The Impact of Frequency in Surveying Engineering Slopes Using Ground Penetrating Radar

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is one of the non-invasive techniques commonly used to identify “anomalies” in the ground. It has been proven very effective in different fields ranging from the location of pipes and other underground services to the identification of archaeological sites. After the 1994 Kwun Lung Lau accident in Hong Kong, the Government has been commissioning the feasibility of different geophysics techniques to identify any issues related to engineering slopes and retaining walls. Among the different techniques tested during phase I, Electrical Imaging (EI) and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) were the most applicable in the study of old masonry walls. This paper aims to stress the importance of using the appropriate frequencies during the GPR survey of engineering slopes. In order to do that, two independent contractors who used different frequencies to carry out the GPR survey on the same area will be compared.

Influence of the ground flora on the variation characteristics of the runoff distribution on red soil slope

In this paper, we use the inter flow area as the research object in the logical science park for soil and water conservation in Jiangxi province; and the Paspalum natatum and its litter cover are used as the ground flora. We discusses and analyses the vertical distribution of runoff so as to provide theoretical support for the wide application of the Paspalum natatum for soil and water conservation in the region of red soil in south China.

Kinematic Storage Model (KSM) for Groundwater Development in Highly Permeable Hill Slope-Laboratory Study

Study of the groundwater table development and runoff generation is one of the most important parts of hydrology to develop a clear concept, especially in hill slope. The study is more complex in the real field rather than in the artificial system. The result in artificial systems developed and experimental observations may give good results. So, therefore, this study is aimed at modeling in the laboratory as artificial hill slope flows which include saturation excess surface runoff flows. The physical processes along with runoff generation depend on the factors—soil type, characteristic slope geometry, and initial soil conditions at the commencement of rainfall. The mechanisms involved in runoff formation process have been simulated successfully to compute hydrograph for hilly terrain and groundwater table development in highly permeable soil tested by kinematic storage model theory. The model represents the hill slope as a rectangular storage element of length 2.02 m, depth 0.15 m and width 1m With an impermeable bed making an angle of 10 degrees with the horizontal. The storage element is composed of two moisture zones: an unsaturated zone and a saturated zone. The result obtained is seemed good adjustment to the theory of hill slope model given by Nm Shakya, 1995. Aslo, the moisture profile variation in mixed sand profile was found immediately after the rainfall event. The result obtained shows that the timing and distribution of moisture over the depth where the maximum moisture content is 0.4 in mid of the depth which is more than in surface having a moisture level of 0.37.

Probabilistic analysis of embankment slope stability in frozen ground regions based on random finite element method

Prediction on the coupled thermal-hydraulic fields of embankment and cutting slopes is essential to the assessment on evolution of melting zone and natural permafrost table, which is usually a key factor for permafrost embankment design in frozen ground regions. The prediction may be further complicated due to the inherent uncertainties of material properties. Hence, stochastic analyses should be conducted. Firstly, Karhunen-Loeve expansion is applied to attain the random fields for hydraulic and thermal conductions. Next, the mixed-form modified Richards equation for mass transfer （i.e., mass equation） and the heat transport equation for heat transient flow in a variably saturated frozen soil are combined into one equation with temperature unknown. Furthermore, the finite element formulation for the coupled thermal-hydraulic fields is derived. Based on the random fields, the stochastic finite element analyses on stability of embankment are carried out. Numerical results show that stochastic analyses of embankment stability may provide a more rational picture for the distribution of factors of safety （FOS）, which is definitely useful for embankment design in frozen ground regions.

Main geological and mining factors affecting ground cracks induced by underground coal mining in Shanxi Province, China

As one of the largest coal-rich provinces in China,Shanxi has extensive underground coal-mining operations.These operations have caused numerous ground cracks and substantial environmental damage.To study the main geological and mining factors influencing mining-related ground cracks in Shanxi,a detailed investigation was conducted on 13 mining-induced surface cracks in Shanxi.Based on the results,the degrees of damage at the study sites were empirically classified into serious,moderate,and minor,and the influential geological and mining factors(e.g.,proportions of loess and sandstone in the mining depth,ratio of rock thickness to mining thickness,and ground slope)were discussed.According to the analysis results,three factors(proportion of loess,ratio of rock thickness to mining thickness,and ground slope)play a decisive role in ground cracks and can be respectively considered as the critical material,mechanical,and geometric conditions for the occurrence of mining surface disasters.Together,these three factors have a strong influence on the occurrence of serious discontinuous ground deformation.The results can be applied to help prevent and control ground damage caused by coal mining.The findings also provide a direct reference for predicting and eliminating hidden ground hazards in mining areas.

Effects of gully terrain on stress field distribution and ground pressure behavior in shallow seam mining

This study proposes a novel approach to study stress field distribution and overlying ground pressure behavior in shallow seam mining in gully terrain.This approach combines numerical simulations and field tests based on the conditions of gully terrain in the Chuancao Gedan Mine.The effects of gully terrain on the in situ stress field of coal beds can be identified by the ratio of self-weight stress to vertical stress(η) at the location corresponding to the maximum vertical stress.Based on the function η =j(h),the effect of gully terrain on the stress field of overlying strata of the entire field can be characterized as a significantly affected area,moderately affected area,or non-affected area.Working face 6106 in the Chuancao Gedan Mine had a coal bed Jepth <80 m and was located in what was identified as a significantly affected area.Hence,mining may cause sliding of the gully slope and increased loading(including significant dynamic loading) on the roof strata.Field tests suggest that significant dynamic pressures were observed at the body and foot of the gully slope,and that dynamic loadings were observed upslope of the working face expansion,provided that the expanding direction of the working face is parallel to the gully.

坡地面栽培对日光温室土壤温度环境的影响

以平地面温室为对照,对坡地面温室土壤白天蓄热期间的温度变化和蓄热量变化进行研究,以期为老旧日光温室的改造提供参考。结果表明:坡地面温室明显改善了日光温室土壤温度环境,与平地面温室相比,坡地面温室日提高土壤温度0.1~1.7℃,日最高土壤温度提高1.0~1.9℃,日降低冠层上部空气温度1.9~4.0℃,日增大土壤蓄热量8.44%~44.57%。晴天土壤温度和蓄热量的增加幅度大于阴天。

气候变化影响下多年冻土区铁路路基热稳定性分析

全球气候变暖加剧了青藏高原气候暖湿化,威胁着高原铁路路基及下伏多年冻土的热稳定性,但以往研究缺乏综合考虑铁路沿线气候、多年冻土及路基稳定性的系统分析。针对这一研究的不足,基于铁路沿线气象和多年冻土路基地温监测数据,分析铁路沿线多年冻土区气温降水、天然场地年平均地温与天然上限、路基人为上限及路基左右路肩沉降变化,揭示气候暖湿化背景下铁路多年冻土路基热稳定性变化,为多年冻土区铁路建设和维护提供参考。结果表明:近20年来,铁路沿线年均气温和年均降水量的平均值分别增加了1.2℃和80mm;相较于2007年,2020年铁路沿线天然场地多年冻土年均地温平均升高0.1℃,多年冻土天然上限平均下降0.58 m,路基人为上限平均抬升2.34 m,路基左路肩平均沉降大于右路肩,存在阴阳坡效应。整体而言,铁路多年冻土路基状态稳定,运行状态良好,建设运营期间采取的一系列工程措施有效,但面向未来气候加剧变化趋势,应提前谋划多年冻土保护新技术。

圆弧式地基合成孔径雷达在边坡变形监测中的应用

边坡变形监测是防止滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等地质灾害的有效途径之一。圆弧式地基合成孔径雷达是一种非接触式的新型地表形变监测设备,具有高分辨率、高频率、高精度、全方位、全天候实时监测等优点,更能有效地满足边坡变形监测的全面性和连续性要求。为了验证该设备在边坡变形监测中的效果和精度,本文采用两种便携圆弧式地基合成孔径雷达系统进行测试。测试结果表明,两种设备均能快速、全面地获得整个边坡的形变情况,具有较高的分辨率和亚毫米级的监测精度,且能实时发出预警,是一种全面高效的边坡变形监测手段。

基于GB-SAR的矿山边坡局部变形演化与失稳预测

为了提高地基合成孔径雷达(ground-based synthetic aperture radar, GB-SAR)边坡监测效果与失稳预测能力,在广东省某石灰石矿山架设地基雷达,开展实地监测试验,结合矿山地质条件与监测数据研究不同类型的岩体变形演化特征,根据变形特征选择位移最大点的监测数据利用速度倒数法进行失稳预测。通过分析典型案例的监测数据来优化速度倒数法的算法,进而对矿山试验数据进行研究。研究结果表明:通过分析雷达三维模型变形图的局部位移差异,能够初步判断边坡岩体的变形破坏方式;适当增大移动平均滤波法的移动时间周期C,能够更早地发现灾害征兆,更好地识别岩体加速变形阶段及临滑阶段。研究结果可为基于雷达的滑坡预测提供参考。

不同地质雷达设备在铁路工程隐伏岩溶探测中的应用与对比

隐伏岩溶因其隐蔽性强和发育无规律性等特点,给岩溶地区的铁路建设和运营带来极大的安全隐患,寻求高效精准的探测方法是隐伏岩溶勘察的重难点。利用岩溶与其周围岩体之间的物性差异,物探方法对隐伏岩溶有较好的探测效果。地质雷达法因其高效、无损、低成本等优点,近年来被广泛应用于铁路、公路和城市等地下隐伏岩溶的探测工作。本文以在建贵南高速铁路为背景,应用两种地质雷达设备对某岩质边坡隐伏岩溶进行探测,详细对比了两种不同地质雷达仪器的探测成果,并将探测成果进行了开挖验证。结果表明:两种地质雷达设备在隐伏岩溶地质体勘察中均能得到较好的探测效果。研究成果可为类似隐伏岩溶探测工作的设备选择提供参考。

某钨矿露地联采关键地压灾害监测预警研究

某钨矿形成了露地联采的开采局面,面临着井下群采空区与隔离间柱稳定性、露采边坡稳定性、露地相互影响等关键地压灾害问题。设计建设了最先进的66通道微震监测系统、测量机器人与边坡雷达等地压监测预警系统。文章详细介绍了一次典型的岩体失稳垮塌的成功预警案例。上述综合性的地压监测手段将为矿山安全生产提供重要的技术支撑。

边坡全维度监测技术与模型试验研究

中国是世界上地质灾害最严重的国家之一,其中滑坡常年位于各类地质灾害首位,因此对滑坡灾害进行深层次的研究至关重要。边坡工程常常会受到人类工程活动与自然地质作用叠加效应的影响,从而增加了对边坡变形失稳机理的科学认知难度。为精准掌握边坡状态信息与变形失稳过程,可通过建立全维度的监测体系以实现边坡状态信息的动态解译与表征,据此获得更加精准、可靠、直观的边坡稳定性评价依据。文章围绕边坡破坏模式及典型边坡监测技术,在厘清边坡变形演化过程的基础上,对边坡“天—空—地—体”一体化监测技术体系进行了全面分析;概述性总结了基于DFOS的边坡监测技术,重点阐述了基于DFOS的边坡多源多场监测研究思路与实施路径;系统性梳理了基于典型监测技术与DFOS技术的边坡物理模型试验研究过程与结果,以期为开展边坡加固方案设计与防灾减灾控灾提供重要的参考依据。

中昆仑山北坡水汽含量的计算及其特征分析

干旱区水汽变化影响区域水资源系统的结构和演变,基于2020年1月—2022年12月中昆仑山北坡地区4个地基GPS遥感大气可降水量资料(GPS-PWV)、2个探空站观测资料和108个地面气象观测站逐时水汽压资料,利用一元线性拟合方法建立了适用于中昆仑山北坡地区的大气水汽含量(W-PWV)和地面水汽压计算模型(W-e)并对计算结果进行评估,分析了中昆仑山北坡地区东段、中段、西段W-PWV的时空分布特征及降水开始时刻与W-PWV峰值的关系。结果表明:(1)W-PWV年平均高值区位于研究区西段,中段次之,东段沙漠南缘W-PWV最低。海拔高度大于1500 m测站W-PWV随高度升高逐渐减少。夏季地面气象观测站平均W-PWV是春、秋季的2倍左右;(2)研究区W-PWV月变化具有单峰型特征,其中海拔高度1300~1500 m测站的W-PWV在7月和8月达到峰值,其余测站的W-PWV在8月达到峰值,海拔低于2000m和高于2000m测站W-PWV分别在夜间和白天维持较高值;(3)水汽含量模型计算的测站W-PWV与降水开始时刻有较好的对应关系,降水前各站W-PWV均存在不同程度跃变过程,降水过程前1~2h内W-PWV峰值达到测站W-PWV月平均值的1.5倍以上。

顺倾及反倾层状碎裂结构斜坡地震反应的大型振动台试验研究

西南艰险山区分布着大量的不同倾向的层状碎裂结构斜坡,地震作用下极易发生崩塌、滑坡等灾害,对在建的川藏铁路造成严重威胁。通过大型振动台模型试验,研究了强震条件下顺倾、反倾层状碎裂结构斜坡的动力响应、失稳破坏模式以及能量传递规律。试验结果表明:反倾斜坡的抗震性能显著优于顺倾斜坡;顺倾斜坡的破坏模式主要为拉裂-剪切-隆起-滑移型破坏,反倾斜坡的破坏模式主要为拉伸-弯曲-倾倒-崩塌型破坏;反倾斜坡的自振频率高于顺倾斜坡,顺倾斜坡的自振频率随震级的增加而逐渐降低,而反倾斜坡的自振频率在地震波幅值为0.4g~0.7g时出现反复震荡现象;顺倾斜坡存在明显的高程放大效应和趋表效应,反倾斜坡存在高程放大效应,其内部的加速度响应大于坡表。边际谱识别显示:顺倾斜坡的边际谱幅值(peak of marginal spectrum amplitude,简称PMSA)突变在坡腰上部最显著,说明该位置附近地震波的能量损失最大,反映出顺倾斜坡在坡腰上部附近形成了滑动破坏面;反倾斜坡的PMSA在坡肩处降低得最为显著,反映出坡肩部位损伤最为严重,易发生局部崩塌破坏。分析结果与试验现象能够较好地吻合,进一步揭示了不同结构类型层状碎裂结构斜坡在强震作用下的动力响应与失稳破坏模式,为川藏铁路的安全建设提供了依据。

青藏高原多年冻土区单桩受斜坡地基土原位冻胀影响下的力学特性研究

在青藏高原多年冻土区铁路建设中,由于高原山区地形地貌复杂,建设在斜坡中的桩基础不在少数,地基土经历冻融过程以后桩基常常发生倾斜,严重影响铁路运行安全。为揭示在地基冻胀影响下多年冻土区斜坡单桩的倾斜机理,基于传热学与弹性力学,建立桩体体系热力耦合计算模型并进行室内试验验证计算模型的合理性,考虑地基土原位冻胀、水分相变、大气变暖等因素,进行地基土冻胀影响下斜坡桩基力学特性模拟分析。研究表明:斜坡桩体在地基土冻胀过程受到不均匀水平冻胀力、产生水平位移以及桩体弯矩,且水平位移随着地基斜坡坡度增大而增大;因不均匀水平冻胀引起的桩体应力占总应力的46.3%,对桩体安全性以及工程寿命产生较大影响。进行受到斜坡地基土冻胀影响下单桩力学特性分析,揭示在地基冻胀影响下多年冻土区斜坡单桩的倾斜机理,对多年冻土区斜坡桩基设计及运营有一定的参考价值。

冷竹关沟高陡斜坡地震动响应特征

四川省泸定县冷竹关沟两岸属于高陡斜坡,距2022年5月20日汉源M_(S)4.8地震震中52 km。基于冷竹关沟监测剖面上安置的4台强震仪对汉源M_(S)4.8地震的监测数据,分析了高陡斜坡上的地震波响应规律,并与前人研究成果对比,结果显示:(1)斜坡对此次地震的地震波放大效应在水平南北向最为显著,右岸半岛状山梁处的放大作用强于左岸浑厚山体,且随着高程的增加场地的放大作用逐渐增大;(2)斜坡右岸的地震动卓越频率为2—6 Hz,左岸主要分布在7—13 Hz,冷竹关沟高陡斜坡的地震动卓越频率在半岛状山梁部位以特低频为主,在浑厚山体斜坡以中低频为主,在未来可能发生的地震中,斜坡更容易与卓越频率在此范围内的地震动记录发生共振作用,以致坡体地震动响应强烈;(3)冷竹关沟高陡斜坡存在地震波背坡效应,同时该处斜坡对地震波的放大效应还受到微地形的控制,地震波在右岸坡顶凸起地形处能量最为强烈,右岸斜坡坡顶在地震波经过时更容易发生崩塌等次生灾害。

岩质斜坡嵌岩桩水平承载性能影响因素敏感性研究

选取岩石单轴抗压强度Rc、嵌岩深度hr、斜坡坡度θ和桩径Dp共4个影响参数,每因素设置5个影响水平,采用Taguchi正交试验方法,设计25个岩质斜坡嵌岩桩水平承载性能基础模型,并开展水平承载性能有限元数值模拟,得到各基础水平荷载—位移曲线,据此以桩侧地表位移10mm为控制条件,确定各基础水平极限承载力。采用信噪比和方差分析方法,研究Rc、hr、Dp和θ对基础极限水平承载力的影响趋势,并检验各因素影响的显著性水平。结果表明:各影响因素对岩质斜坡嵌岩桩水平承载力敏感性由大到小顺序为Dp、θ、Rc、hr,其中Dp和θ均为显著性影响因素,且Dp影响最为显著。Rc和hr均不是显著性影响因素。岩质斜坡嵌岩桩水平极限承载力随Dp增加而增大,随θ增大而减小。当桩周岩体单轴抗压强度与桩身混凝土强度相接近时,二者相互作用效果最佳,可有效提高岩质斜坡嵌岩桩水平承载性能。增加hr对提高岩质斜坡嵌岩桩水平承载力作用有限。

云南蒙自某基坑边坡失稳事故分析及处理措施

膨胀土吸水、失水产生膨胀、收缩的胀缩特性导致膨胀土边坡频繁出现崩塌事故。论文以云南蒙自某基坑边坡失稳为例,分析工程各阶段导致事故影响因素,介绍了应急及加固处理措施,供膨胀土区域类似工程参考。

临坡地基变形破坏机制与失稳模式探讨

临坡地基的安全控制是岩土工程设计中常见的稳定性问题之一,而临坡地基的变形破坏规律是临坡地基安全控制的核心要素。为了分析地形因素对临坡地基变形破坏和失稳模式的影响,利用数值仿真试验,以临坡地基为研究对象,引入坡角和坡顶距两个特征参数,对基础进行加载,揭示了临坡地基在受荷加载过程中滑面的破坏形态和地基的动态破坏规律,并分析不同理论下临坡地基破坏模式特点。结果表明:①采用不同理论方法对临坡地基进行分析时,其主要差异为破坏模式和假定条件的不同。②临坡地基的滑移模式主要为基础下尖端向临空侧优势滑移的单侧滑移破坏模式,坡角或坡顶距的增加会使临坡地基从坡面承载力破坏转变为边坡失稳破坏。③随着基础荷载的增加,临坡地基渐进破坏过程为:基础两端优先起裂产生变形→基础下方地基形成三角形压密区→滑面逐渐发育形成→滑面贯通造成失稳破坏。该研究成果对科学合理评价临坡地基失稳破坏安全具有重要的理论意义和工程应用价值。