Induced drill-spray during hydraulic slotting of a coal seam and its influence on gas extraction

Hydraulic slotting can induce drill spray in a gassy,low permeability coal seam.This then influences subsequent gas extraction.This paper describes the drill spray phenomenon from a mechanical perspective and analyzes the effects of water jet damage during slotting.A simulation of the stresses around the drill hole and slot was prepared using FLAC-3D code.It helps explain the induction of drill spray during hydraulic slotting.The stress concentration around the bore increases as the diameter of the hole increases.As the hole enlarges the variation in stress also increases,which introduces an instability into the coal.This allows easy breaking and removal of the coal.Destruction of the coal structure by the water jet is the major factor causing drill spray.Energy stored as either strain or gas pressure is released by the water jet and this causes the coal to fracture and be expelled from the hole.Field tests showed the effect on gas extraction after slotting with drill spray.The concentration of gas increases after drilling.Compared to conventional techniques,the hydraulic slotted bore gives a gas concentration three times higher and has an effective range twice as far.This makes the gas extraction process more efficient and allows reduced construction effort.

Progress on the hydraulic measures for grid slotting and fracking to enhance coal seam permeability

A method of hydraulic grid slotting and hydraulic fracturing was proposed to enhance the permeability of low permeability coal seam in China. Micro-structural development and strength characteristics of coal were analysed to set up the failure criterion of coal containing water and gas, which could describe the destruction rule of coal containing gas under the hydraulic measures more accurately. Based on the theory of transient flow and fluid grid, the numerical calculation model of turbulence formed by high pressure oscillating water jet was used. With the high speed photography test, dynamic evolution and pulsation characteristics of water jet water analysed which laid a foundation for mechanism analysis of rock damage under water jet. Wave equation of oscillating water jet slotting was established and the mechanism of coal damage by the impact stress wave under oscillation jet was revealed. These provide a new method to study the mechanism of porosity and crack damage under high pressure jet.Fracture criterion by jet slotting was established and mechanism of crack development controlled by crack zone between slots was found. The fractures were induced to extend along pre-set direction,instead of being controlled by original stress field. The model of gas migration through coal seams after the hydraulic measures for grid slotting and fracking was established. The key technology and equipment for grid slotting and fracking with high-pressure oscillating jet were developed and applied to coal mines in Chongqing and Henan in China. The results show that the gas permeability of coal seam is enhanced by three orders of magnitude, efficiency of roadway excavation and mining is improved by more than 57%and the cost of gas control is reduced by 50%.

Fluid-based Slotting Optimization for Automated Order Picking System with Multiple Dispenser Types

Slotting strategy heavily influences the throughput and operational cost of automated order picking system with multiple dispenser types, which is called the complex automated order picking system （CAOPS）. Existing research either focuses on one aspect of the slotting optimization problem or only considers one part of CAOPS, such as the Low-volume Dispensers, to develop corresponding slotting strategies. In order to provide a comprehensive and systemic approach, a fluid-based slotting strategy is proposed in this paper. The configuration of CAOPS is presented with specific reference to its fast-picking and restocking subsystems. Based on extended fluid model, a nonlinear mathematical programming model is developed to determine the optimal volume allotted to each stock keeping unit （SKU） in a certain mode by minimize the restocking cost of that mode. Conclusion from the allocation model is specified for the storage modules of high-volume dispensers and low-volume dispensers. Optimal allocation of storage resources in the fast-picking area of CAOPS is then discussed with the aim of identifying the optimal space of each picking mode. The SKU assignment problem referring to the total restocking cost of CAOPS is analyzed and a greedy heuristic with low time complexity is developed according to the characteristics of CAOPS. Real life application from the tobacco industry is presented in order to exemplify the proposed slotting strategy and assess the effectiveness of the developed methodology. Entry-item-quantity （EIQ） based experiential solutions and proposed-model-based near-optimal solutions are compared. The comparison results show that the proposed strategy generates a savings of over 18% referring to the total restocking cost over one-year period. The strategy proposed in this paper, which can handle the multiple dispenser types, provides a practical quantitative slotting method for CAOPS and can help picking-system-designers make slotting decisions efficiently and effectively.

Analysis on the multi-phase flow characterization in cross-measure borehole during coal hydraulic slotting

Hydraulic slotting in a gas drainage borehole is an effective method of enhancing gas drainage perfor- mance. However, it frequently occurs that a large amount of slotting products （mainly the coal slurry and gas） intensely spurt out of the borehole during the slotting, which adversely affects the slotting efficiency. Despite extensive previous investigations on the mechanism and prevention-device design of the spurt during ordinary borehole drilling, a very few studies has focused on the spurt in the s Ottlng pro ] ＂ _ cess. The slotting spurt is mainly caused by two reasons： the coal and gas outburst in the borehole and the borehole deslagging blockage. This paper focuses on the second reason, and investigates the hydraulic deslagging flow patterns in the annular space between the drill pipe and borehole wall Results show that there are six deslagging flow patterns when the drill pipe is still： pure slurry flow, pure gas flow, bubble flow, intermittent flow, layering flow and annular flow. When the drill pipe rotates, each of those six flow patterns changes due to the Taylor vortex effect. Outcomes of this study could help to better understand the slotting-spurt mechanism and provide guidance on the anti-spurt strategies through eliminating the borehole deslagging blockage.

Research on hydraulic slotting technology controlling coal-gas outbursts

Measured to control serious coal-gas outburst in coal seam were analyzed by theory and experimented in test site.A new technique to distress the coal-bed and drain methane,called hydraulic slotting,was described in detail,and the mechanism of hydrau- lic slotting was put forward and analyzed.The characteristic parameter of hydraulic slotting was given in Jiaozuo mining area and the characteristic of validity,adaptability and secu- rity was evaluated.The results show that the stress surrounding the strata and the gas in coal seam is released efficiently and thoroughly while new techniques are taken,as slot- ting at heading face by high pressure large diameter jet.The resistance to coal and gas outbursts is increased dramatically once the area of slotting is increased to a certain size. In the process of driving 2 000 m tunnel by hydraulic slotting excavation,coal and gas outburst never occurre.The technique could be used to prevent and control potential coal-gas outburst in the proceeding of tunnel driving,and the speed tunneling could be as high as more than 2 times.

Stress release mechanism of deep bottom hole rock by ultra-high-pressure water jet slotting

To solve the problems of rock strength increase caused by high in-situ stress,the stress release method with rock slot in the bottom hole by an ultra-high-pressure water jet is proposed.The stress conditions of bottom hole rock,before and after slotting are analyzed and the stress release mechanism of slotting is clarified.The results show that the stress release by slotting is due to the coupling of three factors:the relief of horizontal stress,the stress concentration zone distancing away from the cutting face,and the increase of pore pressure caused by rock mass expansion;The stress concentration increases the effective stress of rock along the radial distance from O.6R to 1R(R is the radius of the well),and the presence of groove completely releases the stress,it also allows the stress concentration zone to be pushed away from the cutting face,while significantly lowering the value of stresses in the area the drilling bit acting,the maximum stress release efficiency can reach 80%.The effect of slotting characteristics on release efficiency is obvious when the groove location is near the borehole wall.With the increase of groove depth,the stress release efficiency is significantly increased,and the release range of effective stress is enlarged along the axial direction.Therefore,the stress release method and results of simulations in this paper have a guiding significance for best-improving rock-breaking efficiency and further understanding the technique.

Five-phase Synchronous Reluctance Machines Equipped with a Novel Type of Fractional Slot Winding

Multi-phase machines are so attractive for electrical machine designers because of their valuable advantages such as high reliability and fault tolerant ability.Meanwhile,fractional slot concentrated windings(FSCW)are well known because of short end winding length,simple structure,field weakening sufficiency,fault tolerant capability and higher slot fill factor.The five-phase machines equipped with FSCW,are very good candidates for the purpose of designing motors for high reliable applications,like electric cars,major transporting buses,high speed trains and massive trucks.But,in comparison to the general distributed windings,the FSCWs contain high magnetomotive force(MMF)space harmonic contents,which cause unwanted effects on the machine ability,such as localized iron saturation and core losses.This manuscript introduces several new five-phase fractional slot winding layouts,by the means of slot shifting concept in order to design the new types of synchronous reluctance motors(SynRels).In order to examine the proposed winding’s performances,three sample machines are designed as case studies,and analytical study and finite element analysis(FEA)is used for validation.

Mathematical model of slotting manufacture and simulation for cosine gears

A slotting method for cosine gears was proposed by using the involute cutter based on the conjugate theories of digital surface and gear meshing. The slotting model between the cosine tooth surface represented by discrete points and the cutter figuration determined by analytic function was built for their geometrical relationship and conjugate motion during the machining process. Conjugate points in the cutter section corresponding to the discrete points on the cosine gear tooth surface and the conjugate movements were solved. By using the flexible control of the CNC procedure, the active control of the cutting trace of the slotting cutter was accomplished and the envelop forming of the cosine gear was obtained. Based on the software C++ and Matlab, the computer aided manufacturing(CAM) system of the cosine gear was developed, and the simulation of the slotting process was accomplished. Several examples were provided to illustrate the approach. The result of the simulation demonstrates that the proposed slotting method is feasible.

Research on Slotting Allowances in China

The paper analyzes the characteristics and causes of formation of slotting allowances in China on the base of literature review on slotting allowances. The author believes that the government should take measures to make slotting allowances more reasonable and not to interfere necessary competition.

An Experimental Study on Slotting of Inconel 718 Thin Sheet

Many difficult-to-cut materials such as Ni-base super alloy, titanium alloy, and austenite stainless steel which are used extensively in aerospace generally have high strength-to-weight ratios, high corrosion resistance, high strength retention ability at elevated temperatures, and low thermal conductivity. These characteristics can result in uneven tool wear and chatter vibration. Therefore, determining the appropriate end-milling conditions is more difficult for difficult-to-cut materials than for other materials. There has been much research on the high-speed milling of difficult-to-cut materials, and effective end-milling conditions, end-mill tool shapes, and processing methods have been reported. In addition, irregular pitch and lead end-mills with different helix angles have been developed by tool maker＇s to reduce chatter vibration, making it easier to perform high-speed milling. However, there have been few reports of slotting information useful for determining appropriate end-milling conditions and processing methods for Ni-base super alloy. The aim of this study is to derive end-milling condition with high efficiency grooving process for Ni-base super alloy （Inconel 718） sheet. Effects of cutting parameters were examined from the view point of cutting resistance, ＂tool tip maximum temperature and tool flank wear width. As a result from experiments, if the grooving process condition of axial depth of cut is smaller than other conditions on the same material removable rate value, it has been found that it is possible to reduce the tool tip maximum temperature and prolong the tool life.

Survey on performance of vertical slot and nature-like fishways at Angu hydropower station, Southwest China

To restore dam-blocked natural fish migratory passages,a growing number of artificial fishways have been built in water conservancy and hydropower projects in China.The Angu hydropower station involved diverse important fish habitats in the lower reaches of the Daduhe River in Southwest China.Therefore,a vertical slot fishway(VSF)and a nature-like fishway(NLF)were built near the backwater area of the reservoir to connect the upstream and downstream habitats.Hydrodynamic and aquatic ecological surveys were conducted after the completion of the project to estimate the fish passing effect of the two fishways.The results indicated that both fishways were in effective operation and could maintain the desired hydrodynamic conditions and be used by several local fish species.During the survey,149 fish from 15 species and 111 fish from 17 species were captured by the traps in the VSF and NLF,respectively,while 1263 fish from 27 species were found in the downstream area.Some species captured in the VSF were not found in the NLF,and vice versa,which implied the different preferences of fish.Meanwhile,3789 signals including 2099 upward ones and 1690 downward ones were monitored with an ultrasonic fish detector at the inlet of the VSF.These findings revealed the characteristics of fish species observed in and near the fishways and provided valuable insights into the different fish passing capabilities of VSFandNLF.

试论深孔爆破成井中VCR法的应用

VCR模式为球形药包垂向漏斗后嵌类矿场技术,地底矿石洞也普及推广使用在天井挖掘作业中。笔者以某露天兼地底采掘金石七十米标高地表废弃石料场景为项目环境,透过实验参数明确爆破工程中的药包最理想埋进情况。生产实际表明,透过使用适度的凿孔设施,适度的先进工艺,VCR模式能够挖掘超高矿井,而且能够保证矿井工程进度。

VCR法采空区爆破成井技术的研究与应用

呼伦贝尔山金铅锌矿采用充填法治理历史采空区,由于采空区充填井采用普通法掘进效率低、作业条件及安全性差,采用采空区充填井安全高效施工技术成为关键。根据利文斯顿爆破漏斗理论,通过前期进行的大量试验爆破,确定最佳爆破参数,结合现场条件研究提出VCR法爆破快速成井技术方案。实践结果表明,VCR法在爆破采空区充填井上取得了良好的应用效果,成功开掘了直径2.0 m、深度17.4 m的充填井。重点对爆破参数、装药结构、堵孔方式以及施工过程中存在的问题进行分析总结,为同类矿山提供一定的参考和借鉴。

VCR采矿法深孔爆破大块率控制经验浅谈

在实际矿山爆破工程中,采用VCR采矿法进行爆破时,其爆破规模较大,易产生大块岩石,增加了二次爆破成本,增加了出矿难度,同时降低了出矿效率。根据实际工程中的爆破经验,提出了大块率的计算方法,分析了爆破过程中大块产生的多种原因,并结合草楼铁矿的具体条件,针对炮孔孔网参数进行了相应的调整,并采用高精度的毫秒延期雷管进行微差爆破。实践证明,草楼铁矿采场爆破大块率显著下降,一次爆破的爆破质量有了明显地改善,爆落岩石块度均匀,满足破碎、铲装运输要求,降低了二次爆破率和生产成本,为矿山爆破工程提供了一定的参考。

大直径深孔VCR法拉槽爆破盲炮原因分析及预防措施探讨

自20世纪中期以来,伴随矿山开采的不断增加与间柱采场试验的成功,VCR法也在国内的采矿界得到了广泛应用和普及,并受到了相关人员的高度关注。在VCR采矿法的飞速发展下,其在矿山开采当中的功能与作用也更为凸显,并获得了较好的应用效果,成为了大直径深孔矿山开采中的有效方案,并进一步推动了我国采矿技术的发展。但实践显示,在大直径深孔VCR法拉槽爆破当中,盲炮的情况时有发生,为此,本文结合对其发生原因的分析,进而提出针对性的预防措施。

计算机视觉技术赋能大学英语课堂展示中的学习投入研究

学习投入是预测学习者学习效果的重要指标,学术界对其与课堂展示间的相关性研究鲜有涉猎。文本以某综合性大学303名非英语专业本科生为研究对象,采用人工智能与计算机视觉技术模型YOLOv7对大学英语课堂中的课堂展示实录进行学习投入多模态数据分析,并辅以问卷调查,形成双向印证。研究发现,学生课堂展示中的行为投入、认知投入和情感投入值均等于或高于3.78,投入结果均值达4.01,说明学生在课堂展示中的学习投入情况良好。此外,不同时段课堂展示对学生行为投入的影响显著,学生专注度及参与度在课堂前10分钟的课堂展示中效果最佳。文本为课堂展示的有效性提供了智能化、多模态、多维度的实证支持,为课堂教学的数智技术应用提供了新视角。

芍药苷对人胃癌SGC7901/VCR细胞增殖抑制作用及其机制研究

目的:探索芍药苷(paeoniflorin)对人胃癌SGC7901/VCR细胞增殖抑制及凋亡的影响,并研究其可能的分子机制。方法:应用不同浓度芍药苷作用SGC7901/VCR细胞48h后,采用四甲基偶氮唑蓝法(MTT)检测细胞增殖抑制率;流式细胞术(FCM)检测细胞凋亡率;免疫蛋白印迹技术(Western blot)分析Bcl-2、Bax及细胞核内NF-κBp65蛋白的表达;酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)进一步确定核内NF-κB的转录活性。结果:芍药苷对SGC7901/VCR细胞生长有明显的抑制作用并促进其凋亡,这种作用呈现剂量依赖性;Westernblot和ELISA均证实芍药苷对NF-κB有明确抑制作用;随着芍药苷浓度增加NF-κB和Bcl-2表达水平逐渐下调(P<0.01),但对Bax没有明显影响。结论:芍药苷可明显抑制SGC7901/VCR细胞的增殖,诱导其凋亡;其机制部分可能与阻断NF-κB通路所介导的Bcl-2分子上调有关。

中药复方君子汤联合环孢霉素A逆转白血病细胞株K562/VCR耐药性的实验研究

本研究观察中药复方君子汤(FFJZ)联合环孢霉素A(cyclosporine A,CsA)逆转白血病耐药细胞系K562/VCR细胞耐药性的效果,以便寻找有效的联合逆转剂。采用MTT法、流式细胞术研究FFJZ联合CsA逆转白血病耐药细胞系K562/VCR耐药性的作用。结果表明:FFJZ联合CsA在体外对K562/VCR细胞的耐药性有明显的逆转作用(p<0.01),能提高K562/VCR细胞对阿霉素(ADM)的敏感性,且在药物有效浓度范围内对细胞本身无毒性作用。FFJZ联合CsA对K562/VCR细胞的P-gp表达的阳性率无明显影响。结论:复方君子汤联合环孢霉素A可能成为治疗白血病多药耐药的安全有效的耐药逆转药物。

RAID-VCR:一种能够承受三个磁盘故障的RAID结构

提出了一种新RAID结构———RAIDVCR.这种结构仅需要3个额外的磁盘来保存校验信息,但是却能够承受任意模式的3个成员磁盘故障.与现有的其它RAID结构相比,RAIDVCR的容灾能力大幅提高,但是对磁盘空间利用率和系统吞吐量的影响却非常小.RAIDVCR的编码和解码过程都是基于简单的XOR操作,并且以明文方式保存了用户数据,从而可以高效地执行读操作.仿真实验结果表明,RAIDVCR的编码和解码性能较好,具有很好的应用前景.

HL-60/VCR多药耐药细胞株耐药机制的研究

背景与目的:白血病细胞对化疗药物的耐药是白血病治疗失败的主要原因,多药耐药细胞株为白血病多药耐药机制和逆转多药耐药性的研究提供了良好的模型。为探讨药物诱导产生多药耐药机制,我们对HL-60/VCR细胞的耐药机制进行了研究。方法:应用流式细胞术和一组抗体,对药物敏感细胞株HL-60和多药耐药细胞株HL-60/VCR细胞的耐药相关蛋白P-gp、MRP、LRP、BCRP、GST-π,以及凋亡调节蛋白bcl-2、bax、bcl-x、bad的表达进行分析。结果:在HL-60/VCR细胞株中,耐药相关蛋白P-gp、MRP、BCRP、GST-π分别是其在HL-60细胞株中的18.62、1.19、1.50、1.32倍,而LRP无变化。凋亡抑制蛋白bcl-2、bcl-x分别是其在HL-60细胞株中的2.48、1.25倍,凋亡调节蛋白bad是HL-60细胞株中的1.08倍;而凋亡诱导蛋白bax反而降低,是HL-60细胞株中的0.88倍。结论:多种机制参与HL-60/VCR的多药耐药,涉及耐药蛋白P-gp、MRP、BCRP和GST-π的表达增强,而且凋亡调节蛋白bcl-2、bax、bcl-x、bad均可能参与其耐药机制的形成。