Fractional viscoelastic solution of stratum displacement of a shallow tunnel under the surface slope condition

The unified displacement function(UDF)is presented to describe the deformation behaviours of the tunnel profile along with time under the surface slope condition.Based on the discrete Fourier method,the third-order UDF in the physical plane is expanded to the Laurent series in the complex variable plane.The complex variable method is employed to derive the elastic analytical solution of stra-tum displacement,when the third-order UDF is taken as the displacement boundary condition of tunnel cross-section(DBCTC).The proposed elastic solution agrees well with the results of the finite element method for the consistent model,which verifies the correctness of the proposed analytical solution.Combining the corresponding principle and fractional Generalized Kelvin viscoelastic constitutive model,the fractional viscoelastic solution under the surface slope condition is determined.The time effect of stratum displacement is presented in two aspects:time-dependent DBCTC and time-dependent material parameters.The parameter analysis is performed to investigate influences of deformation modes of the third-order UDF,slope angle,tunnel radius and fractional order on the time effect of stratum vertical and horizontal displacement.

From the new Austrian tunneling method to the geoengineering condition evaluation and dynamic controlling method

The new Austrian tunneling method （NATM） is widely applied in design and construction of underground engineering projects. When the type and distribution of unfavorable geological bodies （UGBs） associated with their influences on geoengineering are complicated or unfortunately are overlooked, we should pay more attentions to internal features of rocks grades IV and V （even in local but mostly controlling zones）. With increasing attentions to the characteristics, mechanism and influences of engineering construction-triggered geohazards, it is crucial to fully understand the disturbance of these geohazards on project construction. A reasonable determination method in construction procedure, i.e. the shape of working face, the type of engineering support and the choice of feasible procedure, should be considered in order to mitigate the construction-triggered geohazards. Due to their high sensitivity to groundwater and in-situ stress, various UGBs exhibit hysteretic nature and failure modes. To give a complete understanding on the internal causes, the emphasis on advanced comprehensive geological forecasting and overall reinforcement treatment is therefore of more practical significance. Compre- hensive evaluation of influential factors, identification of UGB, and measures of discontinuity dynamic controlling comprises the geoengineering condition evaluation and dynamic controlling method. In a case of a cut slope, the variations of UGBs and the impacts of key environmental factors are presented, where more severe construction-triggered geohazards emerged in construction stage than those predicted in design and field investigation stages. As a result, the weight ratios of different influential factors with respect to field investigation, design and construction are obtained.

不同炭基改良剂提升紫色土蓄水保墒能力

通过连续2a田间试验,研究了5种改良剂(秸秆、有机肥、生物炭、炭基改良剂I和炭基改良剂Ⅱ)对紫色丘陵区坡耕地土壤水分库容、孔隙度和团聚体组成及稳定性的影响,分析了土壤水分特征参数与孔隙度和团聚体组成的关系,以期为紫色土区水土保持和土壤改良提供科学依据。结果表明,与不施改良剂(对照)相比,5种炭基改良剂都能提高土壤对降水的截存和保贮能力,显著提高了土壤饱和含水量、田间持水量、水分总库容、有效水库容及重力水库容,降低了土壤凋萎点含水量和无效水库容;不同改良剂提升作用大小为改良剂Ⅱ>改良剂I>生物炭>有机肥>秸秆>对照。施用改良剂I、改良剂Ⅱ、生物炭和有机肥显著提高了土壤孔隙度,降低了土壤容重,秸秆的效果不显著。施用炭基改良剂降低了<0.25mm的微团聚体含量,促进了小团聚体向大团聚体的转化,其中对粒径>5mm的机械稳定性大团聚体提升幅度最大,比对照提高14.5%~60.7%;5种炭基改良剂都显著提高了团聚体的平均重量直径及稳定性指数,以炭基改良剂I、炭基改良剂Ⅱ和生物炭的作用效果最大。土壤总库容、重力水库容和有效水库容与总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度以及土壤大团聚体含量呈正相关,而与土壤非毛管孔隙度和小团聚体呈负相关,土壤蓄水保水能力与土壤团聚体组成和孔隙度密切相关。因此,施用炭基改良剂通过促进土壤团聚作用,提高大团聚体含量和土壤孔隙度,进而增大土壤持水量和土壤有效水库容,是改善紫色土结构和提高紫色土坡耕地保水蓄水能力的有效措施。

PAM对不同坡度坡地产流产沙及氮磷流失的影响

聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）是一种高效土壤改良剂,能影响土壤入渗、产流及溶质迁移、淋失.通过人工模拟降雨试验,研究了5°、15°和25°3个坡度水平下PAM对黄土高原沟壑区黑垆土坡地土壤侵蚀及氮磷流失情况的影响.结果显示：施加PAM后增加了5°和15°坡面的总产流量却减少了25°坡面的总产流量;PAM组初始产沙量较大,8 min以后,施加PAM组与对照组产沙速率出现差异并开始降低,表明施用PAM的起作用时间约为8~10 min,5°、15°和25°3个坡度的减沙率分别为38.2%、3.7%和53.9%.PAM对3个坡度径流中磷浓度有减小作用且不受坡度变化的影响,对5°和15°坡面铵态氮浓度影响不明显,但对25°坡面铵态氮浓度有明显减小作用,此外,PAM的施用能降低铵态氮初始流失浓度.施加PAM能影响土壤水分的再分配过程并减少3个坡度坡面硝态氮和磷的向下淋失.施加PAM后,5°、15°和25°坡面磷流失总量显著减少,减小幅度分别为77.6%、64.5%和85.1%;径流硝态氮流失总量随着坡度的增加先增加后减少,在15°~20°之间存在改变PAM对硝态氮影响作用的转折坡度值,PAM处理后的硝态氮流失量与径流量在0.05水平上显著相关,相关系数为0.998;PAM能够显著减少陡坡25°坡面溶解态铵态氮的流失量,减少幅度为60.1%.该项研究结果可为当地PAM的合理有效施用和提高水分及养分利用率提供科学指导.