Smoothed-Particle Hydrodynamics Simulation of Ship Motion and Tank Sloshing under the Effect of Regular Waves

Predicting the response of liquefied natural gas(LNG)contained in vessels subjected to external waves is extremely important to ensure the safety of the transportation process.In this study,the coupled behavior due to ship motion and liquid tank sloshing has been simulated by the Smoothed-Particle Hydrodynamics(SPH)method.Firstly,the sloshing flow in a rectangular tank was simulated and the related loads were analyzed to verify and validate the accuracy of the present SPH solver.Then,a three-dimensional simplified LNG carrier model,including two prismatic liquid tanks and a wave tank,was introduced.Different conditions were examined corresponding to different wave lengths,wave heights,wave heading angles,and tank loading rates.Finally,the effects of liquid tank loading rate on LNG ship motions and sloshing loading were analyzed,thereby showing that the SPH method can effectively provide useful indications for the design of liquid cargo ships.

Numerical Simulation of Bubble Formation at a Single Orifice in Gas-fluidized Beds with Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics and Finite Volume Coupled Method

A coupled method describing gas–solid two-phase flow has been proposed to numerically study the bubble formation at a single orifice in gas-fluidized beds.Solid particles are traced with smoothed particle hydrodynamics,whereas gas phase is discretized by finite volume method.Drag force,gas pressure gradient,and volume fraction are used to couple the two methods.The effect of injection velocities,particle sizes,and particle densities on bubble growth is analyzed using the coupled method.The simulation results,obtained for two-dimensional geometries,include the shape and diameter size of a bubble as a function of time;such results are compared with experimental data,previous numerical results,and other approximate model predictions reported in the literature.Moreover,the flow profiles of gas and particle phases and the temperature distribution by the heat transfer model around the forming bubble are also discussed.All results show that the coupled method efficiently describes of the bubble formation in fluidized beds.The proposed method is applicable for solving gas–solid two-phase flow in fluidization.

Coupling of discrete-element method and smoothed particle hydrodynamics for liquid-solid flows

Particle based methods can be used for both the simulations of solid and fluid phases in multiphase medium, such as the discrete-element method for solid phase and the smoothed particle hydrodynamics for fluid phase. This paper presents a computational method combining these two methods for solid-liquid medium. The two phases are coupled by using an improved model from a reported Lagrangian-Eulerian method. The technique is verified by simulating liquid-solid flows in a two-dimensional lid-driven cavity.

Quasi-static simulation of droplet morphologies using a smoothed particle hydrodynamics multiphase model

Numerical simulation of the morphology of a droplet deposited on a solid surface requires an efficient description of the three-phase contact line. In this study, a simple method of implementing the contact angle is proposed, combined with a robust smoothed particle hydrodynamics multiphase algorithm (Zhang 2015). The first step of the method is the creation of the virtual liquid-gas interface across the solid surface by means of dummy particles, thus the calculated surface tension near the triple point serves to automatically modulate the dynarnic contact line towards the equilibrium state. We simulate the evolution process of initially square liquid lumps on fiat and curved surfaces. The predictions of droplet profiles are in good agreement with the analytical solutions provided that the macroscopic contact angle is accurately implemented. Compared to the normal correction method, the present method is straightforward without the need to manually alter the normal vectors. This study presents a robust algorithm capable of capturing the physics of the static welling. It may hold great potentials in bio-inspired superhydrophobic surfaces, oil displacement, microfluidics, ore floatation, etc.

A novel approach to determine residual stress field during FSW of AZ91 Mg alloy using combined smoothed particle hydrodynamics/neuro-fuzzy computations and ultrasonic testing

The faults in welding design and process every so often yield defective parts during friction stir welding(FSW).The development of numerical approaches including the finite element method(FEM)provides a way to draw a process paradigm before any physical implementation.It is not practical to simulate all possible designs to identify the optimal FSW practice due to the inefficiency associated with concurrent modeling of material flow and heat dissipation throughout the FSW.This study intends to develop a computational workflow based on the mesh-free FEM framework named smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH)which was integrated with adaptive neuro-fiizzy inference system(ANFIS)to evaluate the residual stress in the FSW process.An integrated SPH and ANFIS methodology was established and the well-trained ANIS was then used to predict how the FSW process depends on its parameters.To verify the SPH calculation,an itemized FSW case was performed on AZ91 Mg alloy and the induced residual stress was measured by ultrasonic testing.The suggested methodology can efficiently predict the residual stress distribution throughout friction stir welding of AZ91 alloy.

Numerical analysis of submarine landslides using a smoothed particle hydrodynamics depth integral model

Submarine landslides can cause severe damage to marine engineering structures. Their sliding velocity and runout distance are two major parameters for quantifying and analyzing the risk of submarine landslides.Currently, commercial calculation programs such as BING have limitations in simulating underwater soil movements. All of these processes can be consistently simulated through a smoothed particle hydrodynamics（SPH） depth integrated model. The basis of the model is a control equation that was developed to take into account the effects of soil consolidation and erosion. In this work, the frictional rheological mode has been used to perform a simulation study of submarine landslides. Time-history curves of the sliding body＇s velocity, height,and length under various conditions of water depth, slope gradient, contact friction coefficient, and erosion rate are compared; the maximum sliding distance and velocity are calculated; and patterns of variation are discussed.The findings of this study can provide a reference for disaster warnings and pipeline route selection.

Real-time Simulation of Gas Based on Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics

This paper extends the SPH method to gas simulation. The SPH （Smoothed Particles Hydrodynamics） method is the most popular method of flow simulation, which is widely used in large-scale liquid simulation. However, it is not found to apply to gas simulation, since those methods based on SPH can＇t be used in real-time simulation due to their enormous particles and huge computation. This paper proposes a method for gas simulation based on SPH with a small number of particles. Firstly, the method computes the position and density of each particle in each point-in-time, and outlines the shape of the simulated gas based on those particles. Secondly the method uses the grid technique to refine the shape with the diffusion of particle＇s density under the control of grid, and get more lifelike simulation result. Each grid will be assigned density according to the particles in it. The density determines the final appearance of the grid. For ensuring the natural transition of the color between adjacent grids, we give a diffuse process of density between these grids and assign appropriate values to vertexes of these grids. The experimental results show that the proposed method can give better gas simulation and meet the request of real-time.

Modelling Dam Break Evolution over a Wet Bed with Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics: A Parameter Study

When investigating water flow in spillways and energy dissipation, it is important to know the behavior of the free surfaces. To capture the real dynamic behavior of the free surfaces is therefore crucial when performing simulations. Today, there is a lack in the possibility to model such phenomenon with traditional methods. Hence, this work focuses on a parameter study for one alternative simulation tool available, namely the meshfree, Lagrangian particle method Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH). The parameter study includes the choice of equation-of-state (EOS), the artificial viscosity constants, using a dynamic versus a static smoothing length, SPH particle spatial resolution and the finite element method (FEM) mesh scaling of the boundaries. The two dimensional SPHERIC Benchmark test case of dam break evolution over a wet bed was used for comparison and validation. The numerical results generally showed a tendency of the wave front to be ahead of the experimental results, i.e. to have a greater wave front velocity. The choice of EOS, FEM mesh scaling as well as using a dynamic or a static smoothing length showed little or no significant effect on the outcome, though the SPH particle resolution and the choice of artificial viscosity constants had a major impact. A high particle resolution increased the number of flow features resolved for both choices of artificial viscosity constants, but at the expense of increasing the mean error. Furthermore, setting the artificial viscosity constants equal to unity for the coarser cases resulted in a highly viscous and unphysical solution, and thus the relation between the artificial viscosity constants and the particle resolution and its impact on the behavior of the fluid needed to be further investigated.

基于SPH算法的热仿真系统开发

随着电子设备日益微型化和集成化,热仿真已成为其设计中的关键因素。电子封装模块的热仿真通常使用传统的有限元法FEM(finite element method),存在计算效率和精度之间的矛盾,在处理大变形问题和网格畸变方面也容易造成计算不收敛,从而导致结果错误。针对该问题,提出一种基于光滑粒子动力学SPH(smoothed particle hydrodynamics)算法的电子封装模块热仿真系统。该算法基于无网格拉格朗日数值方法,通过将热仿真对象离散为1组粒子的方式求解热传导方程,从而准确地预测电子封装模块的传热与散热,无需生成并处理大量的微小网格,不用担心网格失真等问题。SPH相对于FEM,仿真精度误差保持在1%~2%,仿真效率可提升近30倍,适合用于复杂和动态系统的模拟仿真。

上浮气泡与自由表面相互作用的ISPH-FVM耦合方法模拟

上浮气泡与自由表面相互作用的过程涉及复杂的界面拓扑演化,该过程一直是气泡流研究领域广为关注的问题之一.为探究上浮气泡与自由表面相互作用动力学行为,将不可压缩光滑粒子流体动力学(incompressible smooth particle hydrodynamics,ISPH)方法与有限体积法(finite volume method,FVM)相结合提出了一种ISPH-FVM耦合方法.在ISPH-FVM耦合方法中,粒子和网格之间的信息交互是通过核近似插值技术实现,并将连续表面应力模型(continuous surface stress,CSS)引入当前耦合框架中以评估相界面处表面张力效应.此外,CSS模型通过FVM网格上定义的体积分数进行离散和计算,并且网格上的体积分数是通过网格支持域内ISPH粒子的核近似插值获得的.随后,利用ISPH-FVM耦合方法模拟了平衡状态下圆形气泡振荡以及单气泡上升,并将模拟结果与其他数值方法结果进行比较,验证了当前耦合方法中表面张力模型的收敛性以及界面追踪的准确性.为测试ISPH-FVM耦合方法模拟涉及复杂拓扑变化气泡流的性能,对上浮气泡与自由表面相互作用的动力学行为进行了分析,并且研究了不同韦伯数(We)以及雷诺数(Re)对气泡与自由表面相互作用的影响.研究发现,随着We数增加上浮气泡与自由表面相互作用时界面将发生大的畸变并且产生的夹带液滴数量也相应增加,然而上浮气泡与自由表面相互作用的过程并没有随Re数的增加而发生明显差别.

基于PCISPH的流体粒子飞溅改进方法

流体飞溅是自然界中最常见的流体现象。流体模拟是计算机图形学的一个重要研究分支。流体模拟已经广泛应用于电影、游戏和其他工业数值领域。由于飞溅场景中流体的密度和压力的速率变化非常大,因此模拟对离散化解的精度要求很高。对于流体粒子飞溅模拟数值不稳定,且缺乏真实效果,针对经典的预测校正不可压缩SPH(PCISPH),该文提出了基于粒子表面流体飞溅改进的泊松压力解的方法,通过替换压力源项提高了模拟精度。实验结果表明,该方法中流体的压力分布较之经典方法更接近现实的流体粒子飞溅模拟效果,并且改进后的方法经过剧烈运动后帧率仍符合实时性仿真效果的要求,保证了良好的压力稳定性和真实感。该文通过Anaconda3集成Python3和Taichi环境实现流体仿真实验。

基于SPH方法的搅拌摩擦焊数值模拟研究

光滑粒子流体动力学(smoothed particle hydrodynamics,SPH)法是基于拉格朗日的一种无网格法,基于SPH方法使用ABAQUS软件进行AZ31B镁合金的搅拌摩擦焊数值模拟,通过改变搅拌头转速,研究残余应力和温度的分布。结果显示:焊缝两侧残余应力分布呈不对称,后退侧应力大于前进侧;应力曲线具有双峰特征,在焊接区域表现为拉应力;随着转速的增加,工件应力分布更加均匀;焊缝两侧的温度呈不对称分布,且前进侧高于后退侧,随着转速的增加,温度呈上升趋势;纵向温度曲线呈M形分布。模拟结果对实际焊接过程中焊接参数的选择具有一定参考意义。

规则波与浮式防波堤相互作用的SPH模拟研究

相较于传统防波堤,浮式防波堤因具有方便安装、可实现水质交换、可在多种环境下施工以及可移动等优点得到了广泛发展。采用光滑粒子流体动力学(SPH)方法,研究规则波与浮式防波堤的相互作用。首先在空水槽中基于规则波传播算例进行粒子间距的收敛性分析,然后基于验证的水槽模型模拟规则波与单浮体、双浮体的相互作用,并分析了浮体前后波形、浮体的运动及浮体附近的流速场。结果表明,双浮体防波堤相比单浮体防波堤能够显著提升消波性能。

基于SPH方法双消浪室开孔沉箱数值研究

基于修正光滑粒子法(CSPM)和黎曼解修正后的光滑粒子流体动力学(SPH)方法,建立模拟波浪与开孔沉箱相互作用的数值水槽模型,通过理论解和数值结果对比,验证其准确性。研究消浪室相对宽度B/L、相对波高H/L、相对水深d/L因素对双消浪室开孔沉箱的反射系数Kr以及静水位处所受的波压力p的影响,并对水粒子出入消浪室复杂的过程进行研究。结果表明,在研究工况下,消浪室相对宽度B/L与波压力p呈现非线性关系,反射系数Kr随着消浪室相对宽度B/L增加而减小;相对波高H/L对波压力p和反射系数Kr影响较小;随着相对水深d/L增加,波压力p逐渐减小,反射系数Kr表现为先减小后增大的非线性特征。前消浪室水粒子相对后消浪室运动情况更为剧烈,水平速度较垂直速度变化较大,在开孔位置附近水粒子速度变化明显。

Smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH) for modeling fluid-structure interactions

Fluid-structure interaction(FSI) is a class of mechanics-related problems with mutual dependence between the fluid and structure parts and it is observable nearly everywhere, in natural phenomena to many engineering systems. The primary challenges in developing numerical models with conventional grid-based methods are the inherent nonlinearity and timedependent nature of FSI, together with possible large deformations and moving interfaces. Smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH) method is a truly Lagrangian and meshfree particle method that conveniently treats large deformations and naturally captures rapidly moving interfaces and free surfaces. Since its invention, the SPH method has been widely applied to study different problems in engineering and sciences, including FSI problems. This article presents a review of the recent developments in SPH based modeling techniques for solving FSI-related problems. The basic concepts of SPH along with conventional and higher order particle approximation schemes are first introduced. Then, the implementation of FSI in a pure SPH framework and the hybrid approaches of SPH with other grid-based or particle-based methods are discussed. The SPH models of FSI problems with rigid, elastic and flexible structures, with granular materials, and with extremely intensive loadings are demonstrated. Some discussions on several key techniques in SPH including the balance of accuracy, stability and efficiency, the treatment of material interface, the coupling of SPH with other methods, and the particle regularization and adaptive particle resolution are provided as concluding marks.

Numerical simulation of hydro-elastic problems with smoothed particle hydrodynamics method

Violent free surface flows with strong fluid-solid interactions can produce a tremendous pressure load on structures, resu- lting in elastic and even plastic deformations. Modeling hydro-elastic problems with structure deformations and a free surfaee breakup is difficult by using routine numerical methods. This paper presents an improved Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics （SPH） method for modeling hydro-elastic problems. The fluid particles are used to model the free surface flows governed by Navier-Stokes equations, and the solid particles are used to model the dynamic movement and deformation of the elastic solid objects. The improved SPH method employs a Kernel Gradient Correction （KGC） technique to improve the computational accuracy and a Fluid-Solid Interface Treatment （FSIT） algorithm with the interface fluid and solid particles being treated as the virtual particles against their counterparts and a soft repulsive force to prevent the penetration and a corrective density approximation scheme to remove the numerical oscillations. Three typical numerical examples are simulated, including a head-on collision of two rubber rings, the dam break with an elastic gate and the water impact onto a forefront elastic plate. The obtained SPH results agree well with experimental observations and numerical results from other sources.

Numerical modeling of sediment transport based on unsteady and steady flows by incompressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics method

The purpose of the present paper is to introduce a simple two-part multi-phase model for the sediment transport problems based on the incompressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics（ISPH） method. The proposed model simulates the movement of sediment particles in two parts. The sediment particles are classified into three categories, including the motionless particles, moving particles behave like a rigid body, and moving particles with a pseudo fluid behavior. The criterion for the classification of sediment particles is the Bingham rheological model. Verification of the present model is performed by simulation of the dam break waves on movable beds with different conditions and the bed scouring under steady flow condition. Comparison of the present model results, the experimental data and available numerical results show that it has good ability to simulate flow pattern and sediment transport.

Modelling incompressible flows and fluid-structure interaction problems with smoothed particle hydrodynamics:Briefing on the 2017 SPHERIC Beijing International Workshop

The 2017 SPHERIC Beijing International Workshop（or SPHERIC Beijing 2017） was held at Peking University, in China,on October 17-20, 2017. This is the first time that the SPHERIC Workshop was held out of Europe. We are delighted to present nine contributions in this Special Column of the Journal of Hydrodynamics, and take this opportunity to announce that the 13 th SPHERIC Workshop（or SPHERIC 2018） will be held in Galway, Ireland in 2018 by the National University of Ireland, and the SPHERIC International Workshop in Harbin, China in 2019 by the Harbin Engineering University.

Smoothed particle hydrodynamics:Methodology development and recent achievement

Since its inception,the full Lagrangian meshless smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH)has experienced a tremendous enhancement in methodology and impacted a range of multi-physics applications in science and engineering.This review presents a concise survey on latest developments and achievements of the SPH method,including:(1)Brief review of theory and fundamental with kernel corrections,(2)The Riemann-based SPH method with dissipation limiting and high-order data reconstruction by using MUSCL,WENO and MOOD schemes,(3)Particle neighbor searching with particle sorting and efficient dual-criteria time stepping schemes,(4)Total Lagrangian formulation with stablized,dynamics relaxation and hourglass control schemes,(5)Fluid-structure interaction scheme with interface treatments and multi-resolution discretizations,(6)Novel applications of particle relaxation in SPH methodology for mesh and particle generations.Last but not least,benchmark tests for validating computational accuracy,convergence,robustness and efficiency are also supplied accordingly.

SPH-DEM流固耦合方法模拟金沙江白格滑坡应用研究

从力学本质来讲,滑坡属于滑坡动力学和水动力学复杂流固耦合问题。采用离散元方法(DEM)模拟滑坡体大变形、不连续问题,以光滑粒子流方法(SPH)模拟水体的流体动力学特性,充分利用不同数值计算方法的特点,构建SPH-DEM流固耦合算法,并应用于2018年10月10日西藏白格滑坡堵江的灾害模拟中。结果显示计算模型能较为准确地捕捉滑坡碎屑体入江激起水砂射流的规模以及范围,再现主堆积区向次堆积区产生二次滑移的动力过程,完整刻画堆积体的厚度、几何形态和断面特征。仿真结果有助于进一步深化对高速高位滑坡产生堵江过程和机理的认识,为后续进行抢险施工组织设计,制定防灾减灾策略提供参考。