A flexible multiscale algorithm based on an improved smoothed particle hydrodynamics method for complex viscoelastic flows

Viscoelastic flows play an important role in numerous engineering fields,and the multiscale algorithms for simulating viscoelastic flows have received significant attention in order to deepen our understanding of the nonlinear dynamic behaviors of viscoelastic fluids.However,traditional grid-based multiscale methods are confined to simple viscoelastic flows with short relaxation time,and there is a lack of uniform multiscale scheme available for coupling different solvers in the simulations of viscoelastic fluids.In this paper,a universal multiscale method coupling an improved smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH)and multiscale universal interface(MUI)library is presented for viscoelastic flows.The proposed multiscale method builds on an improved SPH method and leverages the MUI library to facilitate the exchange of information among different solvers in the overlapping domain.We test the capability and flexibility of the presented multiscale method to deal with complex viscoelastic flows by solving different multiscale problems of viscoelastic flows.In the first example,the simulation of a viscoelastic Poiseuille flow is carried out by two coupled improved SPH methods with different spatial resolutions.The effects of exchanging different physical quantities on the numerical results in both the upper and lower domains are also investigated as well as the absolute errors in the overlapping domain.In the second example,the complex Wannier flow with different Weissenberg numbers is further simulated by two improved SPH methods and coupling the improved SPH method and the dissipative particle dynamics(DPD)method.The numerical results show that the physical quantities for viscoelastic flows obtained by the presented multiscale method are in consistence with those obtained by a single solver in the overlapping domain.Moreover,transferring different physical quantities has an important effect on the numerical results.

An Innovative Coupled Common-Node Discrete Element Method-Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Model Developed with LS-DYNA and Its Applications

In this study,a common-node DEM-SPH coupling model based on the shared node method is proposed,and a fluid–structure coupling method using the common-node discrete element method-smoothed particle hydrodynamics(DS-SPH)method is developed using LS-DYNA software.The DEM and SPH are established on the same node to create common-node DEM-SPH particles,allowing for fluid–structure interactions.Numerical simulations of various scenarios,including water entry of a rigid sphere,dam-break propagation over wet beds,impact on an ice plate floating on water and ice accumulation on offshore structures,are conducted.The interaction between DS particles and SPH fluid and the crack generation mechanism and expansion characteristics of the ice plate under the interaction of structure and fluid are also studied.The results are compared with available data to verify the proposed coupling method.Notably,the simulation results demonstrated that controlling the cutoff pressure of internal SPH particles could effectively control particle splashing during ice crushing failure.

Smoothed-Particle Hydrodynamics Simulation of Ship Motion and Tank Sloshing under the Effect of Regular Waves

Predicting the response of liquefied natural gas(LNG)contained in vessels subjected to external waves is extremely important to ensure the safety of the transportation process.In this study,the coupled behavior due to ship motion and liquid tank sloshing has been simulated by the Smoothed-Particle Hydrodynamics(SPH)method.Firstly,the sloshing flow in a rectangular tank was simulated and the related loads were analyzed to verify and validate the accuracy of the present SPH solver.Then,a three-dimensional simplified LNG carrier model,including two prismatic liquid tanks and a wave tank,was introduced.Different conditions were examined corresponding to different wave lengths,wave heights,wave heading angles,and tank loading rates.Finally,the effects of liquid tank loading rate on LNG ship motions and sloshing loading were analyzed,thereby showing that the SPH method can effectively provide useful indications for the design of liquid cargo ships.

Numerical Simulation of Bubble Formation at a Single Orifice in Gas-fluidized Beds with Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics and Finite Volume Coupled Method

A coupled method describing gas–solid two-phase flow has been proposed to numerically study the bubble formation at a single orifice in gas-fluidized beds.Solid particles are traced with smoothed particle hydrodynamics,whereas gas phase is discretized by finite volume method.Drag force,gas pressure gradient,and volume fraction are used to couple the two methods.The effect of injection velocities,particle sizes,and particle densities on bubble growth is analyzed using the coupled method.The simulation results,obtained for two-dimensional geometries,include the shape and diameter size of a bubble as a function of time;such results are compared with experimental data,previous numerical results,and other approximate model predictions reported in the literature.Moreover,the flow profiles of gas and particle phases and the temperature distribution by the heat transfer model around the forming bubble are also discussed.All results show that the coupled method efficiently describes of the bubble formation in fluidized beds.The proposed method is applicable for solving gas–solid two-phase flow in fluidization.

Coupling of discrete-element method and smoothed particle hydrodynamics for liquid-solid flows

Particle based methods can be used for both the simulations of solid and fluid phases in multiphase medium, such as the discrete-element method for solid phase and the smoothed particle hydrodynamics for fluid phase. This paper presents a computational method combining these two methods for solid-liquid medium. The two phases are coupled by using an improved model from a reported Lagrangian-Eulerian method. The technique is verified by simulating liquid-solid flows in a two-dimensional lid-driven cavity.

Simulation of mould filling process using smoothed particle hydrodynamics

The implementation of high pressure die casting （HPDC） filling process modeling based on smoothed particle hydrodynamics （SPH） was discussed. A new treatment of inlet boundary was established by discriminating fluid particles from inlet particles. The roles of artificial viscosity and moving least squares method in the present model were compared in the handling pressure oscillation. The final model was substantiated by simulating filling process in HPDC in both two and three dimensions. The simulated results from SPH and finite difference method （FDM） were compared with the experiments. The results show the former is in a better agreement with experiments. It demonstrates the efficiency and precision of this SPH model in describing flow pattern in filling process.

Quasi-static simulation of droplet morphologies using a smoothed particle hydrodynamics multiphase model

Numerical simulation of the morphology of a droplet deposited on a solid surface requires an efficient description of the three-phase contact line. In this study, a simple method of implementing the contact angle is proposed, combined with a robust smoothed particle hydrodynamics multiphase algorithm (Zhang 2015). The first step of the method is the creation of the virtual liquid-gas interface across the solid surface by means of dummy particles, thus the calculated surface tension near the triple point serves to automatically modulate the dynarnic contact line towards the equilibrium state. We simulate the evolution process of initially square liquid lumps on fiat and curved surfaces. The predictions of droplet profiles are in good agreement with the analytical solutions provided that the macroscopic contact angle is accurately implemented. Compared to the normal correction method, the present method is straightforward without the need to manually alter the normal vectors. This study presents a robust algorithm capable of capturing the physics of the static welling. It may hold great potentials in bio-inspired superhydrophobic surfaces, oil displacement, microfluidics, ore floatation, etc.

Numerical Simulation of Dam Breaking Using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics and Viscosity Behavior

Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is a Lagrangian meshless particle method. It is one of the best method for simulating violent free surface flows in fluids and solving large fluid deformations. Dam breaking is a typical example of these problems. The basis of SPH was reviewed, including some techniques for governing equation resolution, such as the stepping method and the boundary handling method. Then numerical results of a dam breaking simulation were discussed, and the benefits of concepts like artificial viscosity and position correction were analyzed in detail. When compared with dam breaking simulated by the volume of fluid (VOF) method, the wave profile generated by SPH had good agreement, but the pressure had only reasonable agreement. Improving pressure results is clearly an important next step for research.

A novel approach to determine residual stress field during FSW of AZ91 Mg alloy using combined smoothed particle hydrodynamics/neuro-fuzzy computations and ultrasonic testing

The faults in welding design and process every so often yield defective parts during friction stir welding(FSW).The development of numerical approaches including the finite element method(FEM)provides a way to draw a process paradigm before any physical implementation.It is not practical to simulate all possible designs to identify the optimal FSW practice due to the inefficiency associated with concurrent modeling of material flow and heat dissipation throughout the FSW.This study intends to develop a computational workflow based on the mesh-free FEM framework named smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH)which was integrated with adaptive neuro-fiizzy inference system(ANFIS)to evaluate the residual stress in the FSW process.An integrated SPH and ANFIS methodology was established and the well-trained ANIS was then used to predict how the FSW process depends on its parameters.To verify the SPH calculation,an itemized FSW case was performed on AZ91 Mg alloy and the induced residual stress was measured by ultrasonic testing.The suggested methodology can efficiently predict the residual stress distribution throughout friction stir welding of AZ91 alloy.

Numerical analysis of submarine landslides using a smoothed particle hydrodynamics depth integral model

Submarine landslides can cause severe damage to marine engineering structures. Their sliding velocity and runout distance are two major parameters for quantifying and analyzing the risk of submarine landslides.Currently, commercial calculation programs such as BING have limitations in simulating underwater soil movements. All of these processes can be consistently simulated through a smoothed particle hydrodynamics（SPH） depth integrated model. The basis of the model is a control equation that was developed to take into account the effects of soil consolidation and erosion. In this work, the frictional rheological mode has been used to perform a simulation study of submarine landslides. Time-history curves of the sliding body＇s velocity, height,and length under various conditions of water depth, slope gradient, contact friction coefficient, and erosion rate are compared; the maximum sliding distance and velocity are calculated; and patterns of variation are discussed.The findings of this study can provide a reference for disaster warnings and pipeline route selection.

Real-time Simulation of Gas Based on Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics

This paper extends the SPH method to gas simulation. The SPH （Smoothed Particles Hydrodynamics） method is the most popular method of flow simulation, which is widely used in large-scale liquid simulation. However, it is not found to apply to gas simulation, since those methods based on SPH can＇t be used in real-time simulation due to their enormous particles and huge computation. This paper proposes a method for gas simulation based on SPH with a small number of particles. Firstly, the method computes the position and density of each particle in each point-in-time, and outlines the shape of the simulated gas based on those particles. Secondly the method uses the grid technique to refine the shape with the diffusion of particle＇s density under the control of grid, and get more lifelike simulation result. Each grid will be assigned density according to the particles in it. The density determines the final appearance of the grid. For ensuring the natural transition of the color between adjacent grids, we give a diffuse process of density between these grids and assign appropriate values to vertexes of these grids. The experimental results show that the proposed method can give better gas simulation and meet the request of real-time.

Modelling Dam Break Evolution over a Wet Bed with Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics: A Parameter Study

When investigating water flow in spillways and energy dissipation, it is important to know the behavior of the free surfaces. To capture the real dynamic behavior of the free surfaces is therefore crucial when performing simulations. Today, there is a lack in the possibility to model such phenomenon with traditional methods. Hence, this work focuses on a parameter study for one alternative simulation tool available, namely the meshfree, Lagrangian particle method Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH). The parameter study includes the choice of equation-of-state (EOS), the artificial viscosity constants, using a dynamic versus a static smoothing length, SPH particle spatial resolution and the finite element method (FEM) mesh scaling of the boundaries. The two dimensional SPHERIC Benchmark test case of dam break evolution over a wet bed was used for comparison and validation. The numerical results generally showed a tendency of the wave front to be ahead of the experimental results, i.e. to have a greater wave front velocity. The choice of EOS, FEM mesh scaling as well as using a dynamic or a static smoothing length showed little or no significant effect on the outcome, though the SPH particle resolution and the choice of artificial viscosity constants had a major impact. A high particle resolution increased the number of flow features resolved for both choices of artificial viscosity constants, but at the expense of increasing the mean error. Furthermore, setting the artificial viscosity constants equal to unity for the coarser cases resulted in a highly viscous and unphysical solution, and thus the relation between the artificial viscosity constants and the particle resolution and its impact on the behavior of the fluid needed to be further investigated.

基于SPH算法的热仿真系统开发

随着电子设备日益微型化和集成化,热仿真已成为其设计中的关键因素。电子封装模块的热仿真通常使用传统的有限元法FEM(finite element method),存在计算效率和精度之间的矛盾,在处理大变形问题和网格畸变方面也容易造成计算不收敛,从而导致结果错误。针对该问题,提出一种基于光滑粒子动力学SPH(smoothed particle hydrodynamics)算法的电子封装模块热仿真系统。该算法基于无网格拉格朗日数值方法,通过将热仿真对象离散为1组粒子的方式求解热传导方程,从而准确地预测电子封装模块的传热与散热,无需生成并处理大量的微小网格,不用担心网格失真等问题。SPH相对于FEM,仿真精度误差保持在1%~2%,仿真效率可提升近30倍,适合用于复杂和动态系统的模拟仿真。

颗粒流运动SPH方法及滑坡破碎效应研究

山体滑坡是全球范围内多发的一种地质灾害。由于滑坡具有突发性和破坏性强的特点,建立有效的数值分析模型将有助于制定针对性的防治策略。本文针对滑坡运动过程中表现出的颗粒流特性,基于μ(I)模型提出了针对浅层滑坡的动态摩擦系数表达式,并构建了对应的光滑粒子流体动力学(SPH)方法求解框架。考虑到颗粒破碎对滑坡运动性的显著影响,结合基于破坏势能的颗粒破碎法则,建立μ(I)模型中基底摩擦力与颗粒分布之间的关系。通过两个经典的三维斜面模型试验,验证了μ(I)模型在滑坡运动分析中的应用价值,并进行了颗粒破碎效应参数敏感性分析,为后续滑坡灾害的防治工作提供参考。

基于SPH方法的船体海洋飞沫生成形态模拟

为了研究海洋飞沫的生成形态,采用光滑粒子法(SPH)的粒子捕捉技术,分析4种常见的船首特征对海洋飞沫轨迹的影响。研究发现,船首的设计在飞沫的生成和运动特性上起着决定性作用。球鼻艏和破冰艏通过镇压波浪减少飞沫的覆盖范围,而飞剪艏和前倾艏则利用其独特的流线型设计有效地对飞沫进行引流,但却导致飞沫的生成高度较高,覆盖范围较广。此外,研究还揭示了不同类型的飞沫(如崩波破碎、卷波和激散波破碎)在船首附近的工况和轨迹模式。研究结果可为船舶设计优化及防除冰技术提供重要理论支持。

Numerical Simulations of Wave Impact Forces on the Open-Type Sea Access Road Using A Two-Phase SPH Model

A numerical study based on a two-dimensional two-phase SPH(Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics)model to analyze the action of water waves on open-type sea access roads is presented.The study is a continuation of the analyses presented by Chen et al.(2022),in which the sea access roads are semi-immersed.In this new configuration,the sea access roads are placed above the still water level,therefore the presence of the air phase becomes a relevant issue in the determination of the wave forces acting on the structures.Indeed,the comparison of wave forces on the open-type sea access roads obtained from the single and two-phase SPH models with the experimental results shows that the latter are in much better agreement.So in the numerical simulations,a two-phaseδ-SPH model is adopted to investigate the dynamical problems.Based on the numerical results,the maximum horizontal and uplifting wave forces acting on the sea access roads are analyzed by considering different wave conditions and geometries of the structures.In particular,the presence of the girder is analyzed and the differences in the wave forces due to the air cushion effects which are created below the structure are highlighted.

固体推进剂药浆立式混合过程SPH方法研究

立式混合机内桨叶的行星运动可有效促进物料不同组分间的分散循环和均质分布,故已应用于固体推进剂药浆的制备过程。然而,混合机内的复杂界面及其运动导致药浆内部的混合机理与流变特性难以采用传统的方法进行研究。针对层流流动下推进剂药浆与桨叶耦合过程,基于光滑粒子法(Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics,SPH),连续体被离散为若干携带物理量的守恒质点。结合Herschel-Bulkley(HB)本构模型,发展了适用于非牛顿流体状态下推进剂药浆混合过程的无网格方法。将数值模拟和实验进行对比,验证所提出模型的准确性。通过探究桨叶运动参量与功率消耗的相关性,分析了几何构型、转动模式对药浆混合均匀程度及叶轮扭矩负载的影响规律。研究结果表明,若剪切速率指数n为0.47时,液体在非牛顿流动状态下,模拟结果相对文献实验结果的平均误差约为4.98%,故两者具有良好的一致性。行星叶轮搅拌2.65 s后,其混合均匀性指数相比于中心、偏心叶轮依次提高了8.9%和7.3%。而雷诺数Re=1时,公转半径在0.11D_(w)~0.23D_(w)范围内,扭矩的最大增幅可达38.4%。

上浮气泡与自由表面相互作用的ISPH-FVM耦合方法模拟

上浮气泡与自由表面相互作用的过程涉及复杂的界面拓扑演化,该过程一直是气泡流研究领域广为关注的问题之一.为探究上浮气泡与自由表面相互作用动力学行为,将不可压缩光滑粒子流体动力学(incompressible smooth particle hydrodynamics,ISPH)方法与有限体积法(finite volume method,FVM)相结合提出了一种ISPH-FVM耦合方法.在ISPH-FVM耦合方法中,粒子和网格之间的信息交互是通过核近似插值技术实现,并将连续表面应力模型(continuous surface stress,CSS)引入当前耦合框架中以评估相界面处表面张力效应.此外,CSS模型通过FVM网格上定义的体积分数进行离散和计算,并且网格上的体积分数是通过网格支持域内ISPH粒子的核近似插值获得的.随后,利用ISPH-FVM耦合方法模拟了平衡状态下圆形气泡振荡以及单气泡上升,并将模拟结果与其他数值方法结果进行比较,验证了当前耦合方法中表面张力模型的收敛性以及界面追踪的准确性.为测试ISPH-FVM耦合方法模拟涉及复杂拓扑变化气泡流的性能,对上浮气泡与自由表面相互作用的动力学行为进行了分析,并且研究了不同韦伯数(We)以及雷诺数(Re)对气泡与自由表面相互作用的影响.研究发现,随着We数增加上浮气泡与自由表面相互作用时界面将发生大的畸变并且产生的夹带液滴数量也相应增加,然而上浮气泡与自由表面相互作用的过程并没有随Re数的增加而发生明显差别.

基于PCISPH的流体粒子飞溅改进方法

流体飞溅是自然界中最常见的流体现象。流体模拟是计算机图形学的一个重要研究分支。流体模拟已经广泛应用于电影、游戏和其他工业数值领域。由于飞溅场景中流体的密度和压力的速率变化非常大,因此模拟对离散化解的精度要求很高。对于流体粒子飞溅模拟数值不稳定,且缺乏真实效果,针对经典的预测校正不可压缩SPH(PCISPH),该文提出了基于粒子表面流体飞溅改进的泊松压力解的方法,通过替换压力源项提高了模拟精度。实验结果表明,该方法中流体的压力分布较之经典方法更接近现实的流体粒子飞溅模拟效果,并且改进后的方法经过剧烈运动后帧率仍符合实时性仿真效果的要求,保证了良好的压力稳定性和真实感。该文通过Anaconda3集成Python3和Taichi环境实现流体仿真实验。

基于SPH模型的尾矿库溃坝风险模拟研究

作为一种具有高势能的危险源,尾矿库可能发生溃坝事故,进而产生泥石流,造成严重的人员伤亡和经济损失。传统的深度积分方法在模拟泥石流演进过程时存在局限性,而光滑粒子流体动力学(Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics,SPH)是一种新型的数值模拟方法,可以弥补传统方法的缺陷。以攀枝花市某尾矿库为例,构建溃坝泥石流的SPH模型,模拟不同工况下泥石流的演进过程,获得泥石流的流量数据,研究溃口宽度与深度对泥石流演进特征的影响。模拟结果与实际情况较为吻合,因此SPH模型可以有效模拟尾矿库溃坝风险。研究结果为尾矿库安全管理和风险防控提供新方法,有利于保障人民群众的生命财产安全,促进矿业可持续发展。