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Characteristics of snow cover distribution along railway subgrade and the protective effect of snow fences 被引量:1
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作者 LEI Jia CHENG Jianjun +3 位作者 GAO Li MA Benteng AN Yuanfeng DONG Hongguang 《Journal of Arid Land》 SCIE CSCD 2023年第8期901-919,共19页
Railways built in cold,snowy,and lightly populated areas are subjected to wind and snow disasters.In this study,we selected a snow hazard prevention and control section of the Altay–Zhundong Railway in Xinjiang Uygur... Railways built in cold,snowy,and lightly populated areas are subjected to wind and snow disasters.In this study,we selected a snow hazard prevention and control section of the Altay–Zhundong Railway in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China as the research object.We investigated the deposited snowfall variation characteristics on the two sides and in the embankment pavement area of snow fences with different porosities,fence heights,and arrangement distances using single-factor tests and orthogonal tests based on global atmospheric reanalysis climate data,field survey data,and a multi-phase flow analysis model.The results showed significant differences in the characteristics of snow cover distribution and snow cover thickness between the embankment and the cutting in the absence of snow protection measures.The maximum snow cover thickness of the embankment pavement decreased by 12.6%relative to the cutting pavement.The snow cover thickness of the embankment exhibited an increasing trend from windward shoulder to leeward shoulder,whereas the snow cover thickness of the cutting presented a declining trend from windward shoulder to leeward toe.In the collaborative prevention and control of snow fences and embankments,the three factors can be ranked in terms of their sensitivity to deposited snowfall within the influence scope of snow fences as follows:fence height>arrangement distance>porosity.At the same time,fence height yielded a significant relationship for the influence scope of snow fences(P<0.05).The three factors can also be ranked in terms of their sensitivity to deposited snowfall on the pavement as follows:porosity>fence height>arrangement distance.For the embankment protection of the Altay–Zhundong Railway against wind and snow,snow fence with a porosity of 75%,a fence height of 4.8 m,and an arrangement distance from the embankment of 60 m produced the best snow control effect.By revealing the characteristics of snow cover distribution along railway subgrade and the protective effect of snow fences,this study provides valuable references for the engineering applications of railway construction in areas prone to wind and snow disasters. 展开更多
关键词 SNOWDRIFT numerical simulation orthogonal test porosity fence height arrangement distance Altay-Zhundong Railway
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Mechanism and effects of snow accumulations and controls by lightweight snow fences 被引量:3
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作者 Duote Liu Yongle Li +2 位作者 Bin Wang Peng Hu Jingyu Zhang 《Journal of Modern Transportation》 2016年第4期261-269,共9页
This paper investigates the snowdrifts caused by lightweight fences along the lines on the flatland through the computational fluid dynamics method. The characteristic ambient flows around the solid fences and the por... This paper investigates the snowdrifts caused by lightweight fences along the lines on the flatland through the computational fluid dynamics method. The characteristic ambient flows around the solid fences and the porous fences with varied heights and bottom wind gaps are simulated in the numerical model, and the working mechanism of "interception" and "scouring" of the lightweight fences are analyzed. Based on the friction velocities near the ground, two sets of criteria are proposed to evaluate the deposition and erosion effects of different fences. According to flow separation and reattachment, the simplified relationships between the most likely positions for snow accumulations and fence parameters are devel- oped. The study indicates that the capabilities for snow interception by the solid fence without wind gap and the distance from which to the second snow coverage center both increase with the fence height. Furthermore, it is found that the scouring range for snow surface increases significantly with the size of wind gap, and the snow accumulation rate on the leeward side decreases with the increasing fence porosity. 展开更多
关键词 Lightweight fence Snowdrift. CFD Mechanism of snow accumulation Fence type Fenceparameter
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Strategic games on a hierarchical network model 被引量:2
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作者 Yi-xiao LI Xiao-gang JIN +1 位作者 Fan-sheng KONG Hui-lan LUO 《Journal of Zhejiang University-Science A(Applied Physics & Engineering)》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2008年第2期271-278,共8页
Among complex network models,the hierarchical network model is the one most close to such real networks as world trade web,metabolic network,WWW,actor network,and so on.It has not only the property of power-law degree... Among complex network models,the hierarchical network model is the one most close to such real networks as world trade web,metabolic network,WWW,actor network,and so on.It has not only the property of power-law degree distribution,but also the scaling clustering coefficient property which Barabási-Albert(BA)model does not have.BA model is a model of network growth based on growth and preferential attachment,showing the scale-free degree distribution property.In this paper,we study the evolution of cooperation on a hierarchical network model,adopting the prisoner's dilemma(PD)game and snowdrift game(SG)as metaphors of the interplay between connected nodes.BA model provides a unifying framework for the emergence of cooperation.But interestingly,we found that on hierarchical model,there is no sign of cooperation for PD game,while the fre-quency of cooperation decreases as the common benefit decreases for SG.By comparing the scaling clustering coefficient prop-erties of the hierarchical network model with that of BA model,we found that the former amplifies the effect of hubs.Considering different performances of PD game and SG on complex network,we also found that common benefit leads to cooperation in the evolution.Thus our study may shed light on the emergence of cooperation in both natural and social environments. 展开更多
关键词 Complex network Hierarchical network model Barabási-Albert (BA) model Prisoner's dilemma (PD) game Snowdrift game (SG)
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Evolutionary snowdrift game on heterogeneous Newman-Watts small-world network 被引量:1
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作者 杨涵新 高坤 +1 位作者 韩筱璞 汪秉宏 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2008年第8期2759-2763,共5页
We study the evolutionary snowdrift game in a heterogeneous Newman-Watts small-world network. The heterogeneity of the network is controlled by the number of hubs. It is found that the moderate heterogeneity of the ne... We study the evolutionary snowdrift game in a heterogeneous Newman-Watts small-world network. The heterogeneity of the network is controlled by the number of hubs. It is found that the moderate heterogeneity of the network can promote the cooperation best. Besides, we study how the hubs affect the evolution of cooperative behaviours of the heterogeneous Newman-Watts small-world network. Simulation results show that both the initial states of hubs and the connections between hubs can play an important role. Our work gives a further insight into the effect of hubs on the heterogeneous networks. 展开更多
关键词 complex networks snowdrift game COOPERATION heterogeneous Newman-Watts small-world network
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Evolutionary snowdrift game with disordered environments in mobile societies
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作者 关剑月 吴枝喜 汪映海 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2007年第12期3566-3570,共5页
We investigate an evolutionary snowdrift game on a square N : L × L lattice with periodic boundary conditions, where a population of no (no ≤ N) players located on the sites of this lattice can either coopera... We investigate an evolutionary snowdrift game on a square N : L × L lattice with periodic boundary conditions, where a population of no (no ≤ N) players located on the sites of this lattice can either cooperate with or defect from their nearest neighbours. After each generation, every player moves with a certain probability p to one of the player's nearest empty sites. It is shown that, when p = 0, the cooperative behaviour can be enhanced in disordered structures. When p 〉 0, the effect of mobility on cooperation remarkably depends on the payoff parameter r and the density of individuals ρ (ρ = no/N). Compared with the results of p = 0, for small r, the persistence of cooperation is enhanced at not too small values of p; whereas for large r, the introduction of mobility inhibits the emergence of cooperation at any p 〈 1; for the intermediate value of r, the cooperative behaviour is sometimes enhanced and sometimes inhibited, depending on the values of p and p. In particular, the cooperator density can reach its maximum when the values of p and p reach their respective optimal values. In addition, two absorbing states of all cooperators and all defectors can emerge respectively for small and large r in the case of p 〉 0. 展开更多
关键词 snowdrift game disorderd lattice MOBILITY COOPERATION
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Spatial snowdrift game in heterogeneous agent systems with co-evolutionary strategies and updating rules
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作者 夏海江 李萍萍 +1 位作者 柯见洪 林振权 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2015年第4期22-35,共14页
We propose an evolutionary snowdrift game model for heterogeneous systems with two types of agents, in which the inner-directed agents adopt the memory-based updating rule while the copycat-like ones take the uncondit... We propose an evolutionary snowdrift game model for heterogeneous systems with two types of agents, in which the inner-directed agents adopt the memory-based updating rule while the copycat-like ones take the unconditional imitation rule; moreover, each'agent can change his type to adopt another updating rule once the number he sequentially loses the game at is beyond his upper limit of tolerance. The cooperative behaviors of such heterogeneous systems are then investigated by Monte Carlo simulations. The numerical results show the equilibrium cooperation frequency and composition as functions of the cost-to-benefit ratio r are both of plateau structures with discontinuous steplike jumps, and the number of plateaux varies non-monotonically with the upper limit of tolerance VT as well as the initial composition of agents faO. Besides, the quantities of the cooperation frequency and composition are dependent crucially on the system parameters including VT, faO, and r. One intriguing observation is that when the upper limit of tolerance is small, the cooperation frequency will be abnormally enhanced with the increase of the cost-to-benefit ratio in the range of 0 〈 r 〈 1/4. We then probe into the relative cooperation frequencies of either type of agents, which are also of plateau structures dependent on the system parameters. Our results may be helpful to understand the cooperative behaviors of heterogenous agent systems. 展开更多
关键词 cooperative behavior evolutionary snowdrift game heterogeneous agent system
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Dormancy Characteristics of Malus ‘Snowdrift’ and Effects of Spraying 6-benzyladenine on Its Germination and Flowering in Long-day Treatment
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作者 Jiayi LIU Ying WANG +2 位作者 Lin WU Sadao KOMORI Manabu WATANABE 《Agricultural Science & Technology》 CAS 2017年第4期570-574,共5页
[Objective] The dormancy characteristics of Malus ‘Snowdrift’ in long-day treatment were studied, and 6-BA was used to break the dormancy, with the aim to achieve the purpose of flowering in autumn. [Method] The new... [Objective] The dormancy characteristics of Malus ‘Snowdrift’ in long-day treatment were studied, and 6-BA was used to break the dormancy, with the aim to achieve the purpose of flowering in autumn. [Method] The new shoots of ‘Snowdrift’ in long-day treatment were conducted with hydroponics to investigate their dormancy time. And cytokinin 6-benzyladenine(6-BA)was used to treat the dormant shoots, to investigate the budding, flowering and flower bud differentiation. [Result] The shoots in long-day treatment entered endodormancy after August 7^(th) and the shoots in the natural daylight entered endodormancy before July 18^(th). In long-day treatment, 116 buds, 198 flowers were observed after 6-BA spraying. [Conclusion] The optimum concentration of 6-BA was 300 mg/L. And the flower bud differentiation of ‘Snowdrift’ in long-day treatment was faster than those in natural daylight after 6-BA spraying. 展开更多
关键词 Malus ‘Snowdrift’ Long-day treatment Dormancy 6-benzyladenine(6-BA)
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Cooperation and Phase Separation Driven by a Coevolving Snowdrift Game
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作者 杜鹏 许晨 章雯 《Chinese Physics Letters》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2015年第5期170-173,共4页
We investigate the cooperative behavior and the phase separation in a coevolving system. Agents in the system constructed by a regular random network initially play the snowdrift game with their neighbors. They try to... We investigate the cooperative behavior and the phase separation in a coevolving system. Agents in the system constructed by a regular random network initially play the snowdrift game with their neighbors. They try to obtain a better competing environment by imitating a neighbor's more successful strategy or cutting the connection to a defective neighbor and randomly rewiring to another agent so as to seek a better neighborhood. The dynamic process of strategy imitation and relationship among agents due to rewiring neighbors may drive the system into different states. The simulation results show that there are three different phases in the q-r plane, where q is the rewiring probability and r is the cost-to-benefit ratio. One is a static phase of a pure cooperative cluster with a few isolated defectors. The other two belong to active phases with one of a main mixed-strategy cluster and the other of a pure defective state. We find that a simple mean field theory can predict correctly the static phase and the active phase of the main mixed-strategy cluster. The theoretical boundary line between the two phases is in good agreement with the simulation result. 展开更多
关键词 Cooperation and Phase Separation Driven by a Coevolving Snowdrift Game MFT
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Aerodynamic Behavior of Snowflakes on an Uneven Road Surface during a Snowstorm
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作者 Kojima Tetsuya Yoichi Yamagishi +1 位作者 Shigeo Kimura Kengo Sato 《Open Journal of Fluid Dynamics》 2017年第4期696-708,共13页
The removal of snow from a road or railroad results in an uneven surface and thus the formation of snowdrifts. However, the effect of a surface bump on the scale of a snowdrift is not clear. Snowdrift wind tunnel test... The removal of snow from a road or railroad results in an uneven surface and thus the formation of snowdrifts. However, the effect of a surface bump on the scale of a snowdrift is not clear. Snowdrift wind tunnel tests have long been performed to predict the snow cover distribution due to a snowstorm. However, such tests require a large-scale experimental device, have high installation and maintenance costs, and are not easy to perform. The present study thus used a small water tunnel that is easier to implement. The snowdrift pattern for the real phenomenon of a cube model was reproduced using the small water tunnel and the performance of the tunnel thus verified. The snowdrift water tunnel was then used to predict the snowdrift distribution for uneven surfaces. The tunnel well reproduced the snow cover distribution when the sedimentation velocity ratio and Stokes number in the water tunnel test were the same as those for the real phenomenon, again verifying the performance of the water tunnel test. 展开更多
关键词 SNOWSTORM Water Tank MODEL SNOW BUMP MODEL SNOWDRIFT Distribution Numerical Analysis
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Similarity Study on Snowdrift Wind Tunnel Test
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作者 Weihua Wang Haili Liao +1 位作者 Mingshui Li Hanjie Huang 《Open Journal of Civil Engineering》 2013年第3期13-17,共5页
The model for snowdrift wind tunnel test needs to be similar with the prototype. Based on detailed analysis in aspects of geometry, kinematics and dynamics, the major similarity parameters that need to be satisfied ar... The model for snowdrift wind tunnel test needs to be similar with the prototype. Based on detailed analysis in aspects of geometry, kinematics and dynamics, the major similarity parameters that need to be satisfied are gained. The contradiction between the Reynolds number and Froude number as well as the problem of time scale is introduced, and the selections of the model parameters are specified. Lastly, an example of snowdrift wind tunnel test by adoption of quartz sand as the model of snow grains is presented. The flow field and the snow distributions on a typical stepped roof were investigated. The results show that the flow filed characters are in good agreement with the field observations, and the stepped roof snow depth distributions are basically consistent with the observation results. 展开更多
关键词 SIMILARITY PARAMETERS WIND TUNNEL Test SNOWDRIFT ROOF
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AntarcticaLC2000:The new Antarctic land cover database for the year 2000 被引量:5
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作者 HUI FengMing KANG Jing +6 位作者 LIU Yan CHENG Xiao GONG Peng WANG Fang LI Zhan YE YuFang GUO ZiQi 《Science China Earth Sciences》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2017年第4期686-696,共11页
Antarctica plays a key role in global energy balance and sea level change.It has been conventionally viewed as a whole ice body with high albedo in General Circulation Models or Regional Climate Models and the differe... Antarctica plays a key role in global energy balance and sea level change.It has been conventionally viewed as a whole ice body with high albedo in General Circulation Models or Regional Climate Models and the differences of land cover has usually been overlooked.Land cover in Antarctica is one of the most important drivers of changes in the Earth system.Detailed land cover information over the Antarctic region is necessary as spatial resolution improves in land process models.However,there is a lack of complete Antarctic land cover dataset derived from a consistent data source.To fill this data gap,we have produced a database named Antarctic Land Cover Database for the Year 2000(AntarcticaLC2000) using Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus(ETM+) data acquired around 2000 and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer(MODIS) images acquired in the austral summer of 2003/2004 according to the criteria for the 1:100000-scale.Three land cover types were included in this map,separately,ice-free rocks,blue ice,and snow/firn.This classification legend was determined based on a review of the land cover systems in Antarctica(LCCSA) and an analysis of different land surface types and the potential of satellite data.Image classification was conducted through a combined usage of computer-aided and manual interpretation methods.A total of 4067 validation sample units were collected through visual interpretation in a stratified random sampling manner.An overall accuracy of 92.3%and the Kappa coefficient of 0.836 were achieved.Results show that the areas and percentages of ice-free rocks,blue ice,and snow/firn are 73268.81 km2(0.537%),225937.26 km2(1.656%),and 13345460.41 km2(97.807%),respectively.The comparisons with other different data proved a higher accuracy of our product and a more advantageous data quality.These indicate that AntarcticaLC2000,the new land cover dataset for Antarctica entirely derived from satellite data,is a reliable product for a broad spectrum of applications. 展开更多
关键词 Snowdrift process Air-snow interaction Ice core dating Ultrasonic sounder Post depositional process
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A novel snowdrift game model with edge weighting mechanism on the square lattice 被引量:1
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作者 Juan-uan Zhang Hong-yun Ning +4 位作者 Zi-yu Yin Shi-wen Sun Li Wang Jun-qing Sun Cheng-yi Xia 《Frontiers of physics》 SCIE CSCD 2012年第3期366-372,共7页
We propose a novel snowdrift game model with edge weighting mechanism to explore the cooperative behaviors among the players on the square lattice. Based on the assumption of three types of weight distribution includi... We propose a novel snowdrift game model with edge weighting mechanism to explore the cooperative behaviors among the players on the square lattice. Based on the assumption of three types of weight distribution including uniform, exponential and power-law schemes, the cooperation level is largely boosted in contrast with the traditional snowdrift game on the unweighted square lattice. Exten- sive numerical simulations indicate that the fraction of cooperators greatly augments, especially for the intermediate range of cost-to-benefit ratio r. Furthermore, we investigate how the cooperative behaviors are affected by the undulation amplitude of weight distribution and noise strength of strat- egy selection, respectively. The simulation results will be conducive to further understanding and analyzing the emergence of cooperation, which is a ubiquitous phenomenon in social and biological science. 展开更多
关键词 snowdrift game edge weighting mechanism cooperative dynamics
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Effect of Growing Size of Interaction Neighbors on the Evolution of Cooperation in Spatial Snowdrift Game
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作者 张娟娟 王娟 +3 位作者 孙世温 王莉 王震 夏承遗 《Communications in Theoretical Physics》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2012年第4期541-546,共6页
In this paper,we study the influence of the size of interaction neighbors(k) on the evolution of cooperation in the spatial snowdrift game.At first,we consider the effects of noise K and cost-to-benefit ratio r,the si... In this paper,we study the influence of the size of interaction neighbors(k) on the evolution of cooperation in the spatial snowdrift game.At first,we consider the effects of noise K and cost-to-benefit ratio r,the simulation results indicate that the evolution of cooperation depends on the combined action of noise and cost-to-benefit ratio.For a lower r,the cooperators are multitudinous and the cooperation frequency ultimately increases to 1 as the increase of noise.However,for a higher r,the defectors account for the majority of the game and dominate the game if the noise is large enough.Then we mainly investigate how k influences the evolution of cooperation by varying the noise in detail.We find that the frequency of cooperators is closely related to the size of neighborhood and cost-to-benefit ratio r.In the case of lower r,the augmentation of k plays no positive role in promoting the cooperation as compared with that of k = 4,while for higher r the cooperation is improved for a growing size of neighborhood.At last,based on the above discussions,we explore the cluster-forming mechanism among the cooperators.The current results are beneficial to further understand the evolution of cooperation in many natural,social and biological systems. 展开更多
关键词 spatial snowdrift game interaction neighborhood emergence of cooperation regular lattice
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Behavior of Collective Cooperation Yielded by Two Update Rules in Social Dilemmas:Combining Fermi and Moran Rules
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作者 夏承遗 王磊 +1 位作者 王娟 王劲松 《Communications in Theoretical Physics》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2012年第9期343-348,共6页
We combine the Fermi and Moran update rules in the spatial prisoner's dilemma and snowdrift games to investigate the behavior of collective cooperation among agents on the regular lattice. Large-scale simulations ind... We combine the Fermi and Moran update rules in the spatial prisoner's dilemma and snowdrift games to investigate the behavior of collective cooperation among agents on the regular lattice. Large-scale simulations indicate that, compared to the model with only one update rule, the the role of update dynamics should be paid more attention in cooperation behavior exhibits the richer phenomena, and the evolutionary game theory. Meanwhile, we also observe that the introduction of Moran rule, which needs to consider all neighbor's information, can markedly promote the aggregate cooperation level, that is, randomly selecting the neighbor proportional to its payoff to imitate will facilitate the cooperation among agents. Current results will contribute to further understand the cooperation dynamics and evolutionary behaviors within many biological, economic and social systems. 展开更多
关键词 spatial prisoner's dilemma game Fermi update rule Moran update rule spatial snowdrift game cooperation promotion regular lattice
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