Numerical Simulation of Breaking Wave Based on Higher-Order Mild Slope Equation

The 'surface roller' to simulate wave energy dissipation of wave breaking is introduced into the random wave model based on approximate parabolic mild slope equation in this paper to simulate the random wave transportation in chiding diffraction, refraction and breaking in nearshore areas. The roller breaking random wave higher-order approximate parabolic equation model has been verified by the existing experimental data for a plane slope beach and a circular shoal, and the numerical results of random wave breaking model agree with the experimental data very well, This model can be applied to calculate random wave propagation from deep to shallow water in large areas near the shore over natural topography.

Study of total variation diminishing (TVD) slope limiters in dam-break flow simulation

A two-dimensional （2D） dam-break flow numerical model was developed based on the finite-volume total variation diminishing （TVD） and monotone upstream-centered scheme for conservation laws （MUSCL）-Hancock scheme, which has second-order accuracy in both time and space. A Harten-Lax-van Leer-contact （HLLC） approximate Riemann solver was used to evaluate fluxes. The TVD MUSCL-Hancock numerical scheme utilizes slope limiters, such as the minmod, double minmod, superbee, van Albada, and van Leer limiters, to prevent spurious oscillations and maintain monotonicity near discontinuities. A comparative study of the impact of various slope limiters on the accuracy of the numerical flow model was conducted with several dam-break examples including wet and dry bed cases. The numerical results of the superbee and double minmod limiters agree better with the theoretical solution and have higher accuracy than other limiters in one-dimensional （1D） space. The ratio of the downstream water depth to the upstream water depth was used to select the proper slope limiter. For the 2D numerical model, the superbee limiter should not be used, owing to significant numerical dispersion.

Characteristics and Implication of Double-Circular Slope Break

The characteristics of slope break during depression stage in the Songliao Basin of NE China are analyzed. It is indicated that double flexure slope breaks extend in a circle across the basin.One is nominated the inner slope break,and the other is the external slope break. Under different regional stress field,the control

ON LONG-WAVES BREAKING Ⅱ.IN A HALF INFINITE CHANNEL WITH BOTTOM SLOPE

The propagation of long-waves, such as tidal waves from the coastal oceam into shallow estuarine waters,often produces asymmetries of veolcity and water level in time series resulting in long-wave breaking.Tian (1994) studied the mechanism of long-wave breaking in an infinite channel with constant depth,considering nth power bottom friction. This study is for the case of a half infinite channel with bottomslope, taking linear bottom friction into account. The wave breaking time and wave breaking location areestimated and the criteria for long-wave breaking in this particular case are obtained. The results obtainedcan also be e asily applied to the case considering wind stress.

Lacustrine Basin Slope Break — A New Domain of Strata and Lithological Trap Exploration

Based on the studies of the Songliao Basin characterized by Cretaceous down-warping, of the Jurassic compressional flexural Junggar basin and of the Bohai Bay Basin characterized by Paleogene rifting, the multiple-grades slope break has developed in lacustrine basins of different origins. Their genetic types can be divided into tectonic slope break, depositional slope break and erodent slope break. The dominant agent of the slope break is tectogenesis, and the scale of slope breaks relates with the size of tectogenesis. The results of the study show that control of mutual grades slope breaks on atectonic traps mainly represent: 1) Atectonic traps develop close to mutual grades slope breaks, with beads-shaped distribution along the slope breaks. 2) In the longitudinal direction, the development of atectonic traps is characterized by the inheritance. 3) Different slope breaks and their different geographical positions can lead to different development types of atectonic traps. 4) A slope break can form different kinds of atectonic traps because of its great lateral variation. 5) The existence of mutual-grade slope breaks leads to different responses of erosion and deposition at different geographical positions in the basin. The oil source bed, reservoir and cap rock combination of atectonic traps is fine. 6) The oil-bearing condition of atectonic traps controlled by slope breaks is very favorable.

Sedimentary microtopography in sequence stratigraphic framework of Upper Ordovician and its control over penecontemporaneous karstification,No.I slope break,Tazhong,Tarim block

In order to reveal the relationship between the penecontemporaneous karstification and sedimentary microtopography in sequence stratigraphy,the sequence stratigraphic framework of Lianglitage formation in Upper Ordovician is studied according to the well drilling,logging,geophysical data,detailed observations of core and the paleontology.The Lianglitage formation belongs to the sequence Ⅳ of Ordovician.The second member of Lianglitage formation is prograde sedimentation in highstand systems tract,and is favorable for developing reef flat.The development scale and thickness of reef flat are controlled by the variation of secondary sea level.The types and characteristics of karst in the highstand systems tract show that the late highstand systems tract is dissolved and cemented by the meteoric fresh water and mixed water.Penecontemporaneous karstification is developed at the top of parasequence and high place of geomorphology.Atmospheric diagenetic lens is formed.The developing regulations and controlling factors of penecontemporaneous karstification can provide new clues to the prediction and exploration of favorable reservoir in this area.

Numerical Prediction of Regular Wave Breaking on Very Gentle Slopes

Regular wave deformation and breaking on very gentle slopes is calculated by Mixed-Eulerian-Lagrangian procedure. The velocity potentials and their normal derivatives on the boundary are calculated through the mixed 0-1 boundary element method. The wave elevation and the potentials of Lime-stepping integration are determined by the 2nd-order Taylor expansion at the nodes of free surface boundary elements. During calculation the x-coordinates of the free surface element nodes are supposed to remain unchanged, i.e. the partial derivatives of wave elevation and potentials with respect to x are considered as zero. The numerical results of asymmetric parameters of breaking waves are verified by experimental study. It is shown that when the wave asymmetry is weak, the maximum horizontal velocity of water particales occurs at the wave peak and, the average ratio of this maximum velocity to wave celerity is 0.96. However, when the wave asymmetry is strong, the maximum horizontal velocity of water particles occurs just before the wave crest, and the average ratio of the maximum velocity to wave celerity is about 0.98. The numerical results also show that the asymmetry of wave profiles affects the value of the wave breaking index (H/d) (b), that is, when the asymmetric characteristics are weak, the value of wave breaking index coincides with that given by Goda; on the contrary, when the asymmetry of wave profiles is notable, the value of wave breaking index is close to Nelson's result. The experimental study gives the same conclusions.

Genetic Types and Exploration Significance of Slope Break Belt in Paleogene in Qikou Sag,Huanghua Depression,Bohai Bay Basin,Eastern China

Enrichment of hydrocarbon reservoir relates to the slope break types in continental basin(sag)in China. Division and analysis of genetic types of slope break will help to study the enrichment regularity of hydrocarbon reservoir and is conducive to the guiding of future development in exploration and enhancing prediction accuracy.This paper,guided by the theory of sequence stratigraphy and using high-resolution three-dimensional seismic data,drilling and other information,takes into account the characteristics

Breaking Criteria for Regular Waves on Gentle Slopes

Nelson pointed out that the wave breaking criterion( H/d)(b) for gentle slopes( i < 1/100), in which H is the wave height and d is the water depth at the breaking point, is smaller than that for beach slopes of i > 1/100, i. e., the value oft H/d)(b) for gentle slopes may be smaller than 0.6. Goda indicated that the wave breaking criterion given by himself is a result based on theoretical study, so it should be also correct and can be used for gentle beaches, i.e., the value of(H/d)(b) for gentle slopes may be still larger than 0.7. By use of high order nonlinear wave theory, this problem is analyzed in this study and the reason why there is a large difference between different studies is explained. Moreover, the bottom energy loss during wave propagation is considered and the critical slope for the absence of wave breaking is also analyzed.

ON LONG-WAVE BREAKING Ⅳ. NUMERICAL RESULTS

This paper is a sequel to Tian’s (1994) preceding paper in which the blow-up theory was sug gested for finding an analytical (as opposed to a numerical) description of long-wave breaking. The pre sent long-wave breaking numerical results agree quite well with the author’s previous analytical and theo retical results.

Transformation and Breaking of Irregular Waves on Very Gentle Slopes

Based on theoretical analysis, numerical calculation, and experimental study. this paper discusses breaker indices of irregular waves, transformation of wave spectrum, characteristics and computation of breaking waves, as well as the critical beach slope under which waves will not break. Computed results are in good agreement with laboratory physical model test data and ocean wave field measurements.

西湖凹陷平湖斜坡带物源-坡折耦合控砂模式

平湖斜坡带为西湖凹陷岩性油气藏勘探的重要区域之一。勘探开发实践证实,平湖斜坡带平湖组砂体展布复杂,控砂模式指导下的砂体刻画已成为岩性油气藏勘探突破的关键。从物源体系研究出发,结合坡折带特征分析,梳理了研究区物源坡折耦合控制下的砂体展布特征。沟谷及重矿物特征表明,研究区存在海礁隆起西部、西南部稳定物源及宝云亭凸起动态物源三大物源体系,控制了研究区储层沉积物来源;受隆起、断裂差异活动及沉积作用控制,研究区发育的断裂坡折、挠曲坡折和沉积坡折共同控制了研究区地形特征。物源体系与坡折耦合控制了沉积物从源到汇的动态过程:平湖组下段由西南物源及宝云亭凸起动态物源共同控制,发育混源堆积型控砂模式;平湖组中段由西部海礁隆起物源主控,以挠曲坡折限制的单源改造型控砂模式为主;平湖组上段由沉积坡折主控,发育缓坡过渡型控砂模式。

An extended time-dependent numerical model of the mild-slope equation with weakly nonlinear amplitude dispersion

In the present paper, by introducing the effective wave elevation, we transform the extended elliptic mild-slope equation with bottom friction, wave breaking and steep or rapidly varying bottom topography to the simplest time-dependent hyperbolic equation. Based on this equation and the empirical nonlinear amplitude dispersion relation proposed by Li et al. （2003）, the numerical scheme is established. Error analysis by Taylor expansion method shows that the numerical stability of the present model succeeds the merits in Song et al. （2007）＇s model because of the introduced dissipation terms. For the purpose of verifying its performance on wave nonlinearity, rapidly varying topography and wave breaking, the present model is applied to study： （1） wave refraction and diffraction over a submerged elliptic shoal on a slope （Berkhoff et al., 1982）; （2） Bragg reflection of monochromatic waves from the sinusoidal ripples （Davies and Heathershaw, 1985）; （3） wave transformation near a shore attached breakwater （Watanabe and Maruyama, 1986）. Comparisons of the numerical solutions with the experimental or theoretical ones or with those of other models （REF/DIF model and FUNWAVE model） show good results, which indicate that the present model is capable of giving favorably predictions of wave refraction, diffraction, reflection, shoaling, bottom friction, breaking energy dissipation and weak nonlinearity in the near shore zone.

坳陷型湖盆缓坡边缘沉积坡折带的识别--以鄂尔多斯盆地三叠纪延长期沉积坡折带为例

鄂尔多斯盆地中生界是典型的稳定克拉通内坳陷型湖盆沉积,在三叠纪延长期湖盆的缓坡边缘(吴旗—子午岭一线以北地区)发育沉积坡折带,利用地震反射特征及岩性地层学对比等常规手段难以对其识别。在延长组三级层序地层格架内,分别从层序地层充填形态、沉积微相组合类型、短期基准面旋回叠加类型及其相应可容空间(A)和沉积物供给通量(S)之间的比值(A/S)关系等3个方面对湖盆缓坡边缘的沉积坡折带进行了识别,在此基础上总结和归纳出了坳陷型湖盆缓坡边缘沉积坡折带的判识方法,并建立了识别模式。

坳陷湖盆重力流水道-朵叶复合体沉积特征及模式——以鄂尔多斯盆地西南部三叠系延长组长7段为例

为揭示鄂尔多斯盆地西南部三叠系延长组长7段微古地貌环境中重力流沉积体系发育特征及分布规律,在采用印模法对长7段沉积期古地貌形态进行恢复的基础上,精细刻画各微古地貌单元,并结合露头、岩心、录井和测井等资料研究重力流沉积特征及发育模式。研究结果表明:①长7段沉积期古地貌形态为东北部宽缓、西南部陡窄的不对称坳陷形态,盆内主要发育古缓坡、古斜坡和古洼地3个次级古地貌单元,再进一步细分为凸起、沟槽、坡折带、湖底平原、湖底深洼、古沟道、湖底古脊和湖底古隆8种微地貌单元;②长7段主要发育9种岩相类型、4种岩相垂向组合方式,依据岩相组成和岩相垂向组合,重力流沉积进一步细分为限制性水道、非限制性水道、天然堤、水道间、朵叶体5种沉积微相类型;③古地貌对长7段沉积物源方向、沉积微相类型和空间展布、砂体成因类型及分布具有重要控制作用。

松辽盆地西斜坡古沟谷-坡折带特征及其对储层分布的控制

利用井-震结合、地层对比、沉积相及古地貌分析等方式识别沟谷-坡折带,重点分析了沟谷-坡折带特征及对储层分布的控制作用。研究表明:松辽盆地西斜坡早白垩世发育的两极挠曲坡折带在平面上呈北东向展布;沟谷顺物源分布,垂直于坡折带走向;在基准面旋回变化过程中,沟谷-坡折带对沉积物的体积分配和相分异有特定的控制作用,进而与储层的分布有着密不可分的关系;沟谷是控制水系和沉积物搬运的通道,坡折带是沉积物卸载的场所,沟谷-坡折带体系控制了沉积物的类型和平面分布。

塔里木盆地古城4井区上寒武统-奥陶系储集层特征

根据岩心、薄片资料,结合区域地质背景,研究塔里木盆地古城4井区上寒武统—奥陶系沉积相特征和储集层特征,进而指出古城坡折带的勘探潜力和方向。研究表明,古城4井区上寒武统为台地边缘上斜坡垮塌沉积,奥陶系蓬莱坝组、鹰山组和一间房组为台地前缘浅缓坡中低能砂屑滩与灰泥丘相沉积,吐木休克组为台地前缘深水缓坡瘤状灰岩沉积,却尔却克组为斜坡—深水陆棚—超补偿浅水盆地沉积;古城4井上寒武统白云岩受沉积环境、白云岩化和构造裂缝影响,储集层物性较好;而奥陶系灰岩原生孔隙发育差,且多期胶结作用充填了大部分原生孔隙,属于非储集层;古城4井以西、以北地区为中、下奥陶统高能滩体和有利储集层发育的部位。

准噶尔盆地克-百地区中二叠统坡折带与岩性地层圈闭的关系

克拉玛依至百口泉地区中二叠世的坡折带十分发育,表现为顺物源方向具多级坡折的特点,按其发育的位置可分为盆缘坡折带和盆内坡折带,受边界逆冲断裂持续活动、盆内次级断裂活动的影响,坡折带的演化表现为多期、幕次性、差异活动以及继承性等特征。坡折带对地层超覆叠置、层序构成样式及沉积相的展布具有重要的控制作用。建立了受多级坡折带控制的圈闭发育模式,在坡折带附近,可形成岩性圈闭、地层超覆圈闭、不整合面遮挡圈闭等类型。

塔里木东部寒武纪-中奥陶世坡折带沉积特征及勘探潜力

地震剖面解释及沉积相研究证实塔里木东部轮东—古城地区、罗西地区寒武纪—中奥陶世沉积期发育两个近南北向展布的台地边缘相带。轮东—古城坡折带属缓坡型台地前缘坡折带,坡折带位置自寒武纪至中奥陶世逐渐向东迁移。罗西坡折带属台地边缘陡崖型坡折带,寒武纪—中奥陶世呈多期坡折垂向叠加特征。成藏条件分析表明:轮东—古城坡折带具有良好的寒武系古油藏及奥陶系原油裂解气的勘探前景,而罗西坡折带保存条件好的地区有望获得寒武系古油藏的勘探突破。

松辽盆地北部他拉哈-齐家地区姚一段沉积与成藏特征再认识

综合20口井岩心和496口井测井、录井及分析化验资料,对松辽盆地他拉哈-齐家地区姚一段葡萄花油层进行高分辨率层序地层研究,提出葡萄花油层北、西部为同沉积构造抬升控制的底部缺失的层序地层新格架。研究区最有利相带砂体为窄而细的末梢河道砂、薄层河口坝及席状砂体,而研究区北半部大量宽泛的厚层优质河道砂却不含油,为大面积含水区。研究总结发现,砂体发育与岩性油气藏分布均受控于一挠曲坡折带,坡折带以内为低水位体系域沉积质量中心,砂岩厚薄相间,可形成地层超覆圈闭;坡折带之下为3个层序低水位和水进体系域三角洲前缘砂体叠合区,发育的砂岩较薄且连通性差,是多层位岩性圈闭和上倾尖灭型圈闭发育区;坡折带之上以水进体系域平原相及前缘相的大量厚层河道砂体为主,但因连通性好,油气易散失,不易形成岩性圈闭,而成为大范围的含水区。坡折带"控层""控相""控砂""控藏"的理论在本研究区又一次得到极好的应用与验证。