Smokeless Tobacco Use among Women in Kasama District-Zambia

Background: Smokeless tobacco is defined as a product that contains tobacco, is not smoked or burned at the time of use, and commonly consumed orally or nasally. These products can be placed in the mouth, cheek or the lip and are sucked or chewed. The Zambian government, in the 2019 country report, gave an estimated figure of 4.5% of females aged 15 years and above in 2017 used smokeless tobacco and by 31st December, 2018, there was an increase of smokeless tobacco users to 6.8% women of the same age group. This study aimed to explore the extent of smokeless tobacco use among women in Kasama district-Zambia. Methodology: An analytical cross-sectional quantitative study design was used to collect data using the modified structured interview schedule, adopted from Medicine for Global Health. Simple random sampling method using rotary technique was used to select 430 respondents after meeting the inclusion criteria. Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained. Data was analysed using version 26.0 of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Appropriate parametric or non-parametric statistical tests (Chi-squared or Fisher’s exact test) were adopted in testing for associations between variables. Univariable and multivariable binary logistic regression analysis were employed in identifying smokeless tobacco use among women using an investigator-led stepwise approach, guided by various fit statistics and the likelihood ratio test. All statistical analyses adopted a 5% significance level at 95% confidence interval. Results: The results showed that most of the respondents were aged between 18 and 25 years (45.6%), (53.7%) lived in urban settlements and the majority (80%) were unemployed. The majority of respondents (83.5%) had a friend/relative who used smokeless tobacco and over half (53.5%) thought smokeless tobacco was beneficial to them. The commonly mentioned benefits of smokeless tobacco included body warmth (13.6%) and vaginal tightening (7.9%). The results revealed that most of the respondents attained a secondary level of education (38.4%). According to the study, smokeless tobacco use among women of Kasama-Zambia was significantly associated with the following;age (p Conclusion: Based on these findings, the study recommends that efforts should be channeled towards the dissemination of information on the impacts of smokeless tobacco use in order to overcome cultural beliefs attached to smokeless tobacco use.

气化无烟煤高效助熔剂研究与实践

研究了晋城矿区高硫无烟粉煤的煤灰特性,特别是灰熔点和黏温特性。针对这些特性,通过大量基础分析和试验,采用添加助熔剂的方法,成功将入炉煤灰熔点降低至1300℃左右,保证了气化炉的稳定运行。

甲午战争中日海军舰炮弹药技术优劣研究

在事关中日国运的甲午战争黄海大东沟海域遭遇战中,北洋海军的舰炮架退炮偏多,速射炮偏少,且弹药技术落后,使用黑火药填充、使用黑火药钝化成的栗色药发射。日本海军大量装备英国阿摩斯壮式速射炮,并使用威力更大的混装爆裂药和黑火药的炮弹,舰炮主弹为填装苦味酸爆裂药、带有引信的穿甲弹,使用无烟药发射。海军装备技术决定国运的兴衰,中日海军舰炮弹药技术代差明显,日本海军装备胜出一筹并在海战中起到制胜作用。黄海海战结束后,北洋舰队屡战屡败而最终覆灭,晚清也失去了制海权。

The effects of oral smokeless tobacco administration on endurance performance

Background： Smokeless tobacco is widely used by athletes to enhance performance. Nicotine is a central nervous system stimulant and acts on cardiocirculatory and metabolic systems, involving tissue blood flow and circulatory vasoreactivity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the oral smokeless tobacco （Swedish snus （SS）） on the perception of fatigue and time to exhaustion （TTE） during moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. Methods： Fourteen healthy non-tobacco male users were recruited for a double-blind, controlled crossover design （SS vs. snus placebo （SP））. Subjects were tested for 3 sessions： experimental session 1 （Exp 1） consisted of an incremental test to determine the maximal aerobic power out-put （Wmax）, whereas Exp2 and Exp3 consisted of exercising at 65%Wmax until exhaustion in SS or SP conditions. During Exp2 and Exp3, muscle and cerebral oxygenation was assessed by means of near-infrared spectroscopy, and the rating of perceived exertion （RPE） was recorded. Results： Comparing SS with SP tests, significant differences （p 〈 0.05） were found in the values of cerebral （-3%） and muscular tissues oxygenation （-4%） in the first 30 min of exercise. The RPE values were not significantly different between the 2 conditions （SS vs. SP）. No significant difference was found in TTE （SS： 54.25 ± 21.84 min; SP： 50.01 ± 17.03 min）. Conclusion： This study showed that muscular and cerebral oxygenation increased significantly with snus administration during an endurance exercise until exhaustion, but this did not affect fatigue perception and TTE. The results showed that snus could not be considered an ergogenic substance in non-tobacco users.2018 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Shanghai University of Sport. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license. （http：//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/）.

Histological Features of Parotid Gland of Albino Rats Exposed to. Smokeless Tobacco

Smokeless tobacco is very common personal habit of people living in various areas of Asia which is an alarming sign for the development of different oral diseases in such people. The aim of present study was to investigate effects of smokeless tobacco on parofid glands of the Aalbano rats by using various percentages of the smokeless tobacco. The rats were divided into three different groups, control group （A） no smokeless tobacco, experimental group （B） 5% smokeless tobacco and experimental group （C） 10% of smokeless tobacco with different feeds required according parameters. Weekly weight gain and partid gland were analyzed through student P test and histological structures were recorded through HE stain and Retculin stain. The results showed that as compared to control group body, weight of the rats was decreased in groups B and C having smokeless tobacco percentage in the diet. Weight of parotid gland as compared to control group was decreased in groups B and C with diet of smokeless tobacco. Further, histological observation under HE stain showed that parofid gland of group B showed mild narrowing of ductal lumen, collapse of vessels and stromal was also increased, in group C parenchyrnal tissues with loss of acini found damaged and glandular dystrop and lymphatic infiltration were determined moderate to severe. Meanwhile, reticulin stain showed that vascular collapses were shown because of increasing in stromal glandular atrophy in group C as compared to control group. In conclusion, this study showed that smokeless tobacco caused serious injuries in the tissue level in parotid gland with high percentage of smokeless tobacco which highlight health hazards on its consumption.

Gene Expression Changes and Signal Transduction Pathway Alterations in Primary Human Oral Epithelial Cells Exposed to Smokeless Tobacco Extracts

Smokeless tobacco (ST), an alternative to smoking, has gained wide popularity among tobacco users. This study is conducted to determine the time course of gene expression associated with specific signaling pathways in human oral epithelial cells after exposure to smokeless tobacco extract (STE). A differentiated layer of epithelial cell is created as a way to mimic reasonably similar physiological atmosphere. A dose and time dependent response is observed for cell viability and cell proliferation assays indicating that this model system is responsive to the treatment. Expressions of 84 genes representing 18 different signal transduction pathways are quantitated. This is accomplished by using real-time polymerase chain reaction arrays at 1 h, 3 h, 6 h and 24 h time points following exposure to STE. Changes in gene expression are observed on many cellular processes including cell cycle regulation, cell adhesion, inflammation, apoptosis, and DNA breaks-down including Akt pathway activation. Short time exposure (1 h) leads more genes to down regulate whereas longer incubation time results in more genes up regulation. Most notable differences in the expression of genes during the course of treatment are BCL2A1, BIRC3, CCL20, CDK2, EGR1, FOXA2, HOXA1, IGFBP3, IL1A, IL-8, MMP10, NOS2, NRIP1, PTGS2, SELPLG and TNF-a. This study provides an insight on gene expression on oral epithelial cells as a result of STE exposure. This may also postulate greater understanding on biological effects and the mechanism of action of STE particularly at the transcriptional level.

Pregnancy Outcomes in Smokeless Tobacco Users Cohort Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital

There is a dearth of literature regarding the pregnancy outcomes in antenatal women using smokeless tobacco products (STP). Objective: To compare maternal and neonatal pregnancy outcomes in antenatal women using smokeless tobacco products with those not using tobacco products. Method: Pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at Guru Teg Bahadur hospital, Delhi received brief information about smokeless tobacco products. Antenatal women using STP and matched controls, 92 in each group (total 184) were recruited for the study. After obtaining consent, the urinary cotinine level was measured in both groups at first contact. Antenatal, labour and postpartum events were recorded in both groups. Urinary cotinine levels were again measured at 6 months in the user group. Results: Average age of antenatal women under study was 24.8 yrs and 25.21 yrs in user and non-user groups respectively. More women in the user group were illiterate (P ? 20.39 μg/ml and 24.37 +/? 20.14 μg/ml respectively (p < 0.0001). Women using STPs for more than 5 yrs recorded higher urinary cotinine levels. There was no significant difference in urinary cotinine levels with the type of tobacco product consumed. Pregnancy outcomes of 39 women are known. There was no significant difference in antenatal, intra-natal and postpartum complications in the two groups. Neonatal weight difference was 20 gms.Conclusion: Smokeless tobacco products are the most common forms used by women in low and middle income countries. Larger studies are required to understand their effects on pregnancy outcomes.

Review with meta-analysis relating North American,European and Japanese snus or smokeless tobacco use to major smoking-related diseases

BACKGROUND While extensive information exists relating cigarette smoking to the risk of lung cancer,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD),ischaemic heart disease(IHD)or acute myocardial infarction(AMI),and stroke,far less information is available on risks from moist snuff(“snus”)or smokeless tobacco(ST)in United States/Canada,Europe or Japan.AIM To summarize data from the selected countries on risks of the four diseases associated with current ST or snus use.METHODS Publications in English in 1990-2020 were considered that,based on epidemiological studies in North America,Europe or Japan,estimated risks of lung cancer,COPD,IHD/AMI,or stroke according to use of ST or snus.The studies should involve at least 100 cases of the disease considered,and not be restricted to those with specific other diseases.Medline literature searches were conducted,selecting papers initially from examination of titles and abstracts,and then from full texts.Further papers were sought from reference lists in selected papers,reviews and meta-analyses.For each disease,relative risk estimates adjusted at least for age were extracted relating ST or snus use to risk,and combined using random-effects meta-analysis.The estimates were mainly for current vs.never or non-current use,but results for ever vs never use were also considered.RESULTS Seven publications reported results for ST use from six United States studies.The most useful results came from four studies which provided results for current vs.never use.Random-effects meta-analyses of these results showed an increased risk for each disease,clearest for lung cancer(relative risk 1.59,95%confidence interval 1.06-2.39,based on 4 estimates)and COPD(1.57,1.09-2.26,n=3),but also significant(at P<0.05)for IHD(1.26,1.10-1.45,n=4)and stroke(1.27,1.03-1.57,n=4).Also including results for ever vs.never use from two other studies increased the lung cancer estimate to 1.80(1.23-2.64,n=6),but had little effect on the other estimates.For snus,16 publications described results from 12 studies,one in Norway and the rest in Sweden.There were no results for COPD,and only three for lung cancer,with these reporting a relative risk of 0.80(0.40-1.30)for current vs never use.More extensive data were available for IHD/AMI and stroke.Using the latest results from each study,combined estimates for current vs.never use were 1.00(0.91-1.11,n=5)for IHD/AMI and 1.05(0.95-1.17,n=2)for stroke,while for current vs.non-current use they were 1.10(0.92-1.33,n=9)for IHD/AMI and 1.12(0.86-1.45,n=9)for stroke.Meta-analyses including earlier results from some studies also showed no significant association between snus use and IHD/AMI or stroke.No relevant results were found for Japan.CONCLUSION Risks of smoking-related diseases from snus use in Scandinavia are not demonstrated,while those from ST use in the United States are less than from smoking.

无烟艾灸对哮喘患儿肺功能及血清IL-6、IL-17、IL-33、VEGF表达的影响

目的 探讨无烟艾灸对哮喘(classic asthma,CA)患儿肺功能及血清白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、IL-17、IL-33、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达的影响。方法 回顾性选取2018年1月—2021年12月于右江民族医学院附属医院确诊并收治的100例CA患儿的临床资料,根据1∶1简单随机数表法将患儿分为观察组(n=50)和对照组(n=50)。两组均行平喘、解痉对症处理,在此基础上对照组予以沙美特罗替卡松吸入剂治疗,观察组在其基础上联合应用无烟艾灸,持续干预2周。治疗后比较两组临床疗效、肺功能水平、炎症和血管内皮功能水平。结果 治疗后观察组与对照组总有效率(94.00%vs 92.00%)比较,差异无统计学意义(χ^(2)=0.000,P=1.000)。治疗后观察组用力肺活量(FVC)、一秒钟用力呼气容积(FEV1)均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=2.682、2.863,P<0.05)。治疗后观察组血清IL-6、IL-17、IL-33、VEGF及一氧化氮(NO)均显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=3.359、3.209、2.585、3.083、2.464,P<0.05)。结论 无烟艾灸联合治疗与单纯西药治疗CA患儿的疗效相当,但无烟艾灸联合治疗可以更好地降低血清炎症水平,并改善肺功能。

全封闭无烟装煤车在安钢焦化厂的应用

为满足日益严格的环保要求,通过对全封闭无烟装煤车原理及存在的问题进行分析,对相关工艺及设备进行改良,对操作制度进行优化等一系列措施的实施,实现了在装煤过程中不冒烟,符合无可见烟尘外逸的国家无组织排放环保标准要求。

超龄焦炉升级改造恢复先进指标过程中关键技术的选择与应用

针对河钢宣钢焦化厂1号、2号焦炉进行升级改造,过程中引入多项国内先进技术,改造后的两座焦炉成为具有环保、高效、智能等特点的现代化焦炉,通过负压运行实现了6 m焦炉无烟生产,达到了生产过程超低排放的环保效果,使企业向创建环保A级绩效的目标迈进了坚实一步。

无烟灸联合体外膈肌起搏在重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期患者中的应用效果

目的:探讨无烟灸联合体外膈肌起搏在重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期患者中的应用效果。方法:选取2020年1月—2021年12月大兴区中西医结合医院收治的90例重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期患者作为研究对象,根据随机数字表法分为对照组与观察组,各45例。两组均给予常规治疗,对照组应用体外膈肌起搏器治疗,观察组在对照组基础上应用无烟灸治疗。比较两组治疗效果。结果:治疗后,观察组膈肌功能、肺通气功能、血气指标、6 min步行距离、日常生活能力、生活质量均优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:无烟灸联合体外膈肌起搏在重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期患者中的应用效果显著,可改善患者膈肌功能、肺通气功能、动脉血气指标、运动耐力及日常生活能力,有利于提升生活质量,具有良好的肺康复效果。

无烟红外线艾灸对脑卒中后遗症患者运动功能康复及恢复生活质量的研究

目的 探究无烟红外线艾灸对脑卒中后遗症患者运动功能康复及恢复生活质量的影响。方法 选择佛山市第二人民医院康复科2021年3月-2022年5月收治脑卒中后遗症患者50例作为研究对象。采用随机数字表法将患者平均分成两组,对照组进行常规康复护理,试验组在常规康复护理基础上,增加无烟红外线艾灸,每组各25例。比较两组患者神经功能、肢体运动能力、肌张力、生活质量。结果 两组神经功能缺损评定量表(NIHSS)得分护理前比较(P>0.05);护理后,两组NIHSS得分均明显少于护理前(P<0.05)。试验组护理后NIHSS得分明显少于对照组(P<0.05)。两组患者护理前比较肢体运动能力,上肢FMA得分、下肢FMA得分之间(P>0.05);护理后,两组上肢FMA得分、下肢FMA得分均比护理前增加(P<0.05)。试验组上肢FMA得分、下肢FMA得分与对照组进行护理后比较(P<0.05)。两组患者上、下肢肌张力评分(Ashworth)护理前比较(P>0.05);护理后,两组上、下肢Ashworth评分均减少(P<0.05)。试验组护理后上、下肢Ashworth评分均比对照组少(P<0.05)。两组生活质量(SF-36)评分比较,护理前组间(P>0.05)。护理后,两组SF-36评分均比护理前增加,且试验组得分显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 在脑卒中后遗症患者康复护理中给予无烟红外线艾灸,可以促进运动功能康复,提高生活质量。

口含烟发展现状及原料研究进展

在世界控烟越来越严峻的形势下,各国烟草生产者把口含型烟草制品或卷烟替代品的研究和开发作为发展的重要目标和竞争点。我国的口含型烟草制品研发领域尚处于初级阶段。为了解口含烟的发展状况及原料需求,对口含型烟草制品的主要种类、发展历程及现状、销售状况及原料的需求种类和特点进行综述,展望了口含型烟草制品的未来发展方向及前景。

加热型无烟气烟草制品专利技术统计分析

为使我国烟草行业相关科研技术人员准确把握加热型无烟气烟草制品研发的技术特点,对2001~2012年国家知识产权局和欧洲专利局世界专利数据库有关加热型无烟气烟草制品专利进行了检索、统计和分析。结果表明：①2001~2012年国家知识产权局共公开264件加热型无烟气烟草制品专利。其中,电加热型专利251件,燃料加热型专利8件,理化反应加热型专利5件;②2001~2012年欧洲专利局世界专利数据库中有加热型无烟气烟草制品专利254件。其中,电加热型专利192件,燃料加热型专利45件,理化反应加热型专利17件;③国外企业在我国申请的加热型无烟气烟草制品专利有27件,其中发明专利24件,菲.莫公司12件,日本烟草公司5件;④近10年间我国烟草行业申请4件加热型无烟气烟草制品方面的专利,而且都是实用新型。国外烟草企业在加热型无烟气烟草制品领域的专利拥有量占优势,尤其是在含有可见的烟草物质的电加热型卷烟领域,在我国已初步形成了较为严密的专利布局,而我国烟草行业在加热型无烟气烟草制品的专利明显处于弱势地位,在该领域的研发力度有待加强。

无烟气烟草制品技术发展现状及趋势研究

为把握国外无烟气烟草制品研发的技术特点和发展趋势,借助Thomson Innovation专利分析工具对1985-2014年间无烟气烟草制品技术专利进行分析,系统揭示近30年来无烟气烟草制品的研发现状与态势、研发热点以及技术分布。分析结果表明：专利申请变化趋势受政策影响较大;中国和美国是无烟气烟草制品技术专利申请的主要国家;3类无烟气烟草制品技术研发热点各有不同;以跨国烟草公司为代表的企业通过收购与并购成为无烟气烟草制品技术研发的主导力量。

铅盐对高能无烟改性双基推进剂燃烧性能的影响

研究了7种铅盐(PCDS、PDS、NIP、NTO铅、2,4-二羟基苯甲酸铅、苯二甲酸铅、碳酸铅)对高能无烟改性双基推进剂燃烧性能的影响。结果表明,铅盐的燃烧催化作用可能与铅盐的分子结构有关,上述铅盐中PCDS对高能无烟改性双基推进剂的燃烧催化效果最好;铅盐和炭黑复配体系可提高推进剂燃速,并降低压强指数。

无烟气烟草制品的发展现状和趋势

综述了国外无烟气烟草制品的发展历史、产品类型、生产工艺、主要生产厂商和品牌以及相关监管法规等内容,旨在为国内无烟气烟草制品的研制和监管提供参考。

国外口含型无烟气烟草制品总烟碱、游离烟碱和烟草特有亚硝胺含量分析

采用CORESTA推荐方法测定了65种国外口含型无烟气烟草制品样品的含水率、烟碱、pH、游离烟碱和4种烟草特有亚硝胺(TSNAs)。结果表明,口含型无烟气烟草制品的各项化学指标差异显著:含水率为12.07%～55.58%;pH为5.55～8.98;以湿重计,烟碱含量为5.41～27.68 mg/g,释放游离烟碱含量为0.63～10.46 mg/g,游离烟碱释放率为7.8%～72.3%;N-亚硝基降烟碱(NNN)为0.31～17.00μg/g,4-(N-亚硝基甲胺基)-1-(3-吡啶基)-1-丁酮(NNK)为0.07～6.00μg/g,N-亚硝基新烟草碱(NAT)为0.11～6.51μg/g,N-亚硝基假木贼碱(NAB)为0.01～2.54μg/g,同一样品中4种TSNAs总含量为0.54～31.91μg/g。