一总线在北京谱仪实验模型BESⅢ Slow Control中的应用

介绍了北京正负电子对撞机国家重点工程中,BESⅢS low Con tro l在全新北京谱仪中的重要性,并对通过在三个探测器:M uon RPC、量能器EM C、漂移室M DC实验模型中的具体实例应用,介绍了慢控制主要采用的一总线技术。

BESIII Slow Control计算机系统结构与数据获取方案

介绍了北京正负电子对撞机升级改进国家重点项目二期工程中,北京谱仪BESIII慢控制系统的微机系统结构及数据获取方案及系统软件设计。

Effect of Slow and Controlled Release Fertilizers on the Yield and Nutrient Use Efficiency of Hot Pepper in Qiu-bei

[Objective] The aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of slow and controlled release fertilizers（SCRF）on the yield of qiubei hot pepper,its nutrient use efficiency and environment.[Method] Using Qiubei hot pepper（Capsicum frutescens L.）as the experimental material,we studied the fertilization effect and environment-protecting effect of SCRF.[Result] The result showed that SCRF could improve the agronomic characteristics of hot pepper.Compared to singly applied common fertilizers,SCRF increased economic yield by 20.90% and economic benefit by 13 234.35 Yuan/hm2,and the ratio of output to input was improved by 47.93%.In comparison with common straight fertilizers at same NPK proportion and rate,SCRF increased economic yield by 5.26% and economic benefit by 5 554.80 Yuan/hm2,and the ratio of output to input was improved by 9.91%.Under the reduced use of SCRF by 20%,SCRF increased economic yield by 12.38% and economic benefit by 9595.20 Yuan/hm2 compared with singly applied common fertilizers,and the ratio of output to input was improved by 65.95%.SCRF improved nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium use efficiencies by 12.42-17.53,3.35-5.24 and 5.37-14.02 percents respectively.[Conclusion] As the result of much reduced N and P application rates,SCRF would significantly economize fertilizer resources and minimize the pollution caused by the loss of fertilizer nutrients,which is of practical importance for environment protection.

A low-cost slow control system for the PandaX-4T experiment

Background The PandaX-4T experiment is a next-generation dark matter search program located in the China Jinping Underground Laboratory.To ensure the stability of the complex instrument during the planned operation,the status of the facility should be monitored continuously.Purpose The paper reports the design of the slow control system for the experiment.The system is used to monitor the facility status and generate an alarm signal while the detector is in abnormal status.Methods Low-cost hardware is employed for the distributed data collection.Python-based data collection program was developed.We also used the open source software for data storage,visualization and anomaly detection,so that the development of the system is simplified.Conclusion We finally achieved a low-cost and robust slow control system for the prototype detector in short time.It is running well currently.The system will be integrated with the PandaX-4T facility in late 2019.

Effects of slow or controlled release fertilizer types and fertilization modes on yield and quality of rice

There is limited information about the influence of slow or controlled release fertilizer（S/CRF） on rice yield and quality. In this study, japonica rice cultivar Nanjing 9108 was used to study the effects of three different S/CRFs（polymer-coated urea（PCU）, sulfur-coated urea（SCU）, and urea formaldehyde（UF）） and two fertilization modes（both S/CRF and common urea（CU） as basal fertilizer, S/CRF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer） on rice yield and quality. CU only was applied separately as control（CK）. Results showed that, rice grain yield, chalky kernel rate, chalky area, overall chalkiness, and the content of gliadin, glutenin, and protein, all showed the trends of UF〉PCU〉SCU within the same fertilization mode, and showed the trends of S/CRF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer〉both S/CRF and CU as basal fertilizer within the same type of S/CRF. In contrast, the contents of amylose, amylopectin, and starch, as well as taste value, and peak and hot viscosity showed trends of SCU〉PCU〉UF, and the trends of both S/CRF and CU as basal fertilizer〉S/CRF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer. Among S/CRF treatments and fertilization modes, taste values of cooked rice were positively correlated with amylose, amylopectin, and starch contents, as well as gel consistency, peak viscosity, hot viscosity, and cool viscosity, while negatively correlated with globulin, gliadin, glutenin, and protein contents. The types of S/CRF and fertilization modes are important for improving rice yield and quality. Compared to CK, higher yield and similar quality of rice was achieved with UF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer, and similar yield with improved appearance and eating and cooking quality of rice was achieved with either both UF and CU as basal fertilizer, or PCU as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer.

Release Characteristics of Different N Forms in an Uncoated Slow/Controlled Release Compound Fertilizer

This study examined the release characteristics of different N forms in an uncoated slow/controlled-release compound fertilizer （UCRF） and the N uptake and N-use efficiency by rice plants. Water dissolution, soil leaching, and pot experiments were employed. The dynamics of N release from the UCRF could be quantitatively described by three equations： the first-order kinetics equation [N1=N0 （1-e^-kt）], Elovich equation （N1=a ＋ blnt）, and parabola equation （N1=a ＋ bt^0.5）, with the best fitting by the first-order kinetics equation for different N （r= 0.9569^＊＊-0.9999^＊＊）. The release potentials （No values estimated by the first-order kinetics equation） of different N in the UCRF decreased in the order of total N 〉 DON 〉 urea-N 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 NO3^-N in water, and total N 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 DON 〉 urea-N 〉 NO3^--N in soil, respectively, being in accordance with cumulative amounts of N release. The constants of N release rate （k values and b values） for different N forms were in decreasing order of total N 〉 DON 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 NO3^--N in water, whereas the k values were urea- N 〉DON 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 total N 〉 NO3^--N, and the b values were total N 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 DON 〉 NO3^--N 〉 urea-N in soil. Compared with a common compound fertilizer, the N-use efficiency, N-agronomy efficiency, and N-physiological efficiency of the UCRF were increased by 11.4%, 8.32 kg kg^-1, and 5.17 kg kg^-1, respectively. The ratios of different N to total N in the UCRF showed significant correlation with N uptake by rice plants. The findings showed that the first-order kinetics equation [Nt=N0 （l-e^kt）] could be used to describe the release characteristics of different N forms in the fertilizer. The UCRF containing different N forms was more effective in facilitating N uptake by rice compared with the common compound fertilizer containing single urea-N form.

Synthesis and Performance of Polyurethane Coated Urea as Slow/controlled Release Fertilizer

Polyurethane coated urea slow/controlled release fertilizer was prepared based on urea granules, isocyanate, polyols and paraffin. Isocyanate reacted with polyols to synthesize the polyurethane skin layer on urea granules surface. Paraffin serves as a lubricant during syntheses of polyurethane skin layers. The structure and nutrient release characteristics of the polyurethane skin layers were investigated by FTIR, SEM and TG. Urea nitrogen slow-release behavior of the polyurethane coated urea was tested. The experimental results indicated that compact and dense polyurethane skin layers with a thickness of 10-15 lam were formed on urea surface, the urea nitrogen slow-release time can reach 40-50 days. Paraffin proves to play a key role in inhibiting water to penetrate into urea, but excessive addition would decrease the polyurethane crosslinking density.

Application of Lignin and Its Derivatives as Slow/Controlled Release Materials in Agricultural Fields

Lignin is the main by-product of pulp and papermaking and is not effectively utilized. Conversion of industrial lignins into value-added materials is beneficial for the effective utilization of resources as well as for environmental protection. Because of their adsorptivity, slow-release property,biocompatibility, and biodegradability, lignin and its derivatives find potential applications as eco-friendly slow/controlled release materials in agricultural fields. This report reviews the recent research advances in lignin-based slow/controlled release fertilizers and pesticides.

TCP Window Based Congestion Control -Slow-Start Approach

Transmission control protocol (TCP) has undergone several transformations. Several proposals have been put forward to change the mechanisms of TCP congestion control to improve its performance. A line of research tends to reduce speed in the face of congestion thereby penalizing itself. In this group are the window based congestion control algorithms that use the size of congestion window to determine transmission speed. The two main algorithm of window based congestion control are the congestion avoidance and the slow start. The aim of this study is to survey the various modifications of window based congestion control. Much work has been done on congestion avoidance hence specific attention is placed on the slow start in order to motivate a new direction of research in network utility maximization. Mathematical modeling of the internet is discussed and proposals to improve TCP startup were reviewed. There are three lines of research on the improvement of slow start. A group uses the estimation of certain parameters to determine initial speed. The second group uses bandwidth estimation while the last group uses explicit request for network assistance to determine initial startup speed. The problems of each proposal are analyzed and a multiple startup for TCP is proposed. Multiple startups for TCP specify that startup speed is selectable from an n-arry set of algorithms. We then introduced the e-speed start which uses the prevailing network condition to determine a suitable starting speed.

Slow driving control of tracked vehicles with automated mechanical transmission based on fuzzy logic

In order to move tracked vehicles at an extremely slowspeed with automated mechanical transmission（ AMT）,slowdriving function was added in the original system. The principle and requirement of slowdriving function were analyzed. Based on analysis of slow driving characteristic,identification of slowdriving condition and fuzzy control algorithm,a control strategy of the clutch was designed. In order to realize slowdriving,the clutch was controlled in a slipping mode as manual driving. The vehicle speed was increased to a required speed and kept in a small range by engaging or disengaging the clutch to the approximate half engagement point. Based on the control strategy,a control software was designed and tested on a tracked vehicle with AMT. The test results showthat the control of the clutch with the slowdriving function was smoother than that with original systemand the vehicle speed was slower and steadier.

缓控释肥硅基膜材的制备与表征

以钙镁磷肥、硅丙树脂为主要原料,加入甲基硅酸钠作粘结剂,制备了缓控释肥硅基膜材,并采用撒粉离心包衣、底喷式流化床工艺制备了密封型硅钙镁磷肥、粘结型硅钙镁磷肥、改性硅丙树脂3种包膜尿素,通过静水试验研究了此3种包膜尿素的释放特征。结果表明,3种包膜尿素的释放周期分别为60、79、96 d,在水中均能保持完整球形,耐水性较好。通过扫描电镜、红外光谱、X-射线衍射法对膜材形貌特征和结构进行表征,发现钙镁磷肥和硅丙树脂为成膜材料;甲基硅酸钠作为密封剂和防水剂参与了成膜反应,有效增加了膜材的塑性和韧性,此复合材料可用作缓控释肥的胶结剂和包膜剂。

温度敏感型缓/控释肥料的温度响应特征、养分释放性能与温敏机理研究进展

温度是影响缓/控释肥料养分释放特性的重要因素,开发温度敏感型缓/控释肥料可以使肥料养分释放与作物养分需求更加匹配,从而提高肥料利用效率,促进农业可持续发展。本文综述了聚酰胺类、聚醚类、聚酯类、多糖类以及温敏聚氨酯等常见的温敏聚合物材料的来源、类型和机理,详细阐述了聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(PNIPAM)、聚N-乙烯基己内酰胺(PNVCL)、环氧乙烷/环氧丙烷嵌段共聚物(EO/PO)、甲基纤维素和温敏聚氨酯等常见温敏聚合物材料用作温敏缓/控释肥料包膜材料的国内外研究进展,并评估了其在温敏缓/控释肥料中应用的可行性与优缺点。根据温敏特性,将温敏缓/控释肥料分为低临界溶解温度(LCST)响应型和结晶转变温度(Tm)/玻璃化转变温度(Tg)响应型两大类,并详细总结了这两种类型的制备方法、特征、养分释放性能以及分子作用机制。最后,指出温敏型缓/控释肥料的研发尚处于初级阶段,未来应深入开展天然高分子温敏材料的基础研究和创新,筛选绿色可生物降解温敏聚氨酯材料,研发作物和区域专用型温敏缓/控释肥料。

缓/控释硫酸铵减量施用对玉米生长及土壤氮素平衡的影响

为筛选工业副产物—硫酸铵的最优处置措施,采用双因素裂区设计,主因素为施氮水平:常规施肥(C)、减量施肥(D);副因素为氮肥类型:尿素(U)、硫酸铵(AS)、缓/控释硫酸铵Ⅰ型(ASN、硫酸铵+硝化抑制剂)、缓/控释硫酸铵Ⅱ型(ASO、油脂包膜硫酸铵)、缓/控释硫酸铵Ⅲ型(ASH、油脂-腐植酸包膜硫酸铵),共10个处理,研究辅以不同增效措施后,硫酸铵施用对玉米(Zea mays L.)生长、氮吸收及土壤氮素平衡的影响。结果表明,减量施肥下,ASO处理的单穗重、穗长和植株干物质量均最高,分别较其他处理提高1.80%~30.29%、2.00%~13.91%和5.65%~24.21%。常规施肥下U处理玉米农艺性状指标高于其他氮肥类型处理。两种施氮水平下,缓/控释硫酸铵型施肥处理的有效穗数分别较其他处理提高5.36%~25.93%和9.82%~32.76%,以ASO处理最优,且其在减量施肥下的玉米叶片氮积累量显著高于其他处理;玉米产量则均以AS处理最低;ASH处理0~20 cm土层土壤各形态氮含量均显著高于其他氮肥类型,20~40 cm土层土壤碱解氮含量是其他处理的1.45~2.55倍;ASO处理20~40 cm土层土壤碱解氮、铵态氮含量均处于中等水平,说明ASO处理具有较好的缓/控释效果。所有氮肥类型在常规施肥下的表观氮损失均高于其减量施肥,且减量施肥下ASO处理的表观氮损失显著低于其他处理(U处理除外)。综上,与其他处理相比,减量施用油脂包膜硫酸铵可改善玉米农艺性状,显著提高玉米产量,降低土壤表观氮损失。本研究为推动工业副产硫酸铵的高效资源化利用提供了理论依据。

负载胰岛素的透明质酸温敏水凝胶的制备及体外释放评价

目的:制备负载胰岛素的透明质酸温敏水凝胶并对其进行初步评价。方法:通过酰肼交联反应得到己二酰肼/透明质酸,再利用自由基聚合法合成透明质酸温敏水凝胶;采用核磁共振氢谱对其进行结构确认,扫描电子显微镜观察其微观形态结构;采用紫外分光光度法测定最低临界温度;以牛胰岛素作为模型药物,透明质酸温敏水凝胶作为递送载体,对其药物体外释放行为进行考察。结果:成功合成并制备了胰岛素装载的透明质酸温敏水凝胶。该水凝胶呈现三维网络类蜂窝结构,最低临界温度在30℃左右。体外释放结果显示,载药水凝胶在72 h内药物累积释放不到50%,而对照组在24 h内药物累积释放率几乎达到100%。结论:本研究所制备的透明质酸温敏水凝胶对胰岛素有一定的缓释作用,可作为大分子药物的递送载体。

袋控缓释铁肥提高梨树铁素利用率

为探究袋控缓释铁肥改善梨树缺铁黄化的效果,采用硫酸亚铁与柠檬酸混合包装,并在肥料袋中添加生根诱导调节剂6-BA,设袋控缓释铁肥(HF)、撒施铁肥(SF)和不施铁肥(CK)3个处理,分析了其对梨树细根生长状况、叶片SPAD值以及叶片活性铁含量的影响。结果表明,HF梨树根系的细根最长、根体积和根表面积最大,其中在根长和根体积指标上显著高于SF和CK(P<0.05);HF和SF两处理在生长季内细根数量显著高于CK(P<0.05);HF肥效缓慢且稳定,持续维持一定的根系生物量,延长了梨树根系的褐变时间,其中HF褐变时间最长,为54 d,其次是SF,为43 d,CK为25 d,各处理间差异显著(P<0.05);HF显著提高了根系活力(P<0.05)。HF叶片SPAD值在7月和8月显著高于SF与CK(P<0.05)。8月各处理间梨树叶片活性铁含量差异显著(P<0.05),以HF的活性铁含量最高,为27.36 mg/kg。袋控缓释铁肥有效提高了梨树铁素利用率。

不同缓/控释肥对玉米产量·经济效益及肥料利用率的影响

[目的]探究冀南平原玉米种植的缓/控释肥的应用效果。[方法]以邯玉398为材料,选取3种常见的玉米缓/控释复合肥进行田间试验,分析了不同类型缓/控释肥对玉米产量、经济效益及肥料利用率的影响。[结果]施用硫包衣缓/控释复合肥的玉米产量、利润及农学利用效率较常规复合肥分别降低1.95%、3.27%、8.27%~31.21%;施用树脂包衣缓/控释复合肥的玉米产量提高0.65%,但利润、总养分量、磷、钾偏生产力和总养分量农学利用效率分别降低了1.45%、22.59%、49.67%、49.67%、20.09%;施用脲甲醛缓/控释复合肥的玉米产量、利润及总养分量偏生产力和农学利用效率较常规复合肥分别提高5.98%、5.50%、5.99%、25.22%,且产量、利润显著提高。[结论]综合分析,脲甲醛缓/控释复合肥可作为冀南平原玉米种植中的优先推荐。

缓控释肥处理下油橄榄土壤微生物多样性特征分析

为了探究油橄榄健康施肥和实现土壤可持续化经营管理提供理论和实践依据,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术对不同缓释肥处理下的油橄榄种植地0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层土壤微生物多样性及群落特征进行研究。结果显示:(1)细菌OUT隶属于35门111纲268目485科1087属;真菌OUT隶属14门42纲95目230科431属。(2)变形菌门、放线菌门、酸杆菌门、厚壁菌门、绿弯菌门和芽单胞菌门为优势细菌门,子囊菌门、担子菌门和被包霉门为优势真菌门;假单胞菌属、67-14、索利红杆菌属、Subgroup_6和红色杆菌属为优势细菌属,镰刀菌属、无茎真菌属、瓶毛壳属、小囊菌属和葡孢霉属为优势真菌属。(3)施肥处理能明显促进土壤中0~20 cm土层的真菌和0~10 cm土层的细菌生长,而抑制10~20 cm细菌生长。(4)细菌和真菌群落分布与土层相关性较小;各个处理下土壤细菌群落结构差异不明显,而真菌则存在明显差异。研究表明,施用缓控释肥能够有效增加土壤中微生物多样性,尤其是混合施肥效果更明显,6 kg半焦肥+8颗力浮丸的组合可作为生产实践中的优选参考方案。

Migration and Transformation of Coated Controlled Release Nitrogen in Soil under Co-situs Application Mode

By using field trials, the migration and transformation of coated controlled release nitrogen （YZS80） in soil under the co-situs application mode were studied. The results indicated that YZS80 nitrogen dissolved out in average speed of about 0.4%/d and 32% totally in 80 d compared with common compound fertUizer. For YZS80, in the vertical downward direction of application points, urea nitrogen content increased significantly （P 〈0.05） in the 45 -80 d and the 30 -60 cm soil layers; nitrate nitrogen content was little change range and in moderate （10 -100 mg/kg） in 0 -80 d and 10 -60 cm soil layers, but increased significantly （ P 〈0.05） 45 -80 d compared to 0 -45 d; ammonium nitrogen content was significant lower （P〈0.05） before 45 d in 10 -30 cm soil layers, but significant higher（P〈0.05） after 45 d in 10 -60 cm soil layers; NO3^- -N/NH4^＋ -N meets gradually the needs of the crop with the extension of time. Under the co-situs application mode, the possibility of burning root and salt injury and loss dsk of nitrate leaching is a significant reduction.

不同类型缓控释尿素一次性基施对高粱产量、氮素利用的影响

以机械化高粱品种晋杂34为试验材料,在相同施纯氮量150 kg/hm2条件下,设置不施氮(CK)、施普通尿素(C1)、施缓释尿素(C2)、施硫包衣尿素(C3)、施聚能网尿素(C4)、施腐植酸尿素(C5)6个处理,研究不同类型缓控释尿素一次性基施对高粱农艺性状、产量、氮素利用效率和土壤硝态氮累积量的影响,为提高高粱一次性基施氮肥的利用率和减少土壤环境污染提供理论依据。结果表明,施尿素处理高粱穗长、穗粒质量、千粒质量、产量分别较CK显著提高8.32%~13.71%、21.05%~42.44%、5.24%~10.32%、16.08%~24.74%,有效穗数提高5.09%~18.38%。通径分析结果表明,施尿素处理主要通过提高高粱穗粒质量来增加产量。与C1处理相比,C3和C4处理穗粒质量、千粒质量、产量和地上部氮累积量分别显著提高17.25%和6.25%,4.34%和4.83%,7.46%和5.84%,17.99%和10.00%;氮肥利用率(NUE)、氮肥农学效率(NAE)、氮肥偏生产力(NPFP)、氮素吸收效率(NUPE)分别提高88.03%和48.89%,53.93%和42.15%,7.47%和5.84%,18.00%和10.00%。C3处理穗粒质量、籽粒氮累积量、地上部氮累积量、NUE、NUPE分别较C4处理显著提高10.35%、7.24%、7.27%、26.28%、7.27%。同时,C3处理0~60 cm土层土壤硝态氮累积量较其他施尿素处理显著降低8.65%~31.30%,且残留的硝态氮主要分布在0~40 cm土层。综上,在设置试验条件下,采用硫包衣尿素一次性基施能够显著促进高粱籽粒和地上部对氮素的吸收,提高高粱产量和氮肥利用效率,有效降低硝态氮在土壤中的累积,减少硝态氮向深层土层淋洗的风险,是适宜推广的氮肥施用方式。

吉林省复混肥料“产—销—用”现状调研与产业发展建议

采用抽样调查方法,2021—2022年对吉林省复混肥企业、不同地区的乡/镇肥料经销商和玉米种植户开展问卷调查,分别收到有效问卷20、85和255份,分析了“产—销—用”环节的产品类型、养分含量及群体特征,为区域化肥产业发展、农田减肥增效提供参考。结果表明,40年来吉林省农业生产中复混肥投入量持续增加,目前肥料复合化率达70%,远超全国平均水平。总体上,吉林省复混肥企业的复合肥、掺混肥产品占比平均分别为46.1%和53.9%,具有缓/控释功能产品占比平均为51.6%。不同规模企业的产品类型差异明显,大中型企业以复合肥为主(占比分别为75.4%和58.9%),小型企业以掺混肥为主(占比85.5%),大、中、小型企业生产缓/控释肥的平均比例分别为21.7%、50.6%和74.8%。乡/镇肥料经销商销售的复混肥品牌大多在3~4个(占比55%),吉林省内肥料企业产品平均占比46.7%。复合肥、掺混肥平均销售比例分别为47.9%和52.1%,缓/控释肥平均销售比例为37.4%。玉米种植户采用一次性施肥方式的平均比例达76%,复合肥、掺混肥平均施用比例分别为43.6%和56.4%,缓/控释肥平均施用比例为42.7%。相比西部地区,中东部地区掺混肥、缓/控释肥的销售与使用比例明显更高。总养分含量45%~50%、含氮量≥25%的复混肥是吉林省生产、销售及施用的主要产品,小型企业的高氮肥产品占比更高,中东部地区总养分含量≥50%、含氮量≥25%的肥料售用比例也明显高于西部地区。肥料经销商和玉米种植户年龄主体分别为40~50和50~60岁,受教育程度分别以高中和初中学历为主,部分有较高学历的中青年经销商(38.8%)和农户(19.6%)认为控释肥材料可能存在环境污染风险。不同地区农户选购肥料首要的考虑因素均为肥料价格(占比24.9%),而后为肥料效果、肥料品牌和经销商宣传等。可见,目前掺混肥及高浓度、高含氮量肥料成为吉林省复混肥“产—销—用”主流产品,缓/控释产品比例大幅增加,建议未来从肥料立法、产品创新、优化营销和强化服务等方面进一步推进肥料行业转型、促进农业绿色发展。