Segment-based traffic smoothing algorithm for VBR video stream

Transmission of variable bit rate (VBR) video, because of the burstiness of VBR video traffic, has high fluctuation in bandwidth requirement. Traffic smoothing algorithm is very efficient in reducing burstiness of the VBR video stream by trans- mitting data in a series of fixed rates. We propose in this paper a novel segment-based bandwidth allocation algorithm which dynamically adjusts the segmentation boundary and changes the transmission rate at the latest possible point so that the video segment will be extended as long as possible and the number of rate changes can be as small as possible while keeping the peak rate low. Simulation results showed that our approach has small bandwidth requirement, high bandwidth utilization and low computation cost.

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS FOR ATM SWITCHING OF MIXED CONTINUOUS-BIT-RATE AND BURSTY TRAFFIC WITH SMOOTHING FUNCTION

Traditional packet switching networks have typically employed window-based congestion control schemes in order to regulate traffic flow. In ATM networks, the high speed of the communication links and the varied nature of the carried traffic make such schemes inappropriate. Therefore, simpler and more efficient schemes have to be proposed to improve the congestion control for ATM switching. This paper presents an exact performance analysis of ATM switching whose inputs consist of Continuous-Bit-Rate(CBR) and bursty traffic. The CBR traffic and bursty traffic are described by Bernoulli process and the Interrupted Bernoulli Process(IBP), respectively. Bursty traffic smoothing mechanism is analyzed. With the use of a recursive algorithm, the cell loss probability and the average delay for ATM switching of mixed CBR and bursty traffic are exactly calculated. Traffic smoothing could be implemented at a slower peak rate keeping the average rate constant or decreasing the average bursty length. Both numerical

Video-based measurement and data analysis of traffic flow on urban expressways

A new video-based measurement is proposed to collect and investigate traffic flow parameters. The output of the measurement is velocity-headway distance data pairs. Because density can be directly acquired by the reciprocal of headway distance, the data pairs have the advantage of better simultaneity than those from common detectors. By now, over 33 000 pairs of data have been collected from two road sections in the cities of Shanghai and Zhengzhou. Through analyzing the video files recording traffic movements on urban expressways, the following issues are studied：laws of vehicle velocity changing with headway distance, proportions of di0erent driving behaviors in the traffic system, and characteristics of traffic flow in snowy days. The results show that the real road traffic is very complex, and factors such as location and climate need to be taken into consideration in the formation of traffic flow models.

Glycosylation-independent binding to extracellular domains 11-13 of mannose-6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor-2 receptor mediates the effects of soluble CREG on the phenotypic proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells

Background The present study aimed to investigate the detailed mode and specific sites for their binding as well as the functional relevance of this binding in the phenotypic proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells(SMCs). Methods CREG knocked-down SMCs were employed to evaluate the biological activity of wtCREG and mCREG.Expressions of SMC differentiation markers SM myosin heavy chain(SM-MHC),SM-actin,heavy caldesmon and myocardin were determined by Western blotting using specific antibodies. Cellular growth of SMCs was assessed by bromide dewuridine (BrdU) incorporation and cell cycle analysis on fluorescence-activated cell sorting(FACS).A solid-phase binding assay was used to study the binding of CREG to extracellular domains of M6P/IGF2R.The cellular co-localization of the two recombinant CREGs with M6P/IGF2R was detected on SMC surface by immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence analysis.Results The molecular weight of wtCREG was around 30 kD while that of the mCREG was～25 kD.Treatment of wtCREG with PNGase F reduced its molecular weight from～30 kD to～25 kD,whereas PNGase F treatment had no effect on the molecular weight of mCREG.Both wtCREG and mCREG proteins enhanced SMC differentiation,inhibited BrdU incorporation,and arrested cell cycle progression when added to the culture medium.In CREG knocked-down SMCs,the amount of CREG detected by immunoblotting in M6P/IGF2R immunoprecipitates was significantly reduced when compared to normal cells.Both recombinant CREGs co-immunoprecipitated with M6P/IGF2R, although slightly reduced amount of the mutant CREG was detected in M6P/IGF2R immunoprecipitates.Immunostaining revealed that His-tagged CREGs co-localized with IGF2R on the cell surface in a glycosylation-independent manner.In vitro binding assay showed that CREGs bound to M6P/ IGF2R extracellular domains 7-10 and 11-13 in a glycosylation -dependent and -independent manner,respectively.Further blocking experiments using soluble M6P/IGF2R fragments and M6P/IGF2R neutralizing antibody indicated that the biological activities of recombinant CREGs in SMC growth and the up-regulation of SMC differentiation markers were all abolished by treatment with the M6P/IGF2R neutralizing antibody. However,although the growth inhibitory effect of wtCREG was nearly abolished by D7-10 or D11-13,the effect of mCREG was only reversed by Dll-13,indicating that the binding to domains 11-13 is required for CREG to modulate the proliferation of SMCs.Conclusions These data suggest that solubleCREG proteins can exert their biological function via binding to the extracellular domains 7-10 and 11-13 of cell surface M6P/IGF2R in both a glycosylation-dependent and -independent manner.

Investigation of the factors affecting the consistency of short-period traffic counts

The main intent of this study is to investigate the accuracy of short-duration traffic counts conducted during winter months. The investigation is based on 11-year sample data collected using permanent traffic counters at various locations in Alberta, Canada. Four types of road sites： commuter, regional commuter, rural long-distance, and recreational sites are studied. The sample data consti- tute six different durations of counts （12-, 24-, 48-, 72-, 96-h, and 1 week） taken during summer and winter months. The coefficient of variation （CV） is used as the relative measure of deviation for counts of different dura- tions to measure the accuracy of short-period traffic counts. The study results indicate that 48-h count seems to be the most cost-effective counting interval during both summer and winter months. It is also found that the lowest values of CV result for counts taken at commuter sites, and the highest values are observed for recreational sites. Frequent changes in temperature and other weather events cause significant variation in traffic volume, which results in an increase in CV values for counts taken during winter months. The application of an adjustment factor to remove the effect of cold and snow from short-period counts is also included in this study. Introduced adjustment factors can reduce the values of CV for all counts taken during winter months. The findings of this study can lead highway agencies to improve the cost-effectiveness of their short- period traffic counting programs.

SS-RTUDP:轻量级实时网络通信协议在集群系统中的实现

轻量级实时网络通信协议对于科学计算集群与视频服务集群至关重要.SS-RTUDP以UDP协议为基础,通过以下途径在集群系统得到实现:静态分配网络资源、用户空间到内核空间的数据零拷贝操作、添加实时平滑层以及使用伪中断技术消除网卡硬件中断开销.性能测试结果表明该协议不仅具有较UDP更小的通信延迟与更高的通信带宽,同时较大程度提高了集群系统的实时通信性能.

Angiotensin-（1-7）： new perspectives in atherosclerosis treatment

Angiotensin （Ang）-（1-7） is recognized as a new bioactive peptide in renin-angiotensin system （RAS）. Ang-（1-7） is a counter-regulatory mediator of Ang-II which appears to be protective against cardiovascular disease. Recent studies have found that Ang-（1-7） played an important role in reducing smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, improving endothelial function and regulating lipid metabolism, leading to inhibition of atherosclerotic lesions and increase of plaque stability. Although clinical application of Ang-（1-7） is restricted due to its pharmacokinetic properties, identification of stabilized compounds, including more stable analogues and specific delivery compounds, has enabled clinical application of Ang-（1-7）. In this review, we discussed recent findings concerning the biological role of Ang-（1-7） and related mechanism during atherosclerosis development. In addition, we highlighted the perspective to develop therapeutic strategies using Ang-（1-7） to treat atherosclerosis.

Road traffic congestion measurement considering impacts on travelers

The article intends to find a method to quantify traffic congestion＇s impacts on travelers to help transportation planners and policy decision makers well understand congestion situations. Three new congestion indicators, including transportation environment satisfaction （TES）, travel time satisfaction （TTS）, and traffic congestion frequency and feeling （TCFF）, are defined to estimate urban traffic congestion based on travelers＇ feelings. Data of travelers＇ attitude about congestion and trip information were collected from a survey in Shanghai, China. Based on the survey data, we estimated the value of the three indi- cators. Then, the principal components analysis was used to derive a small number of linear combinations of a set of variables to estimate the whole congestion status. A linear regression model was used to find out the significant variables which impact respondents＇ feelings. Two ordered logit models were used to select significant variables of TES and TTS. Attitudinal factor variables were also used in these models. The results show that attitudinal factor variables and cluster category variables are as important as sociodemographic variables in the models. Using the three congestion indicators, the government can collect travelers＇ feeling about traffic congestion and estimate the transportation policy that might be applied to cope with traffic congestion.

Characteristics of lateral vehicular interactions in heterogeneous traffic with weak lane discipline

Heterogeneous traffic conditions prevail in developing countries. Vehicles maintain weak lane discipline which increases lateral interactions of vehicles significantly. It is necessary to study these interactions in the form of maintained lateral gaps for modeling this traffic scenario. This paper aims at determining lateral clearances maintained by different vehicle types while moving in a heterogeneous traffic stream during overtaking. These data were collected using an instrumented vehicle which runs as a part of the stream. Variation of obtained clearance with average speed of interacting vehicles is studied and modeled. Different instrumented vehicles of various types are developed using （1） ultrasonic sensors fixed on both sides of vehicle, which provide inter-vehicular lateral distance and relative speed; and （2） GPS device with cameras, which provides vehicle type and speed of interacting vehicles. They are driven on different roads in six cities of India, to measure lateral gaps maintained with different interacting vehicles at different speeds. Relationships between lateral gaps and speed are modeled as regression lines with positive slopes and beta-distributed residuals. Nature of these graphs （i.e., slopes, intercepts, residuals） are also evaluated and compared for different interacting vehicle-type pairs. It is observed that similar vehicle pairs maintain less lateral clearance than dissimilar vehicle pairs. If a vehicle interacts with two vehicles （one on each side） simultaneously, lateral clearance is reduced and safety of the vehicles is compromised. The obtained relationships can be used for simulating lateral clearance maintaining behavior of vehicles in heterogeneous traffic.

Comparative analysis of cast-in-place post-tensioned and steel-concrete composite bridge bent caps

The complexity of the IH-635 Managed Lanes Project, located in Dallas County, Texas, posed several technical and constructive challenges, leading to the adoption of solutions different from the traditional. Two alternative solutions for the pier cap on one of the bridge crossings over IH-35E in the IH-635 project were analyzed in this case study, a cast-in-place post-tensioned concrete cap and an innovative prefabricated steel-concrete com- posite cap. The approach was to use an estimation of direct costs for material and labor and consideration of con- struction time schedules. A supplementary numerical modeling confirmed that both alternatives behave elasti- cally under imposed loads. The direct cost of material and labor for the two alternatives were close. However, the composite alternative required 13 days less construction time, resulting in substantial cost savings from traffic closing in the very busy traffic corridor. Traffic closing costs were substantially higher than the direct costs, especially for the post-tensioned cap. The quantification of the benefits allows more confidence in the utilization of the composites caps, leading to faster completion of bridge projects and substantial economic savings.

On the Time Series Forecasting of Road Traffic Accidents in Ondo State of Nigeria

This paper focuses on time series forecasting of monthly occurrence of fatal road accidents in Ondo State of Nigeria. Its aim, however, is to use time series analysis to analyze the data obtained from Federal Road Safety Corps （FRSC）, Ondo State Command; which was considered in two cases： the total cases reported （TCR） and the number of deaths resulted from accidents （NOD）. Various smoothing models for time series were used to analyze the two cases. Based on the models, predictions were made and the results show a steady increase as a result of long-term effects on road accidents for the two cases. It was found also that simple exponential smoothing model is the appropriate model for both TCR and NOD.

Numerical Analysis of the Behavior of A New Aeronautical Alloy (Ti555-03) Under the Effect of A High-Speed Water Jet

In this paper, we present a numerical simulation of a water jet impacting a new aeronautical material Ti555-03 plate.The Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) behavior of the jet is investigated using a FV(Finite Volume) method.The Fluid–Structure Interaction(FSI) is studied using a coupled SPH(Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics)-FE(Finite Element) method. The jets hit the metal sheet with an initial velocity 500 m/s. Two configurations which differ from each other by the position(angle of inclination) of the plate relatively to the axis of revolution of the jet inlet are investigated in this study. The objective of this study is to predict the impact of the fluid produced at high pressure and high speed especially at the first moment of impact. Numerical simulations are carried out under ABAQUS. We have shown in this study that the inclination of the titanium alloy plate by 45° stimulates the phenomenon of recirculation of water. This affects the velocity profile, turbulence and boundary layers in the impact zone. The stagnation zone and the phenomenon of water recirculation are strongly influenced by the slope of the plate which gives a pressure gradient and displacement very important between the two configurations. Fluctuations of physical variables(displacement and pressure) prove the need for a noise and vibratory study. These predictions will subsequently be used for the modeling of the problem of an orthogonal cut in a high-speed machining process assisted by high-pressure water jet.

DNeStCount:数据相关的拆分注意力机制的编码器-解码器结构的人群计数方法

人群数量估计是人群管理系统的关键,对于预防踩踏事故和引导人群至关重要,已成为一个日益重要的任务和具有挑战性的研究方向。本文提出一种数据相关的拆分注意力机制的编码器-解码器结构的人群计数方法,称为DNe StCount。为应对视频监控的尺度变化和透视失真的挑战,将更密集的空洞采样比率应用到密集空洞空间金字塔池化模块DASPP设计中。为提升密度图估计的准确性,将可学习的、数据相关的上采样方法 DUpsampling应用到特征聚合模块DFA设计中。为弥补欧几里德损失可能存在对离群值敏感、训练不稳定等缺点,采用Smooth L1损失设计损失函数。在具有挑战性的数据集上进行的实验和分析表明,本文提出的人群计数方法 DNe St Count与其他主流方法相比更具有竞争力。

北京地铁既有线列车跨线信号系统的方案研究

根据跨线运行的需求,研究解决在不同制式或同制式的组合下,跨线列车与本线地面设备的车-地列控数据互联互通的问题。在实现跨线运行后,分析如何实现跨线列车自动或手动平稳切换。分析跨线行车调度指挥的不同方案以及每个方案下实现的关键功能。提出跨线后列车的运营维护及管理调整措施。研究成果为其他各大城市地铁既有线间的列车跨线运行提供设计参考,便于对以后其他城市轨道交通的改造工程推广借鉴。

考虑随机拥堵情况的快速路交通流短时预测方法研究

本研究采用苏州快速路多路段交通数据,基于现有多种短时交通流预测方法,采用二次指数平滑模型、LSTM神经网络模型和BP神经网络模型三种不同模型建立车速预测模型进行对比研究,用MSE辅之以实验数据可视化作为模型评判基准,探究不同模型在随机拥堵情况下的预测性能。结果显示,在交通流平稳运行情况下,三者预测性能良好,MSE值均在30左右。但在随机短时拥堵情况下,LSTM和二次指数平滑模型的预测性能下降,而BP模型在处理车速时段性的不确定变化时展现出更好的性能,训练结果 MSE值在20左右,应对突发情况时MSE值也能维持在40以下,相比指数平滑模型和LSTM模型具有更好的预测性能。

铁路车轮传感器测速系统改进方案研究

采用铁路车轮传感器测速系统测量列车运行速度时,得到的速度数据存在滞后性,影响铁路货运计量及安全监测设备应用的可靠性,降低铁路货物运输安全的物防、技防能力。集成加速度补偿法和Holt双参数指数平滑法,运用列车运行过程中的历史速度形成的短期数列,能够较为准确地预测列车速度,提高预测结果的准确度。介绍车轮传感器工作原理,在详细分析加速度补偿铁路车轮传感器法、指数平滑法、Holt双参数指数平滑法等预测法优缺点的基础上,研究提出基于加速度补偿和Holt双参数指数平滑法的铁路车轮传感器测速系统改进方案。提取南宁南站某测点1天的列车速度原始数据,验证测速系统改进方案。验证结果表明,改进方案可以有效缩短滞后效应,降低测量数据与实际列车速度的误差。

基于Netflow的异常流量分离以及归类

针对以往的各种异常流量检测算法只能在宏观上进行流量异常监测,不能进一步实时地将异常流量分离处理,提出了在Netflow流数据环境下对单体IP历史数据的研究的方法,通过对单体IP统计、预测,能快速的检测出导致网络异常流量的主机,并根据其流的类型判断,分类以发现其发生异常的原因并提供ACL策略,从而将网络流量控制在稳定的空间和时间之内,实验结果表明了此方法的可行性和有效性。

干线协调控制方案的快速平滑过渡方法

为减少动态协调控制系统中因信号控制方案切换而导致系统产生的扰动,保证交通流的平稳运行,在综合考虑过渡时间和平滑特性的基础上,提出一种基于最佳相位差调整量控制方案的快速平滑过渡方法.该方法以使各交叉口相位差变化量最小为目标,优化计算得出各交叉口最佳相位差调整量,并以此为依据计算各交叉口在控制方案过渡期间的信号周期.仿真实验对比分析显示,当相位差变化量为40 s时,提出的方法与国外著名的Add和Subtract方法相比,车均延误指标分别下降了23%和11%,路网车均停车次数指标分别下降了9%和8%;此外,本文方法能够使干线协调控制方案最多通过3个信号周期快速地过渡到新方案,且过渡期间的控制效果优于Add和Subtract方法.

基于二次指数平滑法和优化Kalman滤波的短时交通组合预测

优化改进传统的Kalman滤波模型,解决预测精度不高且预测滞后的问题.用二次平滑指数法和优化后的Kalman滤波模型两种方法组合对道路断面通过交通量进行短时交通预测,通过平均绝对误差(MAE)和平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)分析预测结果.实例预测结果表明:当修正因子α=0.5时预测结果较为精确,同时,优化改进后的Kalman滤波模型的预测准确性有所提高.组合预测的两种方法都能够有效地降低预测误差,但按权重组合预测的效果更为明显.

基于驾驶模拟技术的不良天气对驾驶员跟驰行为的综合影响研究

近年来不良天气频发,对城市交通流运行影响较大。从驾驶行为角度,利用驾驶模拟技术,搭建城市快速路场景,分析多种雨、雪、雾等不良天气对直线路段下跟驰行为的影响。利用单因素方差分析方法,研究不同天气条件下车头时距、车头间距振幅、最小跟驰车速差、最大跟驰车速差以及跟驰加速度等指标的显著性,进而使用主成分分析方法研究不良天气对道路交通流的影响。研究结果表明:车头时距、车头间距振幅、最小跟驰车速差在不同天气条件下具有显著性差异,且一般随天气恶劣程度增加,车头时距与车头间距振动幅度变大,最小跟驰车速差减小。不同天气条件对交通流顺畅性影响从大到小依次为大暴雪、大雨、大暴雨、大雾、中雨、雾、强浓雾、大雪、轻雾、小雨、晴天。