Construction of Forest and Grass Industry Economic Belt Using Land Resources in Road Side Slope

The construction of expressway and high-speed rail is at the sacrifice of the soil ecological environment. It brings about much damaged land and bare slope. It is necessary to restore vegetation and rebuild landscape. In the design of target plant community and configuration plants,it is required to select as far as possible plants that can blossom and bear fruit or pods. Then seeds of these plants can be harvested,processed and sold,and applied for other projects,so as to develop into a complete forest and grass seed industry chain. This not only reasonably utilizes land resources,but also provides a new approach to the problem of insufficient fine forest seed sources in China. This paper discussed the use of land resources in road side slope and forest and grass seed selection and breeding technology,and elaborated the industrialized development paths for forest and grass seed industries in road side slope. Finally,it arrived at following recommendations.( i) The construction of forest and grass industry economic belt using land resources in road side slope can realize maximum land value. Building a road can help people there get rich,and the type of land and water cultivates its type of forest and grass.( ii) It can make up for the losses incurred from construction of expressway and high-speed rail or destroying forest land,and it can increase farmers' income.( iii) It can increase the supply of domestic seeds,reduce seed import,save foreign exchange,and partly solve the problem of insufficient supply of forest and grass seeds.( iv) It is able to form a complete forest and grass seed industry economic cycle chain,increase employment,and provide new approaches for enriching and benefiting farmers.

Eco-environment Restoration and Regional Differentiation Characteristics Based on “Building Terrace and Returning Slope Farmland to Forests and Grass”

Based on the scientific and technological achievements in the past decade in the Loess Hilly-gully Region and the successful demonstration experience in Yan'an Yangou watershed, we summarize the characteristics of eco-environment restoration pattern based on "building terrace and returning slope farmland to forests and grass". According to the data on land use, slope farmland and the agricultural population in 1999, we calculate the area of new terrace that needs to be built, the area of garden plot that needs to be extended, vegetation restoration area and investment demand in counties (cities, districts). Establishing and using some indicators, such as basic farmland extension indicator, garden plot extension indicator, vegetation restoration index and investment demand density, we conduct type classification and analysis of regional differentiation characteristics in 55 counties (cities, districts). The results show that in the Loess Hilly-gully Region, 691 600 hm2 of new terrace needs to be built, 792 000 hm2 of economic forests and orchards need to be extended, 5 410 200 hm2 of vegetation needs to be restored, and the total investment demand is 15.82 billion yuan; in terms of geographical distribution, obviously there are two key areas for eco-environment restoration (one is located in the border area between northern Shaanxi and northwestern Shanxi, and the other is located in the eastern Gansu and southern Ningxia area); the classified regional guidance policies should be formulated as soon as possible, and the limited funds should be concentrated in the key areas.

尾巨桉萌芽林与混交改造林径流水质变化特征

【目的】探讨桉树纯林及桉树混交林坡面径流水质变化特征,揭示水质变化的客观规律,为正确回答和解决桉树人工林水质问题,实现桉树人工林可持续发展提供重要科学依据。【方法】以桉树纯林、桉树×灰木莲混交林(带状混交、行间混交、株间混交)、灰木莲纯林为研究对象,选取对森林水质有关键影响作用的因子,采用连续监测与实验室分析相结合的方法,对比不同栽培模式条件下径流水质变化差异。【结果】1)试验样地坡面径流水pH值、COD、BOD5均达到我国农田灌溉水质标准(GB 5084—2021)对pH值(5.5~8.5)、COD(<150.00 mg·L^(-1))、BOD5(<60.00 mg·L^(-1))浓度的要求;2)桉树纯林坡面径流水中单宁含量(7.77 mg·L^(-1))显著高于其他样地,达到空白对照样地(1.22 mg·L^(-1))的6.4倍,桉树×灰木莲混交后可以有效降低坡面径流水中单宁含量,其中桉树×灰木莲行间混交模式效果最明显;3)桉树和灰木莲纯林坡面径流水中腐殖酸含量均高于混交林,其中桉树×灰木莲带状混交模式更有利于其坡面径流水中腐殖酸含量的降低。【结论】桉树混交模式的营建在保证坡面径流水质主要指标达标的同时能有效降低坡面径流水中单宁及腐殖酸含量,桉树混交栽培模式进一步缓解了桉树纯林对土壤酸碱性及微生物的影响。

Sediment-Loading Processes in a Forested Catchment: Modeling and Observations

In order to investigate sediment-loading processes in a catchment, the daily time series of river discharge and sediment load were applied to a semi-distributed model, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The time series of discharge and sediment load were obtained by monitoring the river stage and water turbidity of the Oikamanai River, Hokkaido, Japan, in the rainfall season (April-November) of 2011-2014. The catchment is forested (ca 90% area) but underlain by the Neogene sedimentary rocks with currently active faults and forest soils with tephra layers, which tend to frequently produce slope failure such as landslide and bank collapse by rainfall or snowmelt. The water turbidity, T, in ppm was converted into suspended sediment concentration, SSC, in g/L by applying the linear relationship between T and SSC. The acquisition of the time series of discharge, Q (m3/s) and sediment load, L (=Q·SSC in g/s) of the river allowed us to distinguish the fluvial sediment transport, accompanied by slope failure in the upstream, from that under no slope failure. The SWAT was used to simulate soil erosion and identify the region prone to the soil erosion in the Oikamanai River basin. The model’s results showed a satisfactory agreement between daily observed and simulated sediment load as indicated by the high Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency. This evidences that the upper mountainous region of the catchment provides a main sediment source, accompanied by slope failure.

滇中坡林地土壤养分与酶活性对等高反坡阶整地的响应

【目的】通过分析等高反坡阶整地对退化坡林地恢复过程中土壤养分与酶活性的影响,揭示该措施生态修复的作用机制。【方法】以昆明市松华坝水源区迤者小流域的退化云南松Pinus yunnanensis坡林地为对象,设置等高反坡阶整地1 a样地(1 a)和10 a样地(10 a),以原状坡面(ck)为对照,比较土壤养分质量分数和酶活性在反坡阶的阶上和阶下及不同土层深度(0~10、10~20、20~30和30~40 cm)的分布差异。【结果】(1)等高反坡阶整地显著提高土壤养分质量分数(P<0.05),碳、氮、磷等养分提升达15.3%~236.2%,阶下高于阶上,表层土壤(0~10 cm)增加最明显。(2)土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性均表现为10 a样地显著高于ck(P<0.05),4种酶活性提升范围在3.7%~587.5%,阶下仍高于阶上,表层土壤酶活性提升显著(P<0.05)。(3)冗余分析显示:等高反坡阶整地后土壤养分对酶活性的累积解释贡献率升高,ck、1和10 a样地分别为68.0%、88.0%和92.7%;反坡阶整地后土壤养分与酶活性的正相关关系提高,相关系数范围和达极显著性组数(P<0.01)由ck的0.26~0.99和1组,增至10 a样地的0.78~1.00和15组。【结论】退化坡林地实施等高反坡阶整地后,可促进土壤养分蓄积,激发土壤酶活性,增加两者在土壤生理生化反应过程中的配合度,最终改善土壤质量。

间伐对秦岭松栎混交林土壤异养呼吸的影响

【目的】研究间伐对秦岭松栎混交林土壤异养呼吸的影响,可深入了解该地区间伐对森林土壤异养呼吸造成的碳损失情况,为研究区森林经营碳汇提供科学依据。【方法】以秦岭松栎混交林为研究对象,对未间伐样地(ck)、间伐4 a、间伐12 a的样地采用静态箱-气相色谱法监测生长季土壤异养呼吸速率的月变化,并计算各处理异养呼吸的温度敏感性(Q_(10))。【结果】①相比ck,间伐4 a、间伐12 a的样地土壤微生物生物量碳均显著下降(P<0.05),土壤pH均显著上升(P<0.05),土壤总有机碳质量分数在间伐4 a的样地中显著下降(P<0.05)。间伐12 a样地的理化指标相比间伐4 a的样地更接近ck。②生长季土壤异养呼吸呈现“双峰型”变化规律,峰值分别出现在6和10月。异养呼吸累计通量在间伐后略有上升但不显著,不同样地从大到小依次为间伐12 a、间伐4 a、ck。③土壤温度与异养呼吸呈极显著指数正相关(P<0.001);间伐后Q_(10)降低,不同样地Q_(10)从大到小依次为ck、间伐12 a、间伐4 a。【结论】土壤温度是影响松栎混交林异养呼吸的关键因素。间伐没有导致秦岭松栎混交林异养呼吸通量显著增大。

冀北山地桦木林土壤细菌群落特征对坡向的响应

为了揭示冀北山地桦木林土壤细菌群落特征对坡向的响应规律,以冀北山地阴坡、半阴坡和半阳坡桦木林土壤为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术,分析了土壤细菌群落结构和多样性。结果表明:细菌群落组成主要包含41门、107纲,其中优势细菌门为变形菌门和酸杆菌门;土壤细菌群落α多样性指数在坡向间存在显著差异,阴坡>半阴坡>半阳坡;土壤含水量、容重、硝态氮和氨态氮均影响细菌微生物群落的结构组成,其中,土壤含水量与多种细菌门存在显著相关性,且与细菌α多样性存在极显著的正相关性。综上所述,不同坡向桦木林土壤细菌群落结构和多样性呈现出一定的变化规律,坡向和土层深度变化引起的土壤含水量变化是该地区桦木林土壤细菌群落结构和多样性差异的主要因素。

晋西黄土区不同坡向刺槐林下植物种间关联及群落稳定性

为了解人工林群落内物种的种间关系及群落稳定性,以晋西黄土区人工刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)林为研究对象,在样地调查的基础上,采用方差比率法、χ2检验、戈登·摩尔稳定性等方法,对林下植物的种间关系及群落稳定性进行分析。结果表明:(1)调查样地内共有植物30科56属62种。其中,灌木层植物10科18属19种,杠柳(Periploca sepium)为优势种;草本层植物22科38属43种,虉草(Phalaris arundinacea)为优势种。阳坡有14种灌木,阴坡有7种;阴坡有28种草本植物,阳坡有24种。(2)不同坡向刺槐人工林内植物种的关联性不同,阳坡黑麦草(Lolium perenne)和白首乌(Cynanchum bungei)的关联性极显著(P<0.01);半阳坡茜草(Rubia cordifolia)、虉草(Phalaris arundinacea)和北柴胡(Bupleurum chinense)的关联性极显著(P<0.01);阴坡蛇莓(Duchesnea indica)和芦苇(Phragmites australis)的关联性显著(P<0.05);半阴坡酸枣(Ziziphus jujuba)、卫矛(Euonymus alatus)、蒌蒿(Artemisia selengensis)和披针薹草(Carex lancifolia)的关联性极显著(P<0.01)。(3)阳坡和阴坡的林下植物群落整体稳定性强,半阳坡和半阴坡的林下灌木群落稳定性强。

基于WOA-RF的边坡稳定性预测模型

为有效地预测边坡稳定性和预防边坡失稳事故的发生,提出了鲸鱼优化算法(whale optimization algorithm,WOA)和随机森林(random forest,RF)相结合的混合模型WOA-RF;基于所收集的边坡案例,采用混淆矩阵的分类性能指标和受试者工作特征曲线及线下面积评估混合模型WOA-RF的分类和泛化性能;使用WOA对4种广泛应用的机器学习模型进行优化,并将优化后的机器学习模型与WOA-RF模型进行对比分析。结果表明:WOA可以有效地优化超参数和提升模型性能;最优WOA-RF模型在训练集和测试集上的准确率分别为0.99和0.94,优化后,准确率、精确率、召回率、精确率和召回率的加权平均值分别提升了11.9%、19.0%、4.8%和11.9%;对比分析各个模型的预测性能后发现,WOA-RF模型的各项指标均优于其他模型;确定了特征重要性排序,发现容重是影响边坡稳定性的最敏感特征。WOA-RF模型可有效地预测边坡稳定性,预测结果可为防护措施的制定提供依据。

基于weighted slope one用户聚类的林产品推荐算法

随着电商平台用户、林产品数量规模不断扩大,协同过滤推荐时构建的用户-林产品评分矩阵变得高维稀疏,导致推荐算法精度和可扩展度下降。基于此本文提出一种weighted slope one用户聚类推荐算法,将其应用在林业产品个性化推荐服务中。首先,通过weighted slope one算法的思想填充高维稀疏的用户-林产品评分矩阵;其次,使用Kmeans聚类算法对用户进行聚类,产生相似用户集合,缩小推荐过程中邻居用户的搜索范围;最后,在大数据Mahout平台进行实际推荐,为林产品贸易平台个性化推荐服务的大规模实现奠定基础。经仿真实验表明,文中提出的算法能够全面提升推荐的精度和可扩展性。

基于改进层次斜率熵(IHSloE)的信号低频和高频故障特征提取方法

采用传统的基于粗粒化处理的多尺度特征提取方法,无法提取故障信号中的高频部分的故障信息,导致其提取到的故障特征难以准确地表征滚动轴承的故障状态和动态特性,无法保证故障诊断的可靠性和准确性。针对该缺陷,提出了一种基于改进层次斜率熵(IHSloE)和随机森林(RF)的滚动轴承故障诊断方法。首先,利用改进层次化处理代替粗粒化处理,实现了信号的多尺度分析目的,基于斜率熵,提出了改进层次斜率熵的非线性动力学指标;随后,利用IHSloE方法提取了滚动轴承振动信号的故障特征,建立了表征滚动轴承故障特性的故障特征;最后,基于RF模型建立了多故障分类器,并将故障特征输入至RF分类器进行了训练和测试,以实现滚动轴承的故障识别目的;利用滚动轴承数据集进行了实验,并将其与其他的故障特征提取指标进行了对比。研究结果表明:IHSloE方法采用改进的层次化处理,能够快速有效地提取出振动信号中的高频故障特征,诊断准确率达到了99%,而特征提取时间仅为149.35 s;相较于采用粗粒化处理和层次处理的特征提取方法,其准确率至少提高了2%和1%,证明该方法适用于滚动轴承的故障诊断。

不同坡位对闽楠杉木混交林中闽楠生长的影响研究

通过研究闽楠和杉木混交林分中的不同坡位闽楠保存株数、胸径、树高和冠幅等植物生长发育状况,研究结果显示:坡位对混交林的闽楠保存率和冠幅生长发育影响不大;对闽楠胸径、树高、单株材积、单位亩蓄积的生长发育影响明显。下坡闽楠平均胸径比中坡增长了14.29%、比上坡增长了33.33%,中坡比上坡增长了16.67%;下坡平均树高与中坡相比较高13.95%、与上坡相比较高25.64%,中坡与上坡相比较高10.26%;平均单株材积下坡与中坡相比较高50.98%、与上坡相比较高120%,中坡与上坡相比较高45.71%;平均单位亩蓄积下坡与中坡相比较高46.06%、与上坡相比较高117%,中坡与上坡相比较高48.90%。从培育用材林的目标考虑,以培育闽楠为目标树种的闽楠杉木混交林适宜选择在林地的中、下坡位进行造林。

不同坡位对樟杉混交林及樟树纯林林分生长的影响

【目的】本研究旨在探究不同坡位对樟杉混交林和樟树纯林林分生长的影响,以提供合理的林业管理决策。【方法】在不同坡位上设置样地,分别调查了樟杉混交林和樟树纯林的林分生长指标,包括树高、胸径、树冠宽度等。【结果】通过对不同坡位上林分的生长情况进行分析,发现坡位对樟树的胸径、树高和冠幅的生长具有显著影响。在不同坡位上,樟杉混交林和樟树纯林的林分生长存在差异。在较陡的坡位上,樟树纯林的树高和胸径明显高于樟杉混交林,而在较缓的坡位上,两者之间的差异不明显。【结论】坡位是一个重要的立地因子,对于樟杉混交林和樟树纯林的生长表现具有显著影响。下坡位相对于中坡位和上坡位来说,在胸径、树高和枝下高等方面表现更优越,而中坡位和上坡位对混交林和纯林的生长的影响差异不明显。基于上述结果,建议在坡地林业管理中,应根据具体坡位条件选择合适的林木组合,以最大限度地提高林分生长水平。

宝鸡市马头滩林区锐齿槲栎天然更新影响因子调查

本研究对宝鸡市马头滩林区主要阔叶树种锐齿槲栎的天然更新状况进行了调查,分析了不同影响因子对该树种天然更新的影响。结果表明:随着锐齿槲栎林分密度的增大,幼苗的更新密度先增大后减小,幼树的更新密度整体上呈减小趋势;阳坡幼苗和幼树的更新密度均最大,阴坡幼苗的更新密度较大;海拔对锐齿槲栎的天然更新影响较大,随着海拔的增高,幼树的更新密度先增大后减小,而幼苗的更新密度整体上呈减小趋势。

Comparative analysis of some selected macronutrients of soil in orange orchard and degraded forests in Chittagong Hill Tracts,Bangladesh

Status of organic carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), available potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) in three different depths (0-5 cm, 5-15 cm and 15?30 cm) on two hill slopes of 35% and 55% in orange orchard cultivated by the Mro tribe of Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHTs) were evaluated and compared with those in degraded bush forests, through digging three profiles in each land use. The content of all the five nutrients was found to be higher in the soil of orange orchard than in the soil of forest. But the variation was not consistent for both the slopes. The content varied depth wise also, having the highest value in surface soil in case of both the land uses on both the slopes. A mean available K content was significantly higher in orange orchard than in forest on 55% slope, while it was lower on 35% slope. Surface soil contained the nutrients of K and Ca with the amount of 0.2905-mg·g^(-1) soil and 3.025-mg·g^(-1)soil respectively in the orchard, while 0.1934-mg·g^(-1) soil and 1.6083-mg·g^(-1) soil were respectively in the forest. Organic carbon and total nitrogen were found more or less similar in surface soil on both the land uses showing a slight difference. Available P was found only in orange orchard, and in forest it was too little in amount to detect by the spectrophotometer. The degraded forests were poor in nutrient content due to high rate of soil erosion, which would be possible to be improved by bringing it under tree cover as proved by the adaptation of orange orchard there.

Forest structure and carbon dynamics of an intact lowland mixed dipterocarp forest in Brunei Darussalam

Tropical forests play a critical role in mitigating climate change because they account for large amount o terrestrial carbon storage and productivity.However,there are many uncertainties associated with the estimation o carbon dynamics.We estimated forest structure and carbon dynamics along a slope（17.3°–42.8°）and to assess the relations between forest structures,carbon dynamics,and slopes in an intact lowland mixed dipterocarp forest,in Kuala Belalong,Brunei Darussalam.Living biomass,basa area,stand density,crown properties,and tree family composition were measured for forest structure.Growth rate,litter production,and litter decomposition rates were also measured for carbon dynamics.The crown form index and the crown position index were used to assess crown properties,which we categorized into five stages,from very poor to perfect.The living biomass,basal area and stand density were 261.5–940.7 Mg ha-1,43.6–63.6 m2ha-1and 6,675–8400 tree ha-1,respectively.The average crown form and position index were 4,which means that the crown are mostly symmetrical and sufficiently exposed for photosynthesis.The mean biomass growth rate,litter production,litter decomposition rate were estimated as11.9,11.6 Mg ha-1a-1,and 7.2 g a-1,respectively.Biomass growth rate was significantly correlated with living biomass,basal area,and crown form.Crown form appeared to strongly influence living biomass,basal area and biomass growth rate in terms of light acquisition.However,basal area,stand density,crown properties,and biomass growth rate did not vary by slope or tree family composition.The results indicate that carbon accumulation by tree growth in an intact lowland mixed dipterocarp forest depends on crown properties.Absence of any effect of tree family composition on carbon accumulation suggests that the main driver of biomass accumulation in old-growth forests of Borneo is not species-specific characteristics of tree species.

Comparative evaluation of physical properties in soils of orange orchard and bushy forest in chittagong hill tracts, Banglandesh

对孟加拉国丘陵地带Mro部落经营的桔园与灌木林35%和55%两种坡地土壤物理性质进行了比较与评价。每一块用地内挖掘3个土壤剖面采集不同深度(0-5cm,5-15cm and 15-30cm)的土壤样品,测定土壤水分、有机质含量和土壤密度。最大持水量、田间持水量、干或湿土壤容重和土壤孔隙度的测定仅限于表层土壤。两种坡地桔园3个深度的土壤水分含量均显著高于灌木林地相同深度的土壤水分。桔园在55%坡地内土壤有机质含量低于林地含量值,而在35%坡地内的含量值则高于林地值。两块样地内上述两项测定值均在表层土壤中最高,且随土层深度的增加而降低。与灌木林地比较,桔园地表层土壤最大持水量、孔隙度和3个不同深度的土壤密度均较低。两块用地内不同坡地的表层土田间持水量有所差异,且桔园地干或湿表层土壤容重高于林地内的数值。表5参23。

Quantification of 3D macropore networks in forest soils in Touzhai valley(Yunnan,China)using X-ray computed tomography and image analysis

The three dimensional(3D) geometry of soil macropores largely controls preferential flow, which is a significant infiltrating mechanism for rainfall in forest soils and affects slope stability. However, detailed studies on the 3D geometry of macropore networks in forest soils are rare. The intense rainfall-triggered potentially unstable slopes were threatening the villages at the downstream of Touzhai valley(Yunnan, China). We visualized and quantified the 3D macropore networks in undisturbed soil columns(Histosols) taken from a forest hillslope in Touzhai valley, and compared them with those in agricultural soils(corn and soybean in USA; barley, fodder beet and red fescue in Denmark) and grassland soils in USA. We took two large undisturbed soil columns(250 mm×250 mm×500 mm), and scanned the soil columns at in-situ soil water content conditions using X-ray computed tomography at a voxel resolution of 0.945 × 0.945 × 1.500 mm^3. After reconstruction and visualization, we quantified the characteristics of macropore networks. In the studiedforest soils, the main types of macropores were root channels, inter-aggregate voids, macropores without knowing origin, root-soil interface and stone-soil interface. While macropore networks tend to be more complex, larger, deeper and longer. The forest soils have high macroporosity, total macropore wall area density, node density, and large macropore volume, hydraulic radius, mean macropore length, angle, and low tortuosity. The findings suggest that macropore networks in the forest soils have high interconnectivity, vertical continuity, linearity and less vertically oriented.

不同坡向落叶松人工林林分生长模型差异的研究

本文利用红石林业局2016年森林资源调查小班数据库,对落叶松人工林不同坡向的林分生长模型进行了构建,并分析了模型参数差异。结果表明:不同坡向落叶松人工林公顷株数、公顷蓄积量、平均胸径和年龄等主要林分因子差异较小。落叶松人工林林分生长模型为理查德方程,不同坡向模型参数a差异显著,参数b和参数c差异不显著。阳坡、半阴半阳坡和阴坡模型参数a分别为207.7、207.6和181.5,参数b均为0.0513,参数c均为2.7616。

The effect of low-temperature event on the survival and growth of Juglans mandshurica seedlings within forest gaps

In forest ecosystems, gap formation changes the allocation of abiotic resources and thus affects the survival and growth of understory plants. However, how tree seedling survival and growth respond to low-temperature events and the influencing mechanisms remain unclear. To clarify how low-temperature event limits the survival and growth of tree seedlings in the montane regions of eastern Liaoning Province, northeast China, we investigated temperature and light intensity within secondary forest gaps, and the survival and growth of Juglans mandshurica seedlings after a low-temperature event in the spring of 2014. Damage to seedlings due to low temperature sig- nificantly varied in different aspects. Seedlings in gaps on southeast-facing slopes were the most seriously damaged, followed by those in gaps on northeast-facing slopes. In contrast, seedlings in west-facing gaps and in control plots without slope aspect were not damaged. The freezing injury index for seedlings was negatively correlated with minimum temperature （r = - 0.608, P 〈 0.01）, but it was positively correlated with light intensity （r= 0.818, P 〈 0.01）. In addition, height and root collar diameter of damaged seedlings were significantly lower than those of the undamaged seedlings （P 〈 0.01） during the early growing season （April-July）, but no significant difference were observed during the late growing season （July-Oc- tober） （P 〉 0.05）. The extent of seedling damage was directly related to slope aspect. Low temperature and high light intensity were found to be the dominant factors affecting extent of damage to seedlings on southeast- and northeast-facing slopes.