The concept of performance-based design, which mainly focuses on mechanical performance, has become the international standard, as in the case for ISO. The standardization of tunnel design has not been achieved becaus...The concept of performance-based design, which mainly focuses on mechanical performance, has become the international standard, as in the case for ISO. The standardization of tunnel design has not been achieved because it requires integration of separate specialized fields, such as geotechnical engineering, structural engineering and concrete engineering. It is also required to clarify performance-based criteria for tunnel structures to suit specific use purposes (objectives), establish the concept of survey, planning, design, construction and maintenance based on such criteria, and develop proper management systems for operation and maintenance to suit specific tunnel use purposes. To this end, it is vital to develop a methodology for evaluating and verifying the performance of existing tunnels. This paper presents a new concept of performance requirements for tunnel structures and describes the method of quantitatively evaluating the total performance of existing tunnels in relation to the required performance, assuming the total performance to be based on the Analysis Hierarchy Process.展开更多
作为新型烟草制品领域最具发展潜力的产品,以IQOS为代表的加热烟草产品(Heated Tobacco Products,HTPs)发展迅猛,为了进一步促进国内企业HTPs产品研发,本文围绕HTPs烟具的电池管理系统(Battery management system,BMS)剖析了国内外部分...作为新型烟草制品领域最具发展潜力的产品,以IQOS为代表的加热烟草产品(Heated Tobacco Products,HTPs)发展迅猛,为了进一步促进国内企业HTPs产品研发,本文围绕HTPs烟具的电池管理系统(Battery management system,BMS)剖析了国内外部分烟草公司现有烟具BMS的设计方案、功能参数,综述了BMS总框架、电池温度估计方法、SOC(State of charge)估计方法、SOH(State of health)估计方法、SOF(State of function)估计方法、SOE(State of energy)估计方法、IBS(Intelligent battery sensor)参数检测与信息存储、故障诊断报警方面的理论研究和技术要点,总结了研究难点,结合理论研究和存在问题,为今后的研究开发提出了建议。展开更多
文摘The concept of performance-based design, which mainly focuses on mechanical performance, has become the international standard, as in the case for ISO. The standardization of tunnel design has not been achieved because it requires integration of separate specialized fields, such as geotechnical engineering, structural engineering and concrete engineering. It is also required to clarify performance-based criteria for tunnel structures to suit specific use purposes (objectives), establish the concept of survey, planning, design, construction and maintenance based on such criteria, and develop proper management systems for operation and maintenance to suit specific tunnel use purposes. To this end, it is vital to develop a methodology for evaluating and verifying the performance of existing tunnels. This paper presents a new concept of performance requirements for tunnel structures and describes the method of quantitatively evaluating the total performance of existing tunnels in relation to the required performance, assuming the total performance to be based on the Analysis Hierarchy Process.
文摘作为新型烟草制品领域最具发展潜力的产品,以IQOS为代表的加热烟草产品(Heated Tobacco Products,HTPs)发展迅猛,为了进一步促进国内企业HTPs产品研发,本文围绕HTPs烟具的电池管理系统(Battery management system,BMS)剖析了国内外部分烟草公司现有烟具BMS的设计方案、功能参数,综述了BMS总框架、电池温度估计方法、SOC(State of charge)估计方法、SOH(State of health)估计方法、SOF(State of function)估计方法、SOE(State of energy)估计方法、IBS(Intelligent battery sensor)参数检测与信息存储、故障诊断报警方面的理论研究和技术要点,总结了研究难点,结合理论研究和存在问题,为今后的研究开发提出了建议。
