies from 0.001 to 1 to consider the surface roughness effect equivalently in DEM.The stress-strain relationships as well as peak and critical friction angles of these assemblies are examined systematically.Moreover,contact network and anisotropic fabric characteristics within different granular assemblies are analyzed to explore the microscopic origins of the multi-scale shape-dependent shear strength.This study helps to improve the current understanding with respect to the influence of the particle shape on the shear behavior of sands from different shape aspects.

Pressure-tracking control of a novel electro-hydraulic braking system considering friction compensation

This work presents an integrated pressure-tracking controller for a novel electro-hydraulic brake(EHB) system considering friction and hydraulic disturbances. To this end, a mathematical model of an EHB system, consisting of actuator and hydraulic sub-systems, is derived for describing the fundamental dynamics of the system and designing the controller. Due to sensor inaccuracy and measurement noise, a Kalman filter is constructed to estimate push rod stroke for generating desired master cylinder pressure. To improve pressure-tracking accuracy, a linear friction model is generated by linearizing the nonlinear Tustin friction model, and the unmodeled friction disturbances are assumed unknown but bounded. A sliding mode controller is designed for compensating friction disturbances, and the stability of the controller is investigated using the Lyapunov method. The performance of the proposed integrated controller is evaluated with a hardware-in-the-loop(HIL) test platform equipped with the EHB prototype. The test results demonstrate that the EHB system with the proposed integrated controller not only achieves good pressure-tracking performance, but also maintains robustness to friction disturbances.

Tribological Properties of MoSi_2 Against AISI10045 Steel Under Sliding Friction

MoSi2 samples were prepared by a self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) and a hot-press technique. The sliding friction and wear properties of intermetallic MoSi2 against AISI10045 steel under dry friction and oil lubrication conditions were investigated with a MRH-5A type ring-on-block friction and wear tester. The elemental composition, microstructure and worn surface morphology of the MoSi2 material were observed and analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The synthetic parameter pv value reflecting friction work, was used to discuss the tribological properties of MoSi2 material. The results show that 1) oil lubrication can obviously improve the tribological properties of MoSi2, 2) the bigger the pv value, the greater the antifriction and the abrasive resistance of MoSi2 under oil lubrication, 3) with an increase in the pv value, the wear mechanism of MoSi2 material under dry sliding friction is the fatigue fracture and adhesive wear and 4) under oil lubrication the wear mechanism is mainly fatigue pitting.

Energy corrugation in atomic-scale friction on graphite revisited by molecular dynamics simulations

Although atomic stick–slip friction has been extensively studied since its first demonstration on graphite,the physical understanding of this dissipation-dominated phenomenon is still very limited. In this work, we perform molecular dynamics（MD） simulations to study the frictional behavior of a diamond tip sliding over a graphite surface. In contrast to the common wisdom, our MD results suggest that the energy barrier associated lateral sliding（known as energy corrugation） comes not only from interaction between the tip and the top layer of graphite but also from interactions among the deformed atomic layers of graphite. Due to the competition of these two subentries, friction on graphite can be tuned by controlling the relative adhesion of different interfaces.For relatively low tip-graphite adhesion, friction behaves normally and increases with increasing normal load. However,for relatively high tip-graphite adhesion, friction increases unusually with decreasing normal load leading to an effectively negative coefficient of friction, which is consistent with the recent experimental observations on chemically modified graphite. Our results provide a new insight into the physical origins of energy corrugation in atomic scale friction.

Numerical Analysis of Rolling-sliding Contact with the Frictional Heat in Rail

Thermal damage caused by frictional heat of rolling-sliding contact is one of the most important failure forms of wheel and rail. Many studies of wheel-rail frictional heating have been devoted to the temperature field, but few literatures focus on wheel-rail thermal stress caused by frictional heating. However, the wheel-rail creepage is one of important influencing factors of the thermal stress In this paper, a thermo-mechanical coupling model of wheel-rail rolling-sliding contact is developed using thermo-elasto-plastic finite element method. The effect of the wheel-rail elastic creepage on the distribution of heat flux is investigated using the numerical model in which the temperature-dependent material properties are taken into consideration. The moving wheel-rail contact force and the frictional heating are used to simulate the wheel rolling on the rail. The effect of the creepage on the temperature rise, thermal strain, residual stress and residual strain under wheel-rail sliding-rolling contact are investigated. The investigation results show that the thermally affected zone exists mainly in a very thin layer of material near the rail contact surface during the rolling-sliding contact. Both the temperature and thermal strain of rail increase with increasing creepage. The residual stresses induced by the frictional heat in the surface layer of rail appear to be tensile. When the creepage is large, the frictional heat has a significant influence on the residual stresses and residual strains of rail. This paper develops a thermo-meehanical coupling model of wheel-rail rolling-sliding contact, and the obtained results can help to understand the mechanism of wheel/rail frictional thermal fatigue.

Sliding wear and friction behavior of ZA-27 alloy reinforced by Mn-containing intermetallic compounds

A ZA 27 alloy reinforced with Mn containing intermetallic compounds was prepared and its tribological behaviors were investigated. By adding Mn, RE, Ti and B into ZA 27 alloy, the test alloy (ZMJ) was fabricated by sand casting. Microstructural analysis shows that considerable amount of Mn containing intermetallic compounds such as Al 5MnZn, Al 9(MnZn) 2 and Al 65 Mn(RE) 6Ti 4Zn 36 are formed. Compared to ZA 27, ZMJ shows better wear resistance, lower friction coefficient and lower temperature rise of worn surface under lubricated sliding condition. ZMJ also shows the lowest steady friction coefficient under dry friction condition. The wear resistance improvement of ZMJ is mainly attributed to the high hardness and good dispersion of these Mn containing intermetallic compounds. It is indicated that the intermetallic compounds play a dominant role in reducing the sever adhesive and abrasive wear of the ZA 27 alloy.

Sliding Mode Controller Design for Position and Speed Control of Flight Simulator Servo System with Large Friction

Flight simulator is an important device and a typical high-performance position and speed servo system used in the hardware-in-the-loop simulation of flight control system. Friction is the main nonlinear resistance in the flight simulator servo system, especially in a low-speed state. Based on the description of dynamic and static models of a nonlinear Stribeck friction model, this paper puts forward sliding mode controller to overcome the friction, whose stability is

Friction and Wear Mechanism of Unlubricated 304L Austenitic Stainless Steel at Room Temperature

To explore wear mechanism of stainless steel used in nuclear pump, the wear properties and the worn surface characteristics of unlubricated 304L austenitic stainless steel on itself were investigated in air at room temperature. The experimental results demonstrated that the wear rate of the material decreased with the increase of the wear time. The friction coefficient fluctuated severely when the applied load was 120 N. At 120 N the wear rate was much higher than that of the applied load of 70 N. At 70 N the wear rate did not show much difference from that of 30 N. The wear mechanism was adhesive and abrasive wear under different load at the initial stage of the wear test. Then, the main wear mechanism changed with the wearing time and the applied load.

Friction coefficient and microhardness of anodized aluminum alloys under different elaboration conditions

The effects of anodizing conditions （electrolyte, current density and temperature） on the friction coefficient and Vickers mierohardness of anodic oxide layers formed on A1 5754 and A1 1050A substrates were investigated. The studied properties were examined using DELTALAB HVS-1000 Vickers mierohardness tester and rotating pin on disc tribometer. It was established that the highest microhardness （〉HV 400） and the lowest friction coefficient （〈0.4） were obtained with the oxalic acid addition of 10 g/L at high current density of 3 A/dm2 and low temperature of 5 ~C. The presence of oxidized Mg through the anodic oxide layer formed on A1 5754 was examined using glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy （GDOES）. The MgO was found to act negatively on the mechanical property of the layer. Finally, the scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （EDS）, and atomic force microscopy （AFM） were used to characterize the anodic layer before and after friction tests. It is found that the wear mechanism is related to many aspects of the initial morphology, chemical composition of the layer （C, S and Mg）, porosity and internal stress.

Adaptive high precision position control of servo actuator with friction compensation using LuGre model

Adaptive control of servo actuator with nonlinear friction compensation is addressed. LuGre dynamic friction model is adopted to characterize the nonlinear friction and a new kind of slid ing mode observer is designed to estimate the internal immeasurable state of LuGre model. Based on the estimated friction state, adaptive laws are designed to identify the unknown model parameters and the external disturbances, and the system stability and asymptotic trajectory tracking perform ance are guaranteed by Lyapunov function. The position tracking performance is verified by the ex perimental results.

Micro sliding friction model considering periodic variation stress distribution of contact surface and experimental verification

Micro sliding phenomenon widely exists in the operation process of mechanical systems,and the micro sliding friction mechanism is always a research hotspot.In this work,based on the total reflection method,a measuring device for interface contact behavior under two-dimensional(2D)vibration is built.The stress distribution is characterized by the light intensity distribution of the contact image,and the interface contact behavior in the 2D vibration process is studied.It is found that the vibration angle of the normal direction of the contact surface and its fluctuation affect the interface friction coefficient,the tangential stiffness,and the fluctuation amplitude of the stress distribution.Then they will affect the change of friction state and energy dissipation in the process of micro sliding.Further,an improved micro sliding friction model is proposed based on the experimental analysis,with the nonlinear change of contact parameters caused by the normal contact stress distribution fluctuation taken into account.This model considers the interface tangential stiffness fluctuation,friction coefficient hysteresis,and stress distribution fluctuation,whose simulation results are consistent well with the experimental results.It is found that considering the nonlinear effect of a certain contact parameter alone may bring a greater error to the prediction of friction behavior.Only by integrating multiple contact parameters can the accuracy of friction prediction is improved.

Numerical analysis of submarine landslides using a smoothed particle hydrodynamics depth integral model

Submarine landslides can cause severe damage to marine engineering structures. Their sliding velocity and runout distance are two major parameters for quantifying and analyzing the risk of submarine landslides.Currently, commercial calculation programs such as BING have limitations in simulating underwater soil movements. All of these processes can be consistently simulated through a smoothed particle hydrodynamics（SPH） depth integrated model. The basis of the model is a control equation that was developed to take into account the effects of soil consolidation and erosion. In this work, the frictional rheological mode has been used to perform a simulation study of submarine landslides. Time-history curves of the sliding body＇s velocity, height,and length under various conditions of water depth, slope gradient, contact friction coefficient, and erosion rate are compared; the maximum sliding distance and velocity are calculated; and patterns of variation are discussed.The findings of this study can provide a reference for disaster warnings and pipeline route selection.

Dry Friction Characteristics of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy under High Sliding Velocity

Tribological behaviours of Ti-6Al-4V alloy pins sliding against GCr15 steel discs over a range of contact pressures （0.33-1.33 MPa） and sliding velocities （30-70 m/s） were investigated using a pin-on-disc tribometer under unlubricated conditions. The wear mechanisms and the wear transition were analyzed based on examinations of worn surfaces using SEM, EDS and XRD. When the velocity increases, the friction coefficient and the wear rate of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy show typical transition features, namely, the critical values of sliding velocities for 0.33 and 0.67 MPa are 60 and 40 m/s, respectively. The experimental results reveal that the tribological behaviours of Ti-6Al-4V alloys are controlled by the thermal-mechanical effects, which connects with the friction heat and hard particles of the pairs. A tribolayer containing mainly Ti oxides and V oxides is formed on the worn surface of Ti-6Al-4V alloy.

滑动摩擦副表面非对称微织构空化效应数值分析

为探究滑动摩擦副表面非对称微织构空化效应及其影响因素,基于N-S方程建立了表面织构化滑动摩擦副数值计算模型并进行求解,讨论了凹槽型非对称微织构的结构参数、运动速度和润滑油黏度对凹槽内的气相分布、空化面积率、油膜承载力和摩擦系数等的影响.结果表明:凹槽型非对称微织构的承载力大于对称微织构,而其摩擦系数小于对称微织构;在考虑空化效应时,凹槽型非对称微织构比对称微织构能更显著地改善摩擦学性能,并且非对称微织构凹槽离入口距离越远,空化效应越显著;滑动摩擦副运动速度和润滑油黏度对空化效应有重要影响,运动速度越高、润滑油黏度越大,凹槽型非对称微织构的空化效应越明显,且提升承载力的能力明显优于对称微织构,该研究对滑动摩擦副表面微织构的设计和分析有一定的参考意义.

Study on Interface Friction Model for Engineering Materials Testing on Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar Tests

Split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) has become a frequently used technique to measure the uniaxial compressive stress-strain relation of various engineering materials at high strain-rates. The accuracy of an SHPB test is based on the assumption of uniaxial and uniform stress distribution within the specimen, which, however, is not always satisfied in an actual SHPB test due to the existence of some unavoidable negative factors, e.g., interface friction constrains. Kinetic interface friction tests based on a simple device for engineering materials testing on SHPB tests are performed. A kinetic interface friction model is proposed and validated by implementing it into a numerical model. It shows that the proposed simple device is sufficient to obtain kinetic interface friction results for common SHPB tests. The kinetic friction model should be used instead of the frequently used constant friction model for more accurate numerical simulation of SHPB tests.

Lows of Wear Process of the Friction Pair “0.45% Carbon Steel—Polytetrafluoroethylene” during Sliding from the Position of Fracture Mechanics

The results of the tests for a friction pair “a cylindrical specimen made of 0.45% carbon steel—a counter specimen-liner made of polytetrafluoroethyleneF4-B” during sliding friction are presented. The test results at different levels of contact load are analyzed using the Archard’s equation and are presented as a friction fatigue curve. The concept of the frictional stress intensity factor during sliding friction is introduced, and an expression that relates the wear rate to this factor and is close in shape to the Paris equation in fracture mechanics is proposed.