A Model for Communicating Social Problems: Perception,Knowledge,Incorporation,and Change

The article proposes a model to analyze, interpret, and construct the communication of social problems and everyday life. Four relevant aspects (perception, knowledge, integration, and change) of communication processes will be addressed, highlighting the issues to be addressed in light of the deep media coverage of our social world. In particular, it explores how perception changes profoundly in relation to the social conditions, groups, and communities to which one belongs. Furthermore, particular attention is paid to the difficult process of incorporation which allows concepts and social problems to become “family” through communication processes. Incorporation is a prerequisite for changing ideas and behaviors towards social problems. In conclusion, a strategy will be proposed to communicate social problems deepening dimensions and strongholds to be followed with particular reference to popularity and narratives in communication processes.

Self-directed learning readiness and social problem solving of nursing students in Macao

Objective The aims of this study were to describe nursing students′self-directed learning readiness and social problem solving and test their correlations in Macao.Methods This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 140baccalaureate nursing students.A stratified random sampling was performed.The Self-directed Learning Readiness(SDLR)Scale and Chinese Social Problem-Solving Inventory-Revised(C-SPSI-R)were used.Results The response rate was 79.3%.Students possessed readiness for self-directed learning(mean 149.09±12.53,51.4%at high level,48.6%at low level).Regarding to social problem solving,the mean scores of each subscale were 9.35±3.25(Rational Problem Solving,RPS),10.26±3.23(Positive Problem Orientation,PPO),8.14±4.06(Negative Problem Orientation,NPO),5.67±4.44(Avoidance Style,AS),and 4.84±3.03(Impulsivity/Carelessness Style,ICS).SDLR was positively related to RPS and PPO,but was negatively related to AS.Conclusion Half of students possessed stronger readiness for self-directed learning.Students had a belief in the ability to solve problems,and adopted relevant strategies in solving problems.However,students still had negative and dysfunctional orientation and defective attempts in solving problems.Self-directed learning was positively related to positive and constructive orientation,but was negatively related to defective problem-solving pattern.Nurse educators should create educational climates for promoting student confidence and mutual responsibility for learning and their thinking process for problem solving.

Common Preventable Health and Social Problems Encountered by Elderly in Shinyanga Region in the Northern Part of Tanzania

Background: In Tanzania elders are respected as repositories of inherited wisdom, experienced and principal decision makers in the community. However, evidence shows that such repositories are no longer considered important in most societies. As a result elders are neglected with some mistreatment in terms of provision of health and social services for instance;at times they get denied and ignored of their obvious rights, ignoring their retirement benefits and the rights onto free social services as per the Tanzania National Ageing Policy of 2003. Elders are therefore faced with physical, psychological and geriatric social suffering. It is on this basis that this study tries to explore the common preventable health and social problems encountered by elderly in Shinyanga Region in northern part of Tanzania. Methods: Across sectional community based study of 465 subjects randomly selected was done in three wards of Kahama District. The district was selected randomly out of 8 districts of Shinyanga Region, structured questionnaires with both closed and opened endower used;the information was collected from house to house and other information collected from health facilities within the wards as every ward had one public health facility;subjects (respondents) were obtained using purposive sampling technique aiming at elderly with 60 years of age and above. Results: Kahama district has a population of approximately 36,014 of which 1500 (4%) are in the elderly age group of 60 years and above. The study population was 465 which is 30% (465/1500) of the geriatric population of Kahama. Among this group 5% were female while 41% were male and 53% (248/465) were married. 64% (297/465) were taking care of themselves, 32% (150/465) cared by relatives and 4% (18/465) cared by the community. Among the respondents, 40% (185/465) were affected by HIV/AIDs in one way or another either living with orphans whose parents died of HIV/AIDS or asking care of the infected patients within the family. It was also found that 73% of the geriatrics were not exempted from medical treatment fees so they had to pay for their medical care. However, only 32% were aware of getting free treatment and 61% of the study populations were not satisfied with the medical care provided at the public health facilities. The common diseases affecting this age group are: Eye problem 59% (273/465);Arthritis 52% (241/465);Dental problems 27% (124/465);Hypertension 23% (107/465);Backache 22% (105/465);Malaria 28% (132/465);Hearing problems 26% (121/645);Urinary tract Infection 35% (165/465);Depression 8% (36/465). Dementia was also a problem though we had no tools to confirm the diagnosis;some of the geriatrics had more than two diseases. Conclusion: The majority of the elderly age group in Kahama District are not aware of their rights that they deserve free treatment according to Tanzania policy, furthermore for assessment and screening of health problems. A majority of the elderly die prematurely due to preventable diseases and more than half of the diseases affecting geriatrics are preventable.

Social Skills and Behavioral Problems in Adolescents with Child Sexual Abuse, and Their Relation to Basal Cortisol

Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a stressful associated with alterations in the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-adrenal (HPA) axis and behavioral problems. Children and adolescents with history of CSA could have higher cortisol levels, as these have been associated with deleterious changes in brain regions involved in controlling social behavior and self-control. The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship among basal cortisol levels, social skills and behavioral problems in adolescents with CSA by evaluating two groups: one consisting of 12 - 15-year-old girls with CSA (n = 23), the other healthy comparison adolescents with no history of child abuse (n = 23). Social skills and behavioral problems were assessed using the Social Skills Improvement System. Three saliva samples were collected from each participant. The girls with CSA had lower social skills and more behavioral problems, as well as, higher cortisol concentrations. Besides, these participants showed significant negative correlations among cortisol levels and social skills, as well as, positive correlations with behavioral problems scales. It is feasible to suggest that the social deficiencies observed in these participants with CSA are related to alterations of the HPA.

Practical Study of the Sports Garbage Pickup Tournament in Japan-Sports Events to Solve Social Problems

The Sports Garbage Pickup Tournament is a sports event that incorporates elements of competition into cleaning activities,as opposed to traditional cleaning activities.As of the end of December 2016,a total of 552 Sports Garbage Pickup Tournaments have been held,mobilizing a cumulative total number of 62,989 people.As each tournament brings a revenue of over 300,000 yen,the total sales so far would be more than 165,000,000 yen.This game was recently reported on the International Olympic Committee channel.The garbage issue,a social problem for local communities,should be solved by residents,visitors,and workers themselves through sports,cooperating with local governments.This is an eco-friendly sport aimed at“solving local social problems through sports.”Sports Garbage Pickup Tournaments can be held anywhere,inside the city or in a natural environment.In addition,the competition allows participants to visually understand the environmental capacity of garbage produced in the community,as the points are weighted according to the types of garbage.The Sports Garbage Pickup Tournament is an educational program for sustainable development with emphasis on experience,pursuit,and practice,and also an action-based program aimed at promoting spontaneous action.This is an optimal competition for participants to acquire skills through mutual communication.As children,adults,and people with disabilities can play together,the competition will promote communication across the generations.

Problems and Strategies of Fishermen’s Social Security

With the development of social economy and industry,fisheries also play an important role in the development of the country.In the process of fishery development,the problems in the fishermen’s social security system are becoming more and more serious,and the types of problems are gradually increasing.Discovering the problems existing in the development of fisheries,and making up and correcting them in time,has an important role in promoting the development of fisheries and social and economic development.In recent years,the issue of“agriculture,rural areas and farmers”has been a hot topic of discussion.During the course of the problem,the party and the government introduced a series of safeguard measures and policy systems.Based on this,this paper focuses on the problems existing in the fishermen’s social security system and the measures to solve the problems.At the same time,the reasons for the reform of the fishermen’s social security system are also briefly explained.The main reasons can be divided into four points,namely the cost of living,unemployment insurance for fishermen,fishery resources,and income of fishermen,etc.,which are the reasons why the fishery social security system is in urgent need of optimization,contributing to the sustainable development and progress of fisheries.

Social Problems Caused by the Model

While achieving successes,the neoliberalist economic development model hasalso given rise to a series of grave problems,especially problem of social injusticeand polarization,which have begun to threaten Latin America’s social security andstability.

Children＇s Problem Behaviors During Free Time as an Incentive for the Increase in Social Risks and Health Risks

Since children, as a rule, have more free time than adults, it is adults＇ responsibility to provide children with a chance to spend the time of relaxation, play, and fun in a beneficial way. Unfortunately, children＇s spare time is nowadays very frequently organized for the sake of brushing up children＇s knowledge, skills, and competences, which is accomplished by means of escalating extra-curriculum activities. When expressed by teacher and parents, these ambition-related attitudes pave the way for the disappearance of children＇s personal interests and motivations to perform complicated tasks which are perceived as unwanted or obscure by the affected children themselves. This form of adults＇ behavior may lead to the feelings of frustration, stress, demotivation, or rebellion on behalf of their children. The said emotional states, especially in relation to the lack of spontaneous play, give rise to serious psychic dysfunctions, and the instability of children＇s psychic balance. It may also pave the way for various forms of destructive behavior that mostly characterize children of younger school age who are about to start schooling.

核心素养导向的学科实践:内在逻辑与学习进程

学科实践是核心素养导向下的学科学习新形态,指向学生应对复杂问题情境的胜任力与协作交往的道德力的培育。学科实践包含人类实践、专业实践和个体实践,其紧紧围绕着学科知识与学科实践、学科观念与学科实践的互通关系而展开,知识在人类实践中产生又在指导和规约实践中得以发展,个体观念则在经历学科知识生产和发展的思维过程和实践过程中得以建构,再应用于实际问题解决以发展学生的学科理解力与学科实践力。学科实践以感性实践为起点,在复杂问题解决学习中通过理性实践与协作探究深化知识理解,并在知行循环中实现知识迁移与知识应用。让学科实践在学校教育中得以真正落实,需明确“学用合一”的学习理念,以“学科心理”来融通系列学习活动,厘清进阶性学科问题与问题链的现实路径,并致力构建意义协商的学习共同体。

社会工作介入下的突发公共卫生事件中青年心理问题探讨

探讨青年群体在突发公共卫生事件中的心理压力问题,为青年群体的心理健康教育及实施心理行为干预提供依据。研究采用自编问卷,对安徽省F县Z社区内的青年群体进行抽样调查,并对抽样结果进行统计分析。结果显示:有75%的人面对突发公共卫生事件会增加心理压力,只有7%的人不受此影响,同时有30%的人不了解缓解心理压力的方法。由此建议社区设立心理服务专线、建立心理服务中心,以便有针对性地向青年群体开展心理健康教育;同时可以开展个案工作,合理分配社区工作者上门走访、线上咨询,有助于青年群体走出心理压力困境。研究丰富了现有文献,为突发公共卫生事件引发心理问题提供了解决思路。

近年来日本社会保障制度改革述评

2010年以来,日本人口减少、少子化、超老龄化趋势进一步加剧,医疗及护理需求攀升,社会保障支付与个人负担失衡,老年人和年轻人的代际矛盾显现。日本政府推行社会保障与税收一体化改革、社会保障与工作方式改革、“全世代型社会保障”制度改革,主要采取全年龄、全领域改革,即对年金制度、工作方式、医疗制度、预防及护理、少子化问题、贫富差距进行改革。改革的实施在一定程度上稳定了社会保障资金来源,有利于促进老年人及女性的劳动参与以及缓解代际矛盾。全面深入分析日本三项社会保障制度改革,对我国应对人口老龄化挑战、完善社会保障制度有借鉴意义。

社会接纳调节社会排斥对情绪冲突适应的影响

情绪冲突适应是指人们调动认知控制资源解决当前情绪冲突会促进对随后情绪冲突任务的解决。基于社会排斥的自我情绪调节理论和自我决定理论,本研究通过两个实验考察社会排斥是否影响情绪冲突适应以及社会接纳是否调节社会排斥对情绪冲突适应的影响。在实验1中被试被随机分为接纳组和排斥组。结果发现,排斥组被试在反应时上的情绪冲突适应效应小于接纳组。在实验2中被试被随机分成接纳-接纳组、接纳-排斥组、排斥-接纳组和排斥-排斥组。结果发现,接纳-排斥组比排斥-排斥组被试在反应时上表现出更大的情绪冲突适应效应,而接纳-接纳组和排斥-接纳组被试的情绪冲突适应效应没有显著差异。这两个实验提示,社会排斥会降低个体的情绪冲突适应,而社会接纳可以调节被排斥者的情绪冲突适应。上述发现不仅有助于理解社会排斥与情绪问题之间的关系,而且为干预社会排斥带来的情绪问题风险提供可行性方案。

教育信息化背景下医学研究生科研诚信问题探究——基于社会网络分析法

目的分析医学研究生科研诚信存在的主要问题,从教育信息化视角提出加强医学研究生科研诚信的建议。方法采用文献研究法梳理医学研究生科研诚信存在的问题,社会网络分析法对梳理得出的问题进行分析,TOPSIS法对基于社会网络分析法计算得出的结果进行综合评价。结果对文献中有关问题进行整理统计得出频次排名前四的问题依次为科研诚信意识淡薄(18次)、伪造篡改数据(15次)、抄袭剽窃他人成果(12次)、导师疏于管理(12次);通过TOPSIS法对社会网络分析法计算得出的结果进行综合评价,排名前四位依次为伪造篡改数据(Ci=0.815)、科研诚信意识淡薄(Ci=0.793)、抄袭剽窃他人成果(Ci=0.788)和导师疏于管理(Ci=0.497)。结论应借助信息技术完善相关管理办法,加强学术监督机制;加强科研诚信教育,提高科研诚信意识;完善导师责任制,杜绝学术不端行为等举措加强医学研究生科研诚信。

社会工作视角下抑郁症病人服药依从性研究进展

通过对抑郁症病人服药依从性进行综述,分析其影响因素包括:病人自身负性评价、疾病认知偏差、自我管理能力不足;家庭支持系统缺失;医疗场域内医患信任缺失及社会资源总量不足,资源配置不平衡与公众偏见。提出医务社会工作介入的实践路径包括:帮助病人重塑认知、降低病耻感、提高自我管理能力,构建病人家庭支持网络;融入医疗场域,发挥社会医护角色的作用;链接社会资源,倡导基层医疗资源配置的优化及提升社会大众的疾病包容度。

成人终身学习社会支持:现状、问题及对策

成人终身学习社会支持是构建服务全民终身学习教育体系的重要组成部分。研究结果显示,我国各类成人终身学习参与者均存在不同程度的压力或困难;成人学习参与者通过社会网络寻求社会支持的水平一般;各社会支持主体及其提供的各种社会支持行为相对薄弱且差异较大;成人终身学习社会支持整体成效有待提升。改进我国成人终身学习社会支持的主要对策:一是加强社会支持力度,降低或缓解成人终身学习参与的压力或困难;二是积极构建有助于终身学习参与的个人社会支持网络;三是充分利用现代信息技术媒介,构建有利于终身学习参与的网络社区支持;四是进一步整合各种社会支持力量,提升成人终身学习社会支持整体成效。

Why can some countries perform better in resolving some social problems:A comparative study

This study explores the rationale why some countries fare better in resolving social problems such as poverty and the COVID-19 pandemic.The simple model introduces the term of resident viability and points out that the solution to a social problem with a large ratio of nonviable to viable residents requires the mobilisation of more societal resources,and the affordable price ratio of societal to individual resources is determined by country characteristics such as the cultural background,political regime,ideology towards the free-market mechanism,government efficiency and social trust.This study also makes between-country comparisons and conducts preliminary regression analyses with cross-country data,and all the results are consistent with the model predictions on the relationship between country characteristics and country performances in fighting poverty and handling the COVID-19 pandemic.

医学院校临床医学专业学生社交焦虑与人际关系困扰的关系研究——注意焦点的中介作用

目的探讨临床医学专业学生注意焦点在社交焦虑和人际关系困扰间所起的中介作用。方法采用分层随机抽样法抽取山东省某医学院校临床医学专业本科生为研究对象,采用社会焦虑量表、注意焦点量表、人际关系心理诊断量表进行调查。结果医学院校临床医学专业本科生社交焦虑、注意焦点、人际关系困扰两两间呈正相关关系,社交焦虑不仅对人际关系困扰有直接影响,而且可以通过注意焦点间接影响人际关系困扰。结论临床医学专业学生注意焦点在社交焦虑与人际关系困扰间起部分中介作用,因此,可通过降低学生社交焦虑及注意焦点水平来消除人际关系困扰。

家校合作对青少年社会行为的影响研究

青少年社会行为是非认知能力的主要体现,其不良社会行为不仅会影响其自身的学业和身心发展,也会影响家庭甚至整个社会的和谐稳定。家校合作是教育体系的组成部分,是影响青少年身心健康和全面发展的重要因素。基于中国教育追踪调查数据,分析家校合作对青少年社会行为的影响。结果表明:第一,家校合作能显著提升青少年亲社会行为,减少青少年问题行为;第二,二者关系在性别、城乡、家庭经济水平方面存在异质性;第三,亲子关系和师生关系在家校合作和青少年社会行为之间起中介作用。因此,应通过拓宽家校合作领域、培养良好的亲子关系和师生关系、重视家庭教育等途径,提升青少年亲社会行为和减少青少年问题行为。

基于社会网络分析法的广西农村订单定向医学生免费培养项目问题分析及优化策略

背景我国自2010年起开始实施农村订单定向医学生免费培养项目(以下简称该项目),该项目在完善基层卫生人才队伍建设、提升基层医疗卫生服务水平等方面发挥了重要作用。随着该项目的推进,虽然已取得了一定成效,但也存在诸多尚待解决的问题,而其中紧迫且重要的核心问题尚未明确。目的通过梳理存在的问题,为进一步推进该项目提供借鉴。方法于2023年5月,采用文献分析法检索中文数据库,梳理文献记载的该项目存在的问题;采用社会网络分析法对梳理得出的问题进行分析,运用优劣解距离法(TOPSIS法)对基于社会网络分析法计算得出的结果进行综合评价。结果对文献中有关问题进行整理统计。得出频次排名靠前的问题依次为定向医学生基层薪资待遇偏低(14次)、定向医学生基层职业发展空间有限(10次)、相关配套政策不完善(10次)、基层工作条件差(7次)、定向医学生学习积极性与主动性欠缺(7次);通过TOPSIS法对社会网络分析法计算得出的结果进行综合评价,排名前4位的问题依次为相关配套政策不完善(Ci=0.867)、定向医学生基层职业发展空间有限(Ci=0.800)、定向医学生基层薪资待遇偏低(Ci=0.786)和基层工作条件差(Ci=0.621)。结论广西壮族自治区农村订单定向医学生免费培养项目在推进过程中仍存在较大问题。建议从以下几个方面优化该项目以确保项目高质量发展:完善相关配套政策,强化监管与评估;畅通职业晋升渠道,建立长效激励机制;完善薪酬制度,提高待遇水平;改善基层工作环境,为基层工作提质增效。

疾病与社会:马克思文本中的医学隐喻

医学隐喻既是贯穿马克思思想史的独特阐述方式,也是表征马克思思想本义的关键载体。立足医学隐喻传统及社会有机体认知,马克思构塑了完备的医学隐喻体系,运用“瘟疫”“寒热病”等疾病类词汇喻指普鲁士社会制度、德国观念论、英国政治经济学等社会理论与现实问题,运用“金鸡霜”“解剖刀”等药物类、治疗工具类词汇喻指对社会问题或意识形态式的、或暂时的、或彻底的解决方案,藉此,马克思对封建制度、资本主义社会、人类历史等进行了深入反思。通过政治经济学研究,马克思笔下的医学隐喻从一种隐晦表达的思想修辞“进化”为成熟的社会医学观,基于工人阶级疾病问题分析,马克思以医学领域之面映射资本主义社会之体,为无产阶级指明解放道路,强调通过开展阶级斗争彻底消灭私有制,不仅在社会医学方面能够改善“工人病”产生的恶劣环境,更为每个人的自由而全面发展提供健康的身心条件。