Rock mechanical characteristics and landscape evolutionary mechanism of the slit-type Danxia landform on the Chinese Loess Plateau

Since 2015,the newly discovered slit-type Danxia landform on the Chinese Loess Plateau has become a hot topic in the field of geomorphology worldwide.However,the relationships among its formation,evolutionary mechanism,and mechanical characteristics of its strata and rocks are not clear.In this paper,the Ganquan canyon group is used as the research object.Basic physical and mechanical indices of sandstone in the Ganquan canyon group were measured through field investigation and indoor experiments,and the deterioration trends for the mechanical parameters of sandstone in this area under the action of infiltration,acid dry-wet cycles,and freeze-thaw cycles were revealed.Lastly,the formation and evolutionary mechanism of the slit-type Danxia landform were discussed.The results showed that:(1)The sandstone in the canyon group had a low cementation degree and weak cohesive force,which was easily weakened under the action of water,resulting in a decrease in compressive strength and elastic modulus.(2)Acidic dry-wet cycles caused the mineral composition of the sandstone to be dissolved,and the micropores continued to grow and develop until new cracks were produced.Macroscopically,the compressive strength and elastic modulus of sandstone were greatly reduced,and this damage was cumulative and staged.The greater the acidity,the greater the damage.(3)As the number of freeze-thaw cycles increased,the uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus of the sandstone decreased continuously.During the freeze-thaw cycle process,the growth and development of cracks were primarily in fracture mode and usually developed along parallel bedding positions.(4)The interaction of tectonic activity and lithology with different weathering processes was a key factor in the formation and evolution of the slit-type Danxia landform.In conclusion,the intricate process of weathering influenced by historical climatic fluctuations has been pivotal in shaping the topography of Danxia landform.

HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SLIT-TYPE ENERGY DISSIPA-TERS

Slit-Type Energy Dissipater （STED） has been a kind of important devices for energy dissipation. The flow through the STED is longitudinally extended and the velocity is decreased by means of the cross-section increase of the flow, which is closely related to geometric and hydraulic parameters of the STED. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate and control the hydraulic condi- tions through the STED, including the nappe section form, the conversion condition, and the effect of energy dissipation with the geometric and hydraulic parameters. In the present work, ＂I-type＂ and ＂T-type＂ nappe forms were experimentally classified, the con- version conditions of the nappe forms were empirically provided, and the effects of geometric parameters of the STED on energy dissipation were roughly analyzed. It is concluded that the contraction angle of the STED is a key factor influencing the hydraulic characteristics of the STED.

Flow choking characteristics of slit-type energy dissipaters

In this paper, the behavior of the flow choking, including the critical and developing states, was experimentally investiga- ted by means of five slit-type outlets, characterized by the outlet width, the contraction angle and the opening of the working gate. The results showed that the approach flow Froude number of the critical choking decreases if the outlet width increases, or the con- traction angle decreases, or the opening increases. There is the hysteresis when the flow choking develops, i.e., the Froude numbers of the appearance and disappearance of the flow choking at the increasing discharge regime are all larger than those at the decreasing discharge regime. For various widths of the outlets, the differences between the critical Froude numbers at small opening are much larger than thoset at large opening. The change range from appearance to disappearance of the flow choking at small opening is smaller than that at large opening.

Flow choking over weir flow slit-type flip buckets

The flow choking may occur for weir flow slit-type flip buckets trader common operation conditions. An estimation method is developed through introducing a comprehensive coefficient to determine the approach flow Froude number for the flow choking to occur in those flip buckets. The error of the present method relative to the experimental data is less than 5%. The results show that, the Froude number for the flow choking to occur is related to the contraction ratio and the contraction angle of the flip buckets. When the flow choking occurs, the upper jet trajectory decreases and the lower one is almost not affected, and the dynamic pressures on the bottom and the sidewalls increase due to the flow profile rising on the flip buckets.

Local scour by multiple slit-type energy dissipaters

Energy dissipation and scour control are all the key issues for the design of hydraulic structures.On the basis of the high energy dissipation for the multiple slit-type energy dissipaters(M-STED)developed by the authors,in this work,the characteristics of the scour hole for the M-STED were experimentally investigated through three sets of those physical models with five cases and a scour hole form index was proposed.The results show that,the M-STED results in not only the high energy dissipation but also the mild upstream slope of the scour hole thanks to the scour hole form index of larger than 0.5,which is in favor of the safety of the release works.

Radial vibration of a slit-type annular ultrasonic concentrator

The radial vibration characteristic of an annular ultrasonic concentrator with multi- slits is studied. Based on the electro-mechanical analogy and by introducing an area ratio coef- ficient, the radial vibrational equivalent circuit and the frequency equation of the concentrator are derived. The radial displacement amplitude magnification factor of it is obtained. By nu- merical calculating, the relationship between the radial displacement amplitude magnification factor, the resonance frequency of the concentrator at the first and second resonance and its radius ratio are investigated. Also, the relationship between the radial displacement amplitude magnification factor, the resonance frequency of the concentrator and the length, the angle and the number of the silts are analyzed. It is illustrated that a maximum of displacement ampli- tude magnification factor of the concentrator appears with the increase of the radius ratio, and the amplitude magnification factor increase as the length, the angle and the number of the silts increase, while the radial resonance frequency of the concentrator decreases as the length, the angle and the number of the silts increase. The theoretical resonance frequencies are in good agreement with that of the FEM simulations and measurement.

Shock waves and water wing in slit-type energy dissipaters

The slit-type energy dissipater（STED）is widely used in hydraulic projects of high water head,large discharge,and narrow river valley,thanks to its simple structure and high efficiency.However,the water wing caused by the shock waves in the contraction section of the STED may bring about harmful effects.A coefficient is introduced for the application of Ippen？s theory in the STED.The expression of the coefficient is experimentally obtained.Simplified formulas to calculate the shock wave angle and the water wing scope are theoretically derived,with relative errors within 5%.

T23/P23钢高强匹配焊缝金属接头再热裂纹表征

综述了T23/P23钢高强匹配焊缝金属接头再热裂纹的特征。结果表明,T23/P23耐热钢高强匹配接头再热裂纹倾向明显,焊后状态高强匹配接头具有较高的强度和可以接受的塑性和韧性。接头显微组织中的HAZ粗晶区碳化物析出、晶界的滑移及晶界的脆化是再热裂纹产生的必要条件;影响HAZ组织的主要因素是母材中碳化物形成元素和残留元素的种类及含量。随接头拘束应力增大,再热温度升高时再热裂纹倾向增大。T23/P23钢接头中氢的行为是产生再热裂纹不可忽视的影响因素。生产中常用低应力化和低氢化综合工艺及参数,以及新型专用焊接材料等措施,使接头中的应力水平降低,氢含量最小化,控制再热裂纹形成条件,并获得了较满意的效果。

某水电站溢洪道挑流鼻坎体型研究

某水电站位于高山峡谷区,泄水建筑物布置在右岸,溢洪道出口下游河道十分狭窄,出口消能设计应充分考虑对下游岸坡的影响,避免顶冲对岸,因此需对挑流鼻坎体型进行重点研究。通过水工模型试验,结合工程特点,对不同体型的挑坎进行分析,最终推荐四窄缝差动挑坎体型。结果表明,四窄缝差动挑坎在各工况下流态较好,水舌纵向拉开且落点处于河道中间位置,对两岸边坡影响较小,可满足工程安全运行要求。研究成果可为狭窄河床的溢洪道消能设计提供借鉴。

具有四陷波特性的小型化超宽带天线设计

为避免通信过程中所存在的窄带通信频段的干扰,提出一款具有小型化四陷波特性的超宽带(ultrawideband,UWB)天线。该天线的辐射贴片采用半圆与矩形构成的特殊图形,并进行切角,在接地板的改进中采用可以有效扩展该天线在高频带宽的阶梯型结构。为了达到小型化以及四陷波特性,在尺寸仅为19.5 mm×18 mm×1.6mm的天线的辐射贴片上进行陷波处理。仿真表明:此天线在4.1~4.5 GHz、4.9~5.85 GHz、7.15~7.75 GHz、以及7.96~8.55 GHz的频段回波损耗大于-10 dB,能够有效抑制数字微波通信频段波段、WLAN波段、X波段以及国际电信联盟波段对于信号传输的干扰,陷波后天线工作带宽达到3.5~10.6 GHz,可以广泛投入到UWB通信的应用,且陷波特性良好,四陷波特性也扩大了通信应用的领域,可以满足多种超宽带通信系统的应用。

高拱坝表中孔窄缝式挑坎泄洪雾化特性分析

对古学水电站拱坝表中孔窄缝布置方案的泄洪雾化特性进行分析,根据物理模型试验成果,率定出不同频率洪水条件下,坝身表中孔的泄洪雾化水力因子,然后考虑水舌入水形态、复杂河谷地形及气象条件等因素,得到了泄洪风场与雾化降雨强度的等值线分布。研究表明,坝身表中孔采用窄缝出口体形,泄洪水舌纵向拉开,水舌两侧溅水受到前部遮蔽,且当表中孔联合泄洪时,内外侧不同水舌间也发生相互遮蔽。由于水舌两侧雾化源受到削弱,使得窄缝体形在保证消能安全的同时,能有效减小两岸雾雨爬升范围。在坝身各种泄洪条件下,雾化降雨分布范围在坝下80~700 m之间,两岸雾化雨区爬升高度仅为120~140 m,右岸下游电厂尾水出口处降雨强度0~20 mm/h,已属自然降雨范畴。

翅片管式换热器翅片结构对空气侧性能的影响

建立5mm管径翅片管式换热器百叶窗翅片的物理模型和数学模型,模拟分析百叶窗翅片开窗角度和换热器管间距对空气侧性能的影响,结果表明:在相同迎面风速下,空气侧的换热量及表面传热系数均随百叶窗开窗角度的增大而增大,风机功率随之大幅增加;空气侧的换热量及表面传热系数均随管间距的减小而增大;综合考虑换热量、风机功率及空气侧表面传热系数,开窗角度20°、管间距17.1 mm时换热器空气侧性能更优。

低相变点马氏体焊缝组织与高强钢焊接裂纹的关系

文章归纳了低相变点(low transformation temperature, LTT)马氏体焊缝组织与高强钢焊接裂纹的关系。结果表明,在冷裂纹影响因素中,马氏体焊缝的裂纹倾向,受控于氢的脆化与拉应力减小效果间的竞争。低相变点马氏体焊缝与高强钢焊接冷裂纹之间的关系,取决于马氏体焊缝的品质、焊缝中的应力状态与氢行为间的关系。工程上常用焊缝中残留的扩散氢含量最小化、不足以引发氢致冷裂纹的“焊缝金属低氢化”综合工艺,并获得了满意的效果。

陕北甘泉丹霞峡谷群地质遗迹景观特征与保护利用

甘泉丹霞峡谷群位于陕北丹霞地质遗迹景观带的中部,地处鄂尔多斯盆地伊陕斜坡,为典型的狭缝式丹霞景观。通过野外调查、实测和研究发现:甘泉丹霞峡谷群地质遗迹景观的造景地层为下白垩统洛河组风成相紫红色碎屑沉积岩,岩石呈厚-巨厚层状;垂向节理较为密集,NE-NEE向、近SN向和NW向节理控制了峡谷群的发育。景观类型以负地形的波浪谷(波浪状凹槽与凸起间或分布)为主,辅以丹霞崖壁、一线天、壶穴、象形石等;景观类别与众不同,为具有国际对比研究价值的黄土覆盖型,主要沿洛河支流展布;景观美学上呈现“窄狭、多弯、纵高、陡峻”+“巨厚、均一、韵律、多彩”特征;景观价值上具有科学研究、科考探险、旅游休闲、科普教育等复合多元的多种功能。由于甘泉丹霞峡谷群地处生态环境脆弱区和经济欠发达区,未来应加大地质遗迹科研力度,划定地质遗迹保护区,明确地质遗迹保护措施,推进地质遗迹科普教育,开展地质文化村建设,以达到持续保护利用的目的。

窄缝挑坎射流轨迹及扩散特性试验研究

窄缝挑流消能工由于投资少、工程量小,在高坝大流量泄洪建筑物中应用广泛。窄缝挑坎通过纵向扩散水舌的方式进行消能,以优化窄缝挑坎体型为目的,文章基于某水电枢纽物理模型试验,通过调整出口宽度大小的方式控制出口断面高宽比,系统分析出口断面高宽比、流量等对挑射轨迹的影响。研究结果表明,出口断面高宽比是影响水舌挑距的重要因素,射流扩散程度随出口断面高宽比的增加而增大,高宽比增大到一定程度后可清晰地观测到水翅与水帘现象。基于试验测量数据,对学者提出的水舌预测轨迹经验公式进行修正,修正后的公式在一定程度上提高了预测精度,研究成果可供类似工程参考。

高拱坝坝身表孔和深孔水流无碰撞泄洪消能试验研究

宽尾墩和窄缝收缩式消能工具有使水流横向收缩、垂向扩散及纵向拉长的功能。本文将宽尾墩和窄缝挑坎分别应用于高拱坝坝身表深孔,并对表孔和深孔出口不同体型组合进行了联合泄洪消能效果的模型试验研究。试验结果表明,当表孔采用宽尾墩、深孔采用窄缝挑坎时,获得了窄长的下泄水流流态,表孔和深孔水舌空中相互穿插下落,不发生碰撞,不仅实现了无碰撞消能的目的,有助于降低泄洪雾化的强度,而且水垫塘底板冲击动压减小。本消能方式可以充分利用下游河道的纵向空间,特别适合于狭窄河谷中的高拱坝坝身泄洪。

用VOF方法模拟横流下窄缝紊动射流

采用标准双方程kε紊流模型和VOF方法建立二维数值模型,模拟有横流情况下底部排污问题.将回流区的分析结果与试验进行了对比,吻合较好.分别将速度和浓度轨迹线拟合成简单的表达式并与试验拟合作了比较.通过对速度和浓度场的分析得到一些有益的结论.

窄缝消能与碰撞消能雾化水流研究

窄缝消能是挑流消能的一种特殊形式。本文对窄缝消能的雾化水流特性进行了初步的研究 ,提出了窄缝消能高速挑射水流的数学模型 ,同时对窄缝消能的雾流源量进行了分析。此外 。

9%Ni钢斜Y形坡口裂纹试验的数值模拟

利用SYSWELD有限元计算软件,采用双椭球焊接热源模型,对9%Ni钢斜Y形坡口裂纹试验中不同预热温度下的试件进行了焊接温度场和应力场的数值模拟.研究了试件的焊接温度场和应力场的分布规律,分析了预热温度对焊接热过程和焊后残余应力的影响.结果表明,提高预热温度时,一方面焊后冷却速度降低,有利于氢的逸出和马氏体的自回火作用;另一方面,横向残余应力水平增加,试件总体应力水平增加,冷裂纹敏感性增加.因此,焊接9%Ni钢时,不宜采用过高的预热温度.

坝身泄水孔窄缝消能工三维水动力特性数值模拟

本文采用双方程紊流模型对中孔窄缝消能工的出流进行了三维紊流数值模拟,给出了侧墙压力分布、流场、挑流水面线等水流特性。计算结果和模型试验数据对比,两者吻合较好,对不同底板挑角的方案进行的比较计算结果,发现底板挑角对水流特性有着明显的影响。