Features of Runoff and Sediment Yield of Different Shrub-Grass Combination Modes for Highway Side Slope in Hilly Areas of Central Sichuan Province

[Objective] Indigenous plants with favorable water and soil conservation effects were screened for the shrub planting.[Method] Suining-Ziyang-Meishan Highway in the hilly areas of central Sichuan Province was taken for example,through sorting out plant species investigated in the route planning,3 indigenous shrub species(Neosinocalamus affinis,Vitex negundo and Coriaria nepalensis) and 3 indigenous herbaceous species(Setaria viridis,Miscanthus floridulus,Artemisia argyi) were selected.Rainfall simulation experiment was adopted to compare runoff and sediment yields of different combination modes and ratios under constant rainfall intensity(20 mm/min).[Result] Different combination modes under constant rainfall intensity all showed better water and soil conservation effects than that of control group did.For example,runoff appeared 1'-4'05"later,sediment yield reduced by 6.56-33.86 g respectively.Among all combination modes,runoff and sediment yield showed great difference after 20 min of constant rainfall,V.negundo+S.viridis had the lowest runoff(1,700 ml) and sediment yield(60.71 g);C nepalensis+A. argyi had the highest runoff(1,920 ml) and sediment yield(84.02 g).[Conclusion] Given the same planting conditions such as side slope and seeding quantity,and also the same planting techniques,in the hilly areas of central Sichuan Province,the combination of V.negundo and S.viridis can greatly improve the water and soil conservation capacity of highway.

The characteristics of rill development and their effects on runoff and sediment yield under different slope gradients

Rill formation is the predominant erosion process in slope land in the Loess Plateau, China. This study was conducted to investigate rill erosion characteristics and their effects on runoff and sediment yielding processes under different slope gradients at a rate of 10°, 15°, 20° and 25° with rainfall intensity of 1.5 mm min-1 in a laboratory setting. Results revealed that mean rill depth and rill density has a positive interrelation to the slope gradient. To the contrary, width-depth ratio and distance of the longest rill to the top of the slope negatively related to slope gradient. All these suggested that increasing slope steepness could enhance rill headward erosion, vertical erosion and the fragmentation of the slope surface. Furthermore,total erosion tended to approach a stable maximum value with increasing slope, which implied that there is probably a threshold slope gradient where soil erosion begins to weaken. At the same time, the correlation analysis showed that there was a close connection between slope gradient and the variousindices of soil erosion: the correlation coefficients of slope gradient with maximal rill depth, number of rills and the distance of the longest rill from the top of the slope were 0.98, 0.97 and-0.98, respectively,indicating that slope gradient is the major factor of affecting the development of rills. Furthermore,runoff was not sensitive to slope gradient and rill formation in this study. Sediment concentration,however, is positively related to slope gradient and rill formation, the sediment concentrations increased rapidly after rill initiation, especially. These results may be essential for soil loss prediction.

Effects of Shrub on Runoff and Soil Loss at Loess Slopes Under Simulated Rainfall

Improved understanding of the effect of shrub cover on soil erosion process will provide valuable information for soil and water conservation programs.Laboratory rainfall simulations were conducted to determine the effects of shrubs on runoff and soil erosion and to ascertain the relationship between the rate of soil loss and the runoff hydrodynamic characteristics.In these simulations a 20° slope was subjected to rainfall intensities of 45,87,and 127 mm/h.The average runoff rates ranged from 0.51 to 1.26 mm/min for bare soil plots and 0.15 to 0.96 mm/min for shrub plots.Average soil loss rates varied from 44.19 to 114.61 g/(min·m^2) for bare soil plots and from 5.61 to 84.58 g/(min·m^2) for shrub plots.There was a positive correlation between runoff and soil loss for the bare soil plots,and soil loss increased with increased runoff for shrub plots only when rainfall intensity is 127 mm/h.Runoff and soil erosion processes were strongly influenced by soil surface conditions because of the formation of erosion pits and rills.The unit stream power was the optimal hydrodynamic parameter to characterize the soil erosion mechanisms.The soil loss rate increased linearly with the unit stream power on both shrub and bare soil plots.Critical unit stream power values were 0.004 m/s for bare soil plots and 0.017 m/s for shrub plots.

Experimental Study of Runoff Coefficients for Different Hill Slope Soil Profiles

The estimation of peak discharge from a catchment due to intense rainfall is a difficult task that may occur in a return period. If cannot be estimated accurately, it may lead to serious problem in hydraulic structure design like bridge, culvert across a river and drainage system. The main parameter which affects the peak flow is runoff coefficient of the catchment which directly depends on the soil type, its slope and land use pattern with vegetation covers. For the purpose, this study was carried out to estimate maximum runoff coefficients for different land profiles and soil types in hill slope model developed in 10 degree with the horizontal to the rainfall simulator rig (Basic Hydrology system-S12) experimentally which can give more reliable value than the real field test method as it is easier than field test especially in hill slope. The soil slope preparation was made of sand, silt and clay separately and the experiments were carried out in a controlled system. The slope prepared represented a small catchment on a plot of 2.02 meter length, 1 meter wide and 0.15 m depth soil plots (at the slope of 10° to the horizontal plane). From the experiment in different soil plots, the rainfall runoff coefficients were observed as 0.428 - 0.53 for sand soil slope, 0.46 - 0.55 for silt soil slope and 0.42 - 0.51 for clay soil slope under uniform rainfall rate of 4 lpm to 13 lpm in each soil slope. Rainfall runoff correlation equation was found with the values of R above 90% in each soil slope. The value observed is within the range of rational value of 0.05 to 0.95 as standard which concluded that the performance of simulator was found good to deal with rational values. And the runoff coefficients for these soil types can be taken within the range obtained to estimate peak discharge in any small catchment area depending on the soil types.

Influence of the ground flora on the variation characteristics of the runoff distribution on red soil slope

In this paper, we use the inter flow area as the research object in the logical science park for soil and water conservation in Jiangxi province; and the Paspalum natatum and its litter cover are used as the ground flora. We discusses and analyses the vertical distribution of runoff so as to provide theoretical support for the wide application of the Paspalum natatum for soil and water conservation in the region of red soil in south China.

尾巨桉萌芽林与混交改造林径流水质变化特征

【目的】探讨桉树纯林及桉树混交林坡面径流水质变化特征,揭示水质变化的客观规律,为正确回答和解决桉树人工林水质问题,实现桉树人工林可持续发展提供重要科学依据。【方法】以桉树纯林、桉树×灰木莲混交林(带状混交、行间混交、株间混交)、灰木莲纯林为研究对象,选取对森林水质有关键影响作用的因子,采用连续监测与实验室分析相结合的方法,对比不同栽培模式条件下径流水质变化差异。【结果】1)试验样地坡面径流水pH值、COD、BOD5均达到我国农田灌溉水质标准(GB 5084—2021)对pH值(5.5~8.5)、COD(<150.00 mg·L^(-1))、BOD5(<60.00 mg·L^(-1))浓度的要求;2)桉树纯林坡面径流水中单宁含量(7.77 mg·L^(-1))显著高于其他样地,达到空白对照样地(1.22 mg·L^(-1))的6.4倍,桉树×灰木莲混交后可以有效降低坡面径流水中单宁含量,其中桉树×灰木莲行间混交模式效果最明显;3)桉树和灰木莲纯林坡面径流水中腐殖酸含量均高于混交林,其中桉树×灰木莲带状混交模式更有利于其坡面径流水中腐殖酸含量的降低。【结论】桉树混交模式的营建在保证坡面径流水质主要指标达标的同时能有效降低坡面径流水中单宁及腐殖酸含量,桉树混交栽培模式进一步缓解了桉树纯林对土壤酸碱性及微生物的影响。

Integration of aspect and slope in snowmelt runoff modeling in a mountain watershed

This study assessed the performances of the traditional temperature-index snowmelt runoff model(SRM) and an SRM model with a finer zonation based on aspect and slope(SRM + AS model) in a data-scarce mountain watershed in the Urumqi River Basin,in Northwest China.The proposed SRM + AS model was used to estimate the melt rate with the degree-day factor(DDF) through the division of watershed elevation zones based on aspect and slope.The simulation results of the SRM + AS model were compared with those of the traditional SRM model to identify the improvements of the SRM + AS model's performance with consideration of topographic features of the watershed.The results show that the performance of the SRM + AS model has improved slightly compared to that of the SRM model.The coefficients of determination increased from 0.73,0.69,and 0.79 with the SRM model to 0.76,0.76,and 0.81 with the SRM + AS model during the simulation and validation periods in 2005,2006,and 2007,respectively.The proposed SRM + AS model that considers aspect and slope can improve the accuracy of snowmelt runoff simulation compared to the traditional SRM model in mountain watersheds in arid regions by proper parameterization,careful input data selection,and data preparation.

坡度对花岗岩残积土干缩开裂及其对水平入渗的影响

在崩岗侵蚀区边坡表面存在大量浅层裂隙,为探究不同坡度条件下花岗岩残积土干缩开裂特性及其对水平入渗的影响,通过室内入渗与开裂试验,分析了不同坡度下花岗岩残积土的水平入渗过程和开裂特性,以及裂隙对入渗和产流产沙的影响。结果表明:累积入渗量随坡度的增加而增加,而湿润锋运移距离随坡度的增加而减小。坡度的存在使土样在坡顶与试验箱交接处优先产生裂隙,并沿裂隙壁向坡下发展至土样长度的1/3~1/2处,且裂隙与试验箱夹角在25°~55°。坡度对裂隙长度和宽度的开展起促进作用,坡度的存在会降低土壤干缩开裂破碎程度。坡度和裂隙形式都会影响裂隙土壤的产流和产沙率,坡度的增大促进产沙和产流量,平行于入渗方向裂隙冲蚀较慢,与入渗方向呈一定角度的裂隙冲蚀情况则较快,受重力和水流冲蚀,独立的土块会被冲蚀呈“伞”状,然后发生坍塌。

Methodology for the Calculation of the Runoff Coefficient with the Arrangement Tirado

For this research work, an adequate methodology was sought for the calculation of the runoff coefficient with the Tirado arrangement. To achieve this, first, the variables that affect the runoff coefficient were identified, then the model was described with the Tirado arrangement, and as a third part for the calculation of the runoff coefficient, the Tirado model is proposed. From the theory for the calculation of the runoff coefficient, the equation of the weighted coefficients and the expression of Nadal were manipulated, resulting in the following relationship , considering this as the expression for the arrangement Tirado. The expression is tested with different intensities, the magnitudes correspond to 150, 200, 250 and 300 mm/hrs, resulting in runoff coefficient 0.82, 0.87, 0.89, 0.91 respectively. This means that, the higher the intensity, the runoff coefficient will be higher, logically the characteristics of the basin affect that this coefficient has variation in the space studied.

供需平衡视角下昆仑山北坡县域单元地表水资源开发利用潜力初探

定量分析地表水资源开发利用潜力有助于明晰区域水资源禀赋,对区域未来水资源科学规划和可持续开发利用具有重要的指导意义。通过供需水量平衡,从地表径流量、生态需水量、地表水可利用量角度,初步探讨了昆仑山北坡县域单元的地表水资源开发利用潜力,以期为昆仑山北坡科学规划和兵团南进布局提供水资源保障依据。结果表明:(1)昆仑山北坡河流径流2000年后呈显著增加趋势,主要河流2001—2010年年均径流量较2000年以前平均增加了23.36%,2011—2020年较2000年以前平均增加了42.89%,其中车尔臣河增幅最大,和田河增幅最小。(2)车尔臣河流域、克里雅河流域和和田河流域的生态基流量分别为4.67×10^(8)m^(3)、5.38×10^(8)m^(3)和20.26×10^(8)m^(3),天然植被生态需水量分别为4.34×10^(8)m^(3)、4.00×10^(8)m^(3)和2.62×10^(8)m^(3)。(3)昆仑山北坡各县域单元现状地表水已用水量范围为0.1×10^(8)~8.73×10^(8)m^(3),地表水资源潜力范围为-0.07×10^(8)~3.17×10^(8)m^(3),空间差异非常显著,其中水资源潜力大于2.00×10^(8)m^(3)的有墨玉县、铁门关市38团、策勒县、且末县、和田县、民丰县和洛浦县。现状区域的地表水资源调蓄能力不足,水资源利用上限偏低,虽有潜力但有水难用,未来昆仑山北坡各县域单元需制定修编更为适宜的地表水资源规划并加强基础水利工程建设,提升地表水资源利用效率,为区域高质量发展提供水资源支撑保障。

昆仑山北坡水资源科学考察初报

2021年10月首批启动了第三次新疆科学考察——“昆仑山北坡水资源开发潜力及利用途径科学考察”。结合多源遥感信息和2022—2023年野外科考工作,对昆仑山北坡的水文水资源变化和水资源利用进行了调查研究。结果表明:(1)1990—2020年,昆仑山北坡山区的气温、降水分别以0.14℃·(10a)^(-1)和6.53 mm·(10a)^(-1)幅度增加。(2)冰川变化相对稳定,积雪面积和积雪深度表现为略微增加。(3)永久性水体和季节性水体面积分别显著增加79.89%和144.49%。(4)东昆仑-库木库里盆地的阿牙克库木湖和阿其克库勒湖两大湖泊的水域面积分别增加了68.91%和58.22%,盆地内多条河流具备水资源开发潜力。(5)昆仑山北坡陆地水储量总体呈增加趋势,表现为从西向东增加趋势越加显著。(6)昆仑山北坡的主要河流和田河、克里雅河和车尔臣河年均径流量2010—2023年较1957—2023年分别增加了20.24%、27.85%和45.17%。(7)基于不同气候变化情景模拟预测至21世纪中后叶,主要河流径流量将保持上升态势,区域水资源量总体呈增加趋势。昆仑山北坡的水资源禀赋可为区域绿色高质量发展提供有利的水资源保障条件。

伊犁河谷不同雨型下自然与人工植被的水土流失特征

【目的】为科学防控西北干旱区草地水土流失以及比较不同雨型下植被的径流调控效果。【方法】2021—2022年雨季在伊宁市铁厂沟水土保持径流场,采用K均值方法将研究区13场侵蚀性降雨划分为3类,并监测5种自然植被(霸王、驼绒藜、伊犁绢蒿、骆驼刺、苦豆子)和3种人工植被(榆树、紫穗槐、狗牙根)的产流产沙特征,探讨不同雨型下各植被的产流产沙规律,采用灰色关联度分析雨型和植被小区对产流产沙的影响。【结果】①伊犁河谷土壤侵蚀的主导雨型是B雨型(中雨量、短历时、中雨强),对坡面产流产沙的贡献程度达到53.5%。A雨型(低雨量、长历时、低雨强)和C雨型(高雨量、长历时、高雨强)贡献率较低;②自然植被的减流减沙效益高于人工植被,自然植被在A雨型下减流减沙效益最好(87.3%~95.2%),人工植被在C雨型下减流减沙效益最差(39.2%~52.7%);③降雨量和平均雨强显著影响径流深和土壤流失量(P<0.05),灰色关联度从大到小排序为伊犁绢蒿>苦豆子>霸王>紫穗槐>骆驼刺>狗牙根>榆树>驼绒藜。【结论】伊犁河谷进行植被恢复可有效减少水土流失,不同雨型下自然植被的减流减沙效益优于人工植被,单一植被的减流减沙效益与其覆盖度有关。研究结果可为西北干旱区国土绿化、土地荒漠化和水土流失防治提供理论基础。

RUSLE模型对黄土高原退耕植被恢复坡面土壤侵蚀的模拟效果分析

[目的]为了探究RUSLE模型对黄土高原退耕植被恢复坡面土壤侵蚀模拟的效果。[方法]基于陕北安塞区坊塌小流域内10个径流小区2016-2022年的降雨产流产沙监测资料,通过RUSLE模型中各因子在黄土高原的不同常用算法之间的变换组合,模拟144种因子组合下各退耕植被恢复坡面的土壤侵蚀量,采用纳什效率系数(NSE)和均方根误差(RMSE)评价模型模拟结果的有效性。[结果]利用RUSLE模型144种因子组合模拟的退耕植被恢复坡面土壤侵蚀量,NSE范围为-38.47~0.19,RMSE范围为1.92~12.65 t/(hm 2·a),模拟效果较差,所选各因子算法难以适应退耕植被恢复坡面上的土壤流失量的评估,还需要对RUSLE模型各因子进一步改进。运用RUSLE模型对黄土高原退耕植被恢复坡面土壤侵蚀模拟时,建议尽可能采用时间分辨率高的数据减小对R因子的计算误差,综合考虑土壤有机质含量、土壤粒径与团粒结构组成和容重等土壤理化性质对K因子的影响,以及植被覆盖度、植被高度、枯落物、生物结皮等对C因子的影响,充分考虑10°以上的坡度,细化其LS因子的算法。[结论]RUSLE模型无法很好地适用于黄土高原退耕植被恢复坡面土壤侵蚀的模拟。研究结果为土壤侵蚀模型的研发及RUSLE模型在黄土高原植被恢复坡面的应用提供一定参考依据。

不同作物种植模式下坡耕地产流产沙的模拟研究

产流产沙是坡耕地水土流失的主要形式,为探讨不同种植模式对坡耕地产流产沙的影响,采用室内人工模拟降雨试验方法,在同一坡度、3种雨强下对坡耕地7种种植模式进行模拟试验。结果表明:1)不同种植模式下坡面产流量随雨强增大而增大,初始产流时间随雨强增大而缩短。坡面产流量趋势为先逐渐增大,之后(10 min左右)逐渐趋于稳定。C单种模式减流效果最差;A-B-C套种模式减流效果最好;低矮作物单种及参与的套种模式能更好促进降雨入渗。2)不同种植模式下坡面产沙量与雨强呈正相关,低矮作物参与的种植模式径流含沙量变化幅度较小,中、高单种或套种模式径流含沙量变化复杂。小、中雨强下,A-B-C套种模式减沙效果最好;大雨强下,A-B套种模式减沙效果最好。低矮作物参与的种植模式减沙效果优于中、高作物单种其套种模式。3)不同种植模式下产流量和雨强均呈极显著正相关。B、C单种模式与A-B-C套种模式产沙量与雨强有相关关系,其余模式与雨强的相关性不显著。综上,低矮作物单种及低矮作物参与的套种模式能有效减流、保土,因此坡耕地在进行农作物种植时应考虑增加低矮作物参与种植,避免造成大量水土流失。

太行山南麓鱼鳞坑坡面产流特征及其影响因素

[目的]通过研究太行山南麓鱼鳞坑坡面土壤产流特征,探讨其影响因素,为该区水土流失治理及生态环境保护提供科学依据。[方法]以太行山南麓鱼鳞坑坡和自然荒坡为研究对象,测定草本、灌木、乔木群落下坡面产流特征并分析其影响因素,运用地理探测器统计学方法量化各因素单独和交互作用对坡面产流的影响力。[结果]①鱼鳞坑坡草本、灌木、乔木群落的平均径流深之间没有显著性差异,自然荒坡灌木群落和草本群落的平均径流深显著大于乔木;与自然荒坡相比,鱼鳞坑坡草本群落、灌木群落、乔木群落的平均径流深分别减少了56.61%,72.80%,39.58%;平均径流深随着砾石含量的增加呈减少趋势;砾石覆盖度对坡面产流的控制作用有一个阈值,当砾石覆盖度为6%~9%时,坡面径流深最小。②太行山南麓鱼鳞坑坡面产流单因子影响力最大的是砾石覆盖度(0.31),其次是植被盖度(0.29)。③坡面产流影响因子交互作用后大多表现为非线性增强和双因子增强作用;降雨因子与非降雨因子交互后均表现为非线性增强作用。[结论]大量砾石的存在导致了太行山南麓坡面产流过程的复杂性,增加植被盖度是减少该地区鱼鳞坑坡面产流的重要措施。

砒砂岩区坡面产流产沙对土地利用方式的响应

[目的]研究坡面产流产沙过程对不同土地利用方式的响应于砒砂岩区生态保护与高质量发展具有重要意义。[方法]以十大孔兑罕台川流域的合同沟小流域为研究区,选取该区2016—2021年降雨产流产沙监测数据,应用聚类分析、双因素方差分析等,开展连续性动态监测研究,进而揭示砒砂岩区坡面产流产沙与不同土地利用方式的时空动态变化关系。[结果](1)次降雨按历时、雨强和雨量可分为3类,包括A类(历时短、雨量集中、高强度),B类(雨量较多、历时较短、中强度),C类(历时长、小雨强、雨量分散),C类导致水土流失能力最弱;(2)A,B类降雨产流产沙,排列顺序为乔木林地<灌草地<人工草地<天然草地<农作物地<裸地;C类降雨产流,排列顺序为乔木林地<天然草地<灌草地<人工草地<农作物地<裸地,产沙,排列顺序为人工草地<乔木林地<天然草地<灌草地<农作物地<裸地,且相同土地利用方式径流深和土壤流失量排序为C<B<A;(3)不同土地利用方式的径流深或土壤流失量对雨型响应的坡度效应略有差异,主要存在于裸地、农作物地与其他土地利用方式。[结论]砒砂岩区坡面水土流失的治理和生态恢复,应考虑雨型和坡度对不同土地利用方式产生的复合作用。

黄土丘陵沟壑区坡沟系统产流产沙对源-汇-路径格局的响应

坡沟系统是流域水土流失与治理的基本单元,掌握其产流产沙规律是有效解决水土流失区生态环境恢复重建的核心问题之一。该研究利用无人机遥感与地理信息系统技术对流域的土地利用进行识别,再确定5个不同坡沟系统(2个无人为干扰的退耕植被恢复+自然植被坡沟系统SG1和SG2、2个人为扰动的退耕植被恢复+自然植被坡沟系统SG3和SG4、1个果园+坡耕地的坡沟系统SG5)内泥沙源、汇及其输移路径分布特征,并在量化指标的基础上,结合2016—2022年坊塌小流域5个坡沟系统的降雨和产流产沙的监测数据,研究了不同坡沟系统的产流产沙特征及其对源-汇-路径格局的响应。结果表明:次降雨条件下,SG1和SG2的产沙模数显著低于其他坡沟系统(P<0.05),且SG3径流深和产沙模数均较大;SG2的年平均径流深显著低于SG5(P<0.05)。坡沟系统径流深分别与总坡沟系统、沟间地、沟谷地的泥沙源和汇最大斑块面积比显著正相关(P<0.05),且与沟间地泥沙源、汇指数的相关系数均要大于沟谷地,径流深与总坡沟系统路径的分岔比、沟间地与沟谷地的路径比降均呈现出显著负相关(P<0.05);产沙模数与各源汇指数之间均无显著的相关性,但与路径数量密度、长度密度、沟间地的路径分岔比呈显著正相关(P<0.05);径流深和产沙模数均与路径复杂度呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。可见,降低源/汇比例大小,适当增加泥沙输移路径的复杂度和输移距离,可有效减少坡沟系统的水土流失。研究可为坡沟系统土壤侵蚀防控以及流域生态保护和修复提供科学支撑。

横坡垄作对坡耕地产流产沙及氮磷养分流失过程影响研究

横坡垄作是一种常见的水土保持耕作措施,它通过增大坡面拦蓄和入渗能力,进而影响坡面土壤侵蚀过程。为揭示黄土坡耕地养分流失特征,通过人工模拟降水试验,利用投影面积为4.5 m×1.5 m的径流小区,设计降雨强度(90 mm·h-1)、5个地表坡度(3°、5°、10°、15°、20°)以及横坡垄作和平整坡面两种坡面处理,探究横坡垄作对不同坡度坡耕地产流产沙特性及其携带的氮磷养分流失情况。结果表明:(1)坡面坡度小于20°时,横坡垄作能明显降低降雨过程中坡面的产流产沙量,产流量和产沙量最大分别可降低95%和99%;而当坡度增大至20°时,横坡垄作坡面发生断垄,横坡垄作对径流和泥沙的控制效应随之减弱,产流和产沙量会接近或大于平整坡面。(2)横坡垄作对养分流失浓度的影响较小,但对养分流失量具有明显影响。坡面坡度小于20°时,横坡垄作具有较好的控制坡面养分流失量的效果;当坡度增大至20°时,横坡垄作控制养分流失的作用减弱。径流中全氮的流失量始终大于全磷的流失量;除横坡垄作10°坡面外,泥沙中全磷的流失量均大于全氮的流失量。(3)坡面养分流失量主要由坡面径流量和泥沙量决定。径流养分流失率和产流速率、泥沙养分流失率和产沙速率满足线性正相关关系。横坡垄作对径流和泥沙中养分减少效益分别可以达到45%~100%、59%~100%。整体而言,横坡垄作是控制坡面土壤侵蚀及减少养分流失的一种有效方法。

连续降雨条件下工程堆积体产流产沙对砾石含量的响应

[目的]探究连续降雨条件下不同砾石含量对陕北沙壤土上方有来水工程堆积体坡面产流产沙的影响,为生产建设项目水土流失治理提供数据支撑和理论参考。[方法]通过室内模拟降雨试验,研究不同砾石含量(0,10%,20%,30%,40%)工程堆积体坡面土壤水动力学特性及产流产沙特征。[结果]①降雨强度相同,随砾石含量增加,工程堆积体坡面初始产流时间表现为递减趋势,减幅为27.22%~64.62%,35.09%~71.70%,47.37%~78.77%,51.75%~82.31%。次降雨径流率表现为“迅速增加—稳定波动”的变化趋势,平均径流率随砾石含量、降雨时间的增加显著增大;但产流峰值随砾石含量增加而降低,且出现时间逐渐提前。②试验各场次雷诺数的变化范围介于74.13~165.05,均小于500,水流属于层流;弗劳德数的变化范围集中在2.14~3.71,表现为急流。水流剪切力、水流功率和单位水流功率随降雨场次的增加而显著增加。③0%~40%砾石含量工程堆积体坡面侵蚀速率介于0.45~6.73,0.13~4.09,0.25~1.26,0.14~0.96,0.13~0.88 g/(m^(2)·min),各砾石含量堆积体减沙幅度分别为36.06%,49.05%,55.23%和56.62%,其中砾石高覆盖度(40%)的沙壤土工程堆积体坡面土壤侵蚀强度较小。[结论]砾石覆盖在沙壤土工程堆积体坡面的水土流失过程中可显著降低土壤侵蚀速率,从而实现拦蓄水土,保持较高的减沙效益。

坡度及作物种类对红壤坡耕地水土流失的影响研究

坡耕地水土流失会导致作物产量及土壤生产力下降,坡度及作物种类是其主要影响因素之一,针对不同坡度及作物种类开展水土流失量对比研究,对于南方红壤区合理利用土地及水土流失防治措施具有指导意义。在5°、10°、15°坡地种植大豆、木薯、玉米等作物,开展了连续4 a的降雨侵蚀观测。2016-2019年的观测数据表明:作物种植类型对坡面径流量和土壤流失量影响显著,在自然降雨情况下,同一坡度的坡面,大豆种植的产流量及产沙量明显小于时蔬,并且大豆种植不仅是在种植当年能有效减少水土流失,在种植两年大豆之后再在同一坡面种植时蔬的单位面积土壤流失量要比一直种植时蔬的坡面小0.6 t/hm2,花生与木薯间作能降低年径流量与径流侵蚀量,是同坡度条件下的三分之二,在间作种植木薯与花生的情况下15°的坡面产流与产沙要明显小于10°的坡面,说明大豆种植及花生木薯间作更有利于南方红壤地区的水土保持治理,15°的坡面更利于种植经济作物。