Social Construction Functions of Consumption Space under Stratification:The Case of Guangzhou

As Chinese cities rapidly transformed themselves into consumerist societies,the relationship between consumers and consumption space under stratification has become a new research area in the field of urban social geography.Based on a consumer behavior analysis,this study explores the relationship between consumption space and the social strata of consumers in typical shopping malls in Guangzhou where the first shopping mall in China was built.The result shows that shopping malls have performed significant constructive functions of organizing consumers from different social classes into different consumption space.For middle-and upper-class consumers,the function of shopping malls centers on utilitarian consumption,identity recognition,and identity construction;whereas for lower-class consumers,its function revolves around pleasure and enjoyment.The symbolism of consumption space is the underlying reason for shopping malls to have their social constructive function.The findings of this research suggest that:1) a shopping mall is a productive consumption space and a geographical space with subjectivity;2) the micro-location of a shopping mall has social construction function;and 3) symbolic consumption is the core of social construction.

Path of Social Construction in Northwest Sichuan Plateau Pastoral Area

On the basis of main contents of social construction and key points of construction,this paper analyzes features of conditions of northwest Sichuan plateau pastoral area.The social construction at current stage mainly includes social cause in narrow sense,and social management at meso-level.The northwest Sichuan plateau pastoral area is faced with the best policy and development opportunity.However,there are still many weak aspects.Firstly,social structure is not coordinated with economic structure.Secondly,social construction ability of grass-roots government is weak.Thirdly,the ability to respond to public demands is low.Fourthly,there is a big gap in availability of basic public service.Finally,it presents path selection for social construction of northwest Sichuan plateau pastoral area:strengthen social construction ability of grass-roots government;promote social construction with livelihood projects as key projects;boost social construction taking advantage of ecological construction;develop basic public service with the aid of external forces;intensify evaluation system for supervision of social construction works.

The Anthropology and the Social Construction of Development in Post-colonial Africa

Development is achieved neither from the vacuum nor from the abstract. It takes place in a social context and responds to specific social conditions. Many countries in Africa （especially in the sub-Saharan area） consider that the main potential contribution an agenda for socio-economic development could provide would be to put socio-anthropoiogical studies of development back at the center of concerns. Likewise, the nature of the commitment of theorists and practitioners of yesterday and today, in a context that is described as post-colonial, especially around development projects policies, is to encourage more comprehensive and effective new approaches with regard to development in Africa. Moreover, achieving development requires also global actions to deliver on the legitimate aspiration towards further economic and social progress, requiring growth and employment, and at the same time strengthening the education system by using academic institutions, and systems to the right to make decisions about programs, quality standards, and a veriety of other educational factors.

Study on Construction of Forestry Socialized Service Systems Based on Barnard's Organizational Structure Theory

Construction of forestry socialized service systems is the important content for reform of collective forestry tenure systems.Based on the necessity,possibility and problem of construction of forestry socialized service system,according to Barnard's Organizational Structure theory,the path and countermeasure of forestry socialized service system in China are discussed.

Social Construction and the Human Rights Cause

Entering the 21st century, China is now at a new historical starting point. During the process ofgiving priority to the central task of economic construction and co- ordinating economic and social development, the work of social construction has been placed in an important position and the develop- ment of the human rights cause has also exhibited new characteristics. To respect and protect human rights and develop the human rights cause, we should pay attention to and adapt ourselves to these new characteris- tics.

The Transformation of Environmental Governance from the Point of the Interaction between Government and National People's Congress

Taking cadmium pollution in X River as an example, the interaction between National People＇s Congress and local government was de- scribed. How the local government transforms its role in environment protection with the help of several deputies to National People＇s Congress was expounded from the angle of social construction, which also enlightened the way to build an environment protection road with Chinese characteristics.

Government Underpinning： Failure to Abolish Consumer Slavery

This paper will assess the way in which consumerism is used to manipulate individuals within marginalized groups, specifically those based on race and gender. Following a Marxist framework, this paper will illustrate a symbiotic relationship between the laborer and the capitalist, a hierarchal relationship where mutual dependence encourages unrelenting exploitation. Further focus will center on how these social hierarchies perpetuate a continuous enslavement of individuals politically defined as black and politically defined as woman. These identities are outlined within the framework of two active dichotomies： black/white and man/woman. Both gender and race are key factors in determining an individual＇s identity. Because the hegemonic gender is man, while the hegemonic race is white, any person who does not fit into those two categories simultaneously is underprivileged. Hence the reason why black and woman, both of which have been historically deemed subordinate to white and man, is automatically a part of the underprivileged working class. Since the hierarchal laborer-capitalist relationship is greatly validated by socializations, it cannot be voided by taking legal action alone. However, policy changes addressing education gaps, gender wage gaps, and hiring discrepancies, can assist in decoupling the social constructs of race and gender from class therefore minimizing racial and gender privileges.

The Path to Common Prosperity:Rising Social Construction and Livelihood Expenditure

Since 2000,China has undergone a“golden age”of livelihood security construction similar to that of the Western industrialized countries in the 1960s to 1980s.Nowadays,China has built up the world's largest social security and housing support systems;the coverage of compulsory education has reached the average level of high-income countries;and the main health indicators are generally better than the average of middle-and highincome countries.Obviously,China is nolongera“low-welfare”country.Livelihood expenditure,with a share of GDP close to the level of developed countries around 1980,has become the principal part of public expenditure,and the central government is also playing an increasingly prominent role in ensuring people's livelihoods.China is building a new livelihood security system with responsibility shared among multiple levels of government.