Two-way shape memory effect (TWSME) was induced into the TiNi shape memoryalloys (SMAs) spring by thermomechanical training after annealing treatment, which has promisingapplication in micro-actuating fields. The TWSM...Two-way shape memory effect (TWSME) was induced into the TiNi shape memoryalloys (SMAs) spring by thermomechanical training after annealing treatment, which has promisingapplication in micro-actuating fields. The TWSME spring can contract upon heating and extend uponcooling. The results show that there is an increase of the recovery ratio up to a maximum TWSME of45%. During the training procedure, transformation temperatures and hysteresis were measured bydifferent scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results show that A_s (reverse transformation starttemperature) and A_f (reverse transformation finish temperature) shift to lower temperature aftertraining. The intervals of A_fA_s and M_s-M_f (M_s and M_f are the martensite start and finishtemperatures, respectively) increase and the heat of transformation decreases after training. Theelectrothermal driving characteristics of the TWSME springs were also investigated with alternatingcurrent density of 3.2-14.7 A/mm^2. It is found that the time response and the maximum contractionratio greatly depend on the magnitude of the electrical current density.展开更多
The free vibration analysis of cylindrical helical springs is carried out by means of an analytical study. In the governing equations of the motion of the springs, all displacement functions are defined at the centroi...The free vibration analysis of cylindrical helical springs is carried out by means of an analytical study. In the governing equations of the motion of the springs, all displacement functions are defined at the centroid axis and also the effects of the rotational inertia, axial and shear deformations are included in the proposed model. Explicit analytical expressions which give the vibrating mode shapes are derived by rigorous application of the symbolic computing package MATHEMATICA and a process of searching is used to determine the exact natural frequencies. Numerical examples are provided for fixed-fixed boundary conditions. The free vibrational pa- rameters are chosen as the number of coils （n = 4- 14）, the helix pitch angle （a = 5 - 30°） and as the ratio of the diameters of the cylinder and the wire （D/d = 4 - 18） in a wide range. Validation of the proposed model has been achieved through comparison with a finite element model using two-node standard beam elements and the results available in published literature, which in these cases indicates a very good correlation.展开更多
The structures in engineering can be simplified into elastic beams with concentrated masses and elastic spring supports. Studying the law of vibration of the beams can be a help in guiding its design and avoiding reso...The structures in engineering can be simplified into elastic beams with concentrated masses and elastic spring supports. Studying the law of vibration of the beams can be a help in guiding its design and avoiding resonance. Based on the Laplace transform method, the mode shape functions and the frequency equations of the beams in the typical boundary conditions are derived. A cantilever beam with a lumped mass and a spring is selected to obtain its natural frequencies and mode shape functions. An experiment was conducted in order to get the modal parameters of the beam based on the NExT-ERA method. By comparing the analytical and experimental results, the effects of the locations of the mass and spring on the modal parameter are discussed. The variation of the natural frequencies was obtained with the changing stiffness coefficient and mass coefficient, respectively. The findings provide a reference for the vibration analysis methods and the lumped parameters layout design of elastic beams used in engineering.展开更多
When producing special-shape spring in CNC spring coiler,the setup of the coiler is often a manual work using a trial-and-error method.As a result,the setup of coiler consumes so much time and becomes the bottleneck o...When producing special-shape spring in CNC spring coiler,the setup of the coiler is often a manual work using a trial-and-error method.As a result,the setup of coiler consumes so much time and becomes the bottleneck of the spring production process.In order to cope with this situation,this paper proposes an automatic generation system of setup for CNC spring coiler us- ing case-based reasoning(CBR).The core of the study contains:(1)integrated reasoning model of CBR system;(2)spatial shape describe of special-shape spring based on feature;(3)coiling case representation using shape feature matrix;and(4)case similari- ty measure algorithm.The automatic generation system has implemented with C++Builder 6.0 and is helpful in improving the automaticity and efficiency of spring coiler.展开更多
Over the years, there has been increased research interest in the application of Nitinol as an actuator, due to its shape memory behaviour, simplicity, high power-to-weight ratio, compactness, and extreme high fatigue...Over the years, there has been increased research interest in the application of Nitinol as an actuator, due to its shape memory behaviour, simplicity, high power-to-weight ratio, compactness, and extreme high fatigue resistance to cyclic motion, and noiseless operation. Nitinol has found application in tactile displays which reproduce tactile parameters such as texture and shape, depending on the application. This paper presents the effects of thermal interference between adjacent Nitinol spring actuators in a tactile display. The tactile display is made of a 3 by 3 pin array whose spatial resolution was varied from 4 mm to 6 mm in steps of 1 mm while a current of 1.5 A was used to actuate 8 of the springs, and the centre spring was left unactivated to observe the thermal effects on it due to the heat gradient formed. A Finite Element (FE) model was developed using COMSOL Multiphysics and the results were further verified through experimentation. In both cases, there was visible thermal interference between actuators. The increase in spatial resolution saw a decrease in thermal interference by 12.7%. Using a fan to introduce forced convection, reduced the thermal interference in the simulation by 20% and during experimentation by 11%. The results of this research indicate a spatial resolution of 6 mm reduced the thermal inference to a negligible rate. However, thermal interference could not be eliminated with these two methods.展开更多
It is well-known that suspension systems plays a major role in automotive technology.Most of the today’s vehicle applies a passive suspension systems consisting of a spring and damper.The design of automotive suspens...It is well-known that suspension systems plays a major role in automotive technology.Most of the today’s vehicle applies a passive suspension systems consisting of a spring and damper.The design of automotive suspension have been a compromise between passenger comfort,suspension travel and road holding ability.This work aims in reducing the suspension travel alone by developing a quarter car model suspension for a passenger car to improve its performance by introducing shape memory alloy spring(Nitinol)instead of traditional spring.A two way shape memory alloy spring possesses two different stiffness in its two different phases(martensite and austenite).In this study,road profile is considered as a simple harmonic profile and vibration analysis of aminiature quarter car model suspension system has been carried out experimentally.Using theoretical method,the displacement of the sprung mass is also studied and discussed.The vibration analysis have been carried out for the suspension system at both phases of the spring and the results gives a significant improvement in reducing the displacement of sprung mass for various excitation frequencies.展开更多
特高压直流GIL运行可靠性取决于内绝缘设计的可靠性。此外,导电元件直流电流密度的取值、弹簧触头的定位设计、GIL各元件中的绝缘件与金具连接处的楔形气隙的处理以及母线中支撑件的结构设计细节,都会对产品运行可靠性产生重大影响,不...特高压直流GIL运行可靠性取决于内绝缘设计的可靠性。此外,导电元件直流电流密度的取值、弹簧触头的定位设计、GIL各元件中的绝缘件与金具连接处的楔形气隙的处理以及母线中支撑件的结构设计细节,都会对产品运行可靠性产生重大影响,不能忽视。对于运行环境十分严酷的UHV DC GIL为保证内绝缘工作可靠性和减少气体维护工作量,文中还提出了高气密性结构设计。为适应-50℃低温运行要求,产品选用了液化温度很低的N_(2)/SF_(6)混合气体,对两种气体的配比,压力特性和绝缘特性进行了讨论与计算。还有产品的局放、气体密度及微水含量的监视系统的可靠性设计,都会对产品运行可靠性产生直接影响。文中对上述问题的研究成果作了介绍,可供高压直流产品设计使用。对其中未解的新技术如基于冷镜露点测试原理、微机电技术制作的智能气体湿度和密度监测装置、高压直流复合绝缘套管伞面局放起始场强提出了研究方案。文中提出的诸多GIL运行可靠性设计要点,对于其他超/特高压直流气体绝缘电器可参考选用。展开更多
基金This project is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 10175042)
文摘Two-way shape memory effect (TWSME) was induced into the TiNi shape memoryalloys (SMAs) spring by thermomechanical training after annealing treatment, which has promisingapplication in micro-actuating fields. The TWSME spring can contract upon heating and extend uponcooling. The results show that there is an increase of the recovery ratio up to a maximum TWSME of45%. During the training procedure, transformation temperatures and hysteresis were measured bydifferent scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results show that A_s (reverse transformation starttemperature) and A_f (reverse transformation finish temperature) shift to lower temperature aftertraining. The intervals of A_fA_s and M_s-M_f (M_s and M_f are the martensite start and finishtemperatures, respectively) increase and the heat of transformation decreases after training. Theelectrothermal driving characteristics of the TWSME springs were also investigated with alternatingcurrent density of 3.2-14.7 A/mm^2. It is found that the time response and the maximum contractionratio greatly depend on the magnitude of the electrical current density.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.10572105)the Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project (No.B302)
文摘The free vibration analysis of cylindrical helical springs is carried out by means of an analytical study. In the governing equations of the motion of the springs, all displacement functions are defined at the centroid axis and also the effects of the rotational inertia, axial and shear deformations are included in the proposed model. Explicit analytical expressions which give the vibrating mode shapes are derived by rigorous application of the symbolic computing package MATHEMATICA and a process of searching is used to determine the exact natural frequencies. Numerical examples are provided for fixed-fixed boundary conditions. The free vibrational pa- rameters are chosen as the number of coils （n = 4- 14）, the helix pitch angle （a = 5 - 30°） and as the ratio of the diameters of the cylinder and the wire （D/d = 4 - 18） in a wide range. Validation of the proposed model has been achieved through comparison with a finite element model using two-node standard beam elements and the results available in published literature, which in these cases indicates a very good correlation.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51109034)
文摘The structures in engineering can be simplified into elastic beams with concentrated masses and elastic spring supports. Studying the law of vibration of the beams can be a help in guiding its design and avoiding resonance. Based on the Laplace transform method, the mode shape functions and the frequency equations of the beams in the typical boundary conditions are derived. A cantilever beam with a lumped mass and a spring is selected to obtain its natural frequencies and mode shape functions. An experiment was conducted in order to get the modal parameters of the beam based on the NExT-ERA method. By comparing the analytical and experimental results, the effects of the locations of the mass and spring on the modal parameter are discussed. The variation of the natural frequencies was obtained with the changing stiffness coefficient and mass coefficient, respectively. The findings provide a reference for the vibration analysis methods and the lumped parameters layout design of elastic beams used in engineering.
基金Supported by the Doctoral Programme Foundation of Education Ministry of China under the grant(No.20050699033)
文摘When producing special-shape spring in CNC spring coiler,the setup of the coiler is often a manual work using a trial-and-error method.As a result,the setup of coiler consumes so much time and becomes the bottleneck of the spring production process.In order to cope with this situation,this paper proposes an automatic generation system of setup for CNC spring coiler us- ing case-based reasoning(CBR).The core of the study contains:(1)integrated reasoning model of CBR system;(2)spatial shape describe of special-shape spring based on feature;(3)coiling case representation using shape feature matrix;and(4)case similari- ty measure algorithm.The automatic generation system has implemented with C++Builder 6.0 and is helpful in improving the automaticity and efficiency of spring coiler.
文摘Over the years, there has been increased research interest in the application of Nitinol as an actuator, due to its shape memory behaviour, simplicity, high power-to-weight ratio, compactness, and extreme high fatigue resistance to cyclic motion, and noiseless operation. Nitinol has found application in tactile displays which reproduce tactile parameters such as texture and shape, depending on the application. This paper presents the effects of thermal interference between adjacent Nitinol spring actuators in a tactile display. The tactile display is made of a 3 by 3 pin array whose spatial resolution was varied from 4 mm to 6 mm in steps of 1 mm while a current of 1.5 A was used to actuate 8 of the springs, and the centre spring was left unactivated to observe the thermal effects on it due to the heat gradient formed. A Finite Element (FE) model was developed using COMSOL Multiphysics and the results were further verified through experimentation. In both cases, there was visible thermal interference between actuators. The increase in spatial resolution saw a decrease in thermal interference by 12.7%. Using a fan to introduce forced convection, reduced the thermal interference in the simulation by 20% and during experimentation by 11%. The results of this research indicate a spatial resolution of 6 mm reduced the thermal inference to a negligible rate. However, thermal interference could not be eliminated with these two methods.
文摘It is well-known that suspension systems plays a major role in automotive technology.Most of the today’s vehicle applies a passive suspension systems consisting of a spring and damper.The design of automotive suspension have been a compromise between passenger comfort,suspension travel and road holding ability.This work aims in reducing the suspension travel alone by developing a quarter car model suspension for a passenger car to improve its performance by introducing shape memory alloy spring(Nitinol)instead of traditional spring.A two way shape memory alloy spring possesses two different stiffness in its two different phases(martensite and austenite).In this study,road profile is considered as a simple harmonic profile and vibration analysis of aminiature quarter car model suspension system has been carried out experimentally.Using theoretical method,the displacement of the sprung mass is also studied and discussed.The vibration analysis have been carried out for the suspension system at both phases of the spring and the results gives a significant improvement in reducing the displacement of sprung mass for various excitation frequencies.
文摘特高压直流GIL运行可靠性取决于内绝缘设计的可靠性。此外,导电元件直流电流密度的取值、弹簧触头的定位设计、GIL各元件中的绝缘件与金具连接处的楔形气隙的处理以及母线中支撑件的结构设计细节,都会对产品运行可靠性产生重大影响,不能忽视。对于运行环境十分严酷的UHV DC GIL为保证内绝缘工作可靠性和减少气体维护工作量,文中还提出了高气密性结构设计。为适应-50℃低温运行要求,产品选用了液化温度很低的N_(2)/SF_(6)混合气体,对两种气体的配比,压力特性和绝缘特性进行了讨论与计算。还有产品的局放、气体密度及微水含量的监视系统的可靠性设计,都会对产品运行可靠性产生直接影响。文中对上述问题的研究成果作了介绍,可供高压直流产品设计使用。对其中未解的新技术如基于冷镜露点测试原理、微机电技术制作的智能气体湿度和密度监测装置、高压直流复合绝缘套管伞面局放起始场强提出了研究方案。文中提出的诸多GIL运行可靠性设计要点,对于其他超/特高压直流气体绝缘电器可参考选用。
