Analysis of home care-based multi-level old-age service system

With the deepening of China＇s aging, China＇s social pension problem more obvious each day, and gradually become the focus of attention of the whole society. On the one hand, China entered the aging society, old-age needs to grow exponentially. The sixth national census shows that in our country, the population aged 60 and 13.26% of the total population over the total number of 179 million, 65 years and older the proportion of 8.87% of the total population, the absolute number of nearly 120 million. Hundreds of millions of older age groups will produce a growing demand for care services, which is the original old-age service system and the whole economic and social development is a huge pressure. On the other hand, with the economic and social transformation, the traditional model of family pension has been unable to adapt to the profound changes in modem employment, family structure, the concept of retirement, since most parts of China, ＂old before getting ricE＂ the situation, how to solve the elderly the pension problem is related to the overall situation of China＇s economic and social development, related to the overall situation of building a harmonious society in China. Under current national conditions, the emphasis on the development of a single individual body to meet the growing demand for pension service is not realistic, we must mobilize the enthusiasm of all aspects of the element, multi-service integration of resources subject to their commitment to a different responsibilities and tasks provide a full range of care services according to different types, different levels of the actual needs of the older age groups. On the aging problem is that the whole community to face, you need to multi-government body, families, communities, institutions combine effectively starting from the actual needs of the elderly population, according to the financial assistance, life care, spiritual consolation three set the specific needs of services, through a government-led, home-based care services, community care services for the core and supplementary services for institutions focused on pension and other means to provide a full range of pension services.

The Experience and Enlightenment of the Development of Old-age Care Services in Russia

Through the analysis of the history and current situation of Russia＇s old-age care services system, this paper analyzes and studies the old-age care services system in Russia. By means of law and social policy, Russia can promote the active participation of the elderly in politics, economy, culture and other activities to promote the positive image of the elderly. The active aging policy in Russia and the development trend of the old-age care service to promote the social adaptation and re-employment of the elderly are of positive significance to the development of our country＇s old-age care service.

Inter-organizational cooperation: A rehabilitation project based on cooperation between health care and three social service agencies

Purpose: Cooperation between organizations is an often-suggested remedy for handling unsolved borderland problems. However, actual projects aiming at cooperation are seldom very successful. The purpose here is to highlight obstacles related to cooperation between different organizations based on a case study of a rehabilitation project where health care and several social service organizations (social insurance, social welfare, and the local employment agency) were involved. Data were gathered through participation and interviews. Findings: It seems that efficient cooperation requires an understanding of the participating organizations’ differences in work logic as well as work practices. Furthermore, only certain fairly standardized “normal” problems may be handled through organized cooperation while non-routine exceptional problem requires a more fully integrated work organization. Implications: Obstacles to cooperation are highlighted and ways to improve the possibilities of cooperation between organizations are suggested although such possibilities are generally hampered by differences in work logic.

‘Diversity Culture’in Social Services:Person-Centered Care

This article addresses the issue of‘diversity culture’in social services with the purpose of re-conceptualizing person-centered social services theory and practice.The increased participation of women,minorities,and people of different nationalities and cultures in the business world is outlining a transformation of the workforce.In parallel,there is also a diversification and heterogeneity of customers,social service users’needs,and markets and consumers’styles.The paper analyzes main groups of theories that inform social services techniques-psychological theories,cognitive behavioral theories,systemic theories,humanistic theories,and constructionist theories-with the aim of re-thinking models and practices to address the challenges that the social services are facing in responding to needs of cultural,gender,action potential,and age diversity.Specifically,social workers and the social services system are required to adapt to the changing circumstances of the social,economic,cultural and communicative environment.

The Research of Social Organizations Participating in the Urban Community Aged Care＇ s Problems--Base on the City of Shanghai in China

With the deepening of China＇s aging population, the conmmnity aged care gradually become endowment new options. Social organization for its own characteristics, play an important role in participating in community aged care. But the extent to which the current social organizations to participate in the community aged care is still very low, the reason is mainly affected by the community aged care access mechanism. Article in the Shanghai community, for example, starhng fiom the present situation of the current social organizations to participate in the community aged care, analysis of the problems arising fi-om the social organizations in the community aged care, probe into its reasons in access mechanism, put forward the corresponding countermeasures and Suggestions, encourage social organizations play an effective role in the community aged care.

Participatory approach to design social accountability interventions to improve maternal health services:a case study from the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Background:Social accountability(SA)comprises a set of mechanisms aiming to,on the one hand,enable users to raise their concerns about the health services provided to them(voice),and to hold health providers(HPs)accountable for actions and decisions related to the health service provision.On the other hand,they aim to facilitate HPs to take into account users’needs and expectations in providing care.This article describes the development of a SA intervention that aims to improve health services responsiveness in two health zones in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.Methods:Beneficiaries including men,women,community health workers(CHWs),representatives of the health sector and local authorities were purposively selected and involved in an advisory process using the Dialogue Model in the two health zones:(1)Eight focus group discussions(FGDs)were organized separately during consultation aimed at sharing and discussing results from the situation analysis,and collecting suggestions for improvement,(2)Representatives of participants in previous FGDs were involved in dialogue meetings for prioritizing and integrating suggestions from FGDs,and(3)the integrated suggestions were discussed by research partners and set as intervention components.All the processes were audio-taped,transcribed and analysed using inductive content analysis.Results:Overall there were 121 participants involved in the process,51 were female.They provided 48 suggestions.Their suggestions were integrated into six intervention components during dialogue meetings:(1)use CHWs and a health committee for collecting and transmitting community concerns about health services,(2)build the capacity of the community in terms of knowledge and information,(3)involve community leaders through dialogue meetings,(4)improve the attitude of HPs towards voice and the management of voice at health facility level,(5)involve the health service supervisors in community participation and;(6)use other existing interventions.These components were then articulated into three intervention components during programming to:create a formal voice system,introduce dialogue meetings improving enforceability and answerability,and enhance the health providers’responsiveness.Conclusions:The use of the Dialogue Model,a participatory process,allowed beneficiaries to be involved with other community stakeholders having different perspectives and types of knowledge in an advisory process and to articulate their suggestions on a combination of SA intervention components,specific for the two health zones contexts.

Socialized care services for the aged population:System construction and support measures

Given the aging society,an increase in social demand,information-and communication technology-driven culture,and government policy support emerges to enable the development of the socialized care services system for the aged(SCSSA).The development of the SCSSA would be a significant step toward addressing China’s aging population.However,the construction of the SCSSA challenges the theories and methods of traditional elderly care service system construction.Specifically,the implementation path for such elderly care service policies is unclear,the necessary technological support is insufficient,and the mechanism for integrating intelligent information technology remains underexplored.Thus,this paper focuses on the needs of the elderly,grounded in the context of the changing elderly care service policies in China,and proposes a research paradigm that integrates system construction and support measure embedding.We then construct the original SCSSA,which includes“material+spirit+medical treatment+healthcare”and propose a method of optimization and iteration.Finally,we build the research framework of systematic support measures from the perspectives of policy reconstruction,institutional embeddedness,and technical support.Our work provides theoretical support and practical guidance for the construction and dynamic optimization of the SCSSA,thus making a significant contribution that will help China effectively cope with its aging society.

Research on the Renewal Strategy of Social Space for the Elderly in Colleges and Universities from the Perspective of Multi Generations:Take a University in the North as an Example

Under the background of population aging,while the living environment of the elderly is improved,it is necessary to pay attention to their spiritual needs and build an elderly-friendly and livable social environment.In this paper,through field investigation and research on social behavior and space,the social behavior and needs of the elderly in a university in the north were analyzed,and based on the social characteristics and psychological needs of the elderly and students in the university,the construction of a dynamic space with multi-generational shared space as the core was proposed to develop a social platform that integrates virtual and reality,so as to provide reference for the updating of social space in college communities in the future.

Alpha-Stim Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) for Anxiety Treatment: Outcomes in a United Kingdom (UK) Primary Care Practice

Background: Anxiety disorders are the most common mental disorders, typically treated with psychotherapy and medication. These treatments are not suitable for, acceptable to, or effective for everyone. Alpha-Stim AID is a Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) treatment with evidence of effectiveness in treating anxiety disorders. Objective: The aim of this paper is to present outcomes on anxiety, depression, and quality of life of Alpha-Stim use in primary care patients in the United Kingdom’s (UK) National Health Service (NHS) who reported symptoms of anxiety. Methods: Open label patient cohort design. Self-report measures: PHQ-9 (depression), GAD-7 (anxiety) and EQ-5D-5L (health related quality of life). Twenty-three patients with symptoms of anxiety completed a six-week course of Alpha-Stim intervention. Results: Reliable improvement and remission rates respectively were 60.9% and 17.4% for the GAD-7;42.9% and 22.7% for the PHQ-9. Significant improvement and medium/large effect sizes (n2 = 0.59 and 0.56 respectively). EQ-5D-5L results showed significant improvements in quality of life. Perceived quality of life doubled with an improvement of 0.36 on the health index score, this intervention adds 3.64 Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs). Limitations: The study was not an RCT, there was no control group. Conclusions: Alpha-Stim AID CES can be delivered through a UK primary care practice, and can have a significant impact on symptoms of anxiety and depression, and improve quality of life in primary care patients with anxiety symptoms. Further feasibility studies in primary care and sufficiently powered RCT are required.

中国安宁疗护服务体系历史发展、制度化困境与国家政策框架

从现代社会福利制度化建设角度看,中国社会福利服务体系尤其是儿童与老人安宁疗护服务发展缓慢。中国现代安宁疗护服务制度建设的政策框架是“以医院为基础,以社区为中心,以居家为补充”;战略是现代社会主义福利国家制度建设;策略是正式社区照顾服务、健康照顾服务与社会照顾服务体系一体化;路径是解放思想,更新价值观念,明确国家主体福利责任,完善社会福利服务财政制度,加快专门立法,发挥专业社会工作作用等。现代社会福利制度建设是国家、社会现代化的主体与主题。现代社会福利制度质量状况既决定社会政策与全民社会生活质量,又决定生命与死亡质量,其核心是国家权力与公民权利、国家责任与公民义务、个人福利与社会福利责任的社会划分,其实质是全民美好生活需要满足与国家治理制度现代化,其目标是中华民族伟大复兴和中国现代社会主义美好社会。

我国残疾人社会保障与关爱服务的系统性优化研究——以需要为本的社会政策为视角

我国残疾人社会政策进入优化发展新阶段,将系统思维贯彻至残疾人社会政策优化是现实所需。文章提出残疾人社会政策以需要为本的目标导向,聚焦社会保障制度和关爱服务体系的目标集成、政策集成,推动残疾人兜底型和发展型社会政策的效果集成,进一步提出建立健全残疾人家庭需求的多维识别和综合研判机制、持续追踪和动态预警机制,并围绕残疾人家庭的能力提升、残疾人关爱共同体建设这两个重点,来促进残疾人社会政策的协同。

“差序格局”特征社会网络对养老服务消费行为的影响

基于实地调研数据可知,“差序格局”特征社会网络对老年人养老服务消费行为的影响结果主要有:在自我与家庭层面,收入水平和子女态度是影响老年人养老服务消费意愿转化的核心因素。在社会网络层面,以广场舞、太极拳等集体性文化娱乐活动为代表的弱关系社会参与活动对养老服务消费意愿与行为的积极影响比以亲友关系为代表的强关系社会参与更明显,强关系在涉及日常生活安排和状态改变的养老服务消费决策中发挥重要作用。异质性分析表明:女性、高受教育程度、城市地区人群的养老服务消费意愿转化能力更强;自我层面与社会网络层面对养老服务消费行为的影响呈现出显著的城乡差异。据此,我国在实践中可通过挖掘弱关系社交核心节点带动作用、制定差异化的需求管理策略,带动潜在客群的消费行为。

西南地区基本养老服务均等化测度与区域差异

基本养老服务均等化是老年人共享改革成果和社会公平正义的重要体现。文章从“物质帮助-照护服务-关爱服务”三个维度对西南地区基本养老服务均等化水平进行测度、分析与预测。研究发现:时间演变上,2012—2022年西南地区水平整体稳步上升,各子维度波折上升;区域差异上,西南总体呈现两阶段变化趋势,以区域内差异为主,子维度区域差异为照护服务>关爱服务>物质帮助;未来趋势上,2023—2025年基本养老服务均等化水平持续上升且区域差异不断缩小。据此,提出了保障物质、持续照护、重视关爱的养老服务举措。

社会工作介入医养结合养老照护服务的优化路径研究

从社会工作的视角分析医养结合养老照护服务问题是回应健康中国规划和人口老龄化现状的重要内容。通过分析医养结合和照护轨迹的内涵,审视当前社会存在的医养结合的养老照护服务中的困境,发现当代社会的医养结合照护服务的制度和政策存在发展功能性障碍,医养结合养老照护服务体系缺乏整合机制,人才队伍建设跨学科合作存在区隔界限,社会支持网络结构功能失调。为此,经过前期的理论和实践探索,建议以社会工作方法嵌入的方式构建医养结合养老照护服务的政策保障,发挥协调整合的社会工作专业角色建构多元化的整合机制,从跨专业合作的角度探索医养结合养老照护服务的人才建设模式,通过“医务社工+志愿者”的联动机制实现医养结合养老照护服务的社会支持网络平衡。从而最终实现医养结合模式的养老照护服务优化路径的系统性重构和整体性重塑的长效跃升发展。

长期护理保险与社会养老服务体系的协同发展策略--基于对长期护理保险试点经验的分析

探索建立长期护理保险制度是解决失能老年人长期照护问题的有效路径。通过对全国49个长护险试点城市的经验分析发现,长护险的实施为养老服务提供了庞大的市场需求和稳定的资金来源,促进了社会养老服务的发展;而社会养老服务则为长护险实施提供了坚实的服务保障。将长护险资金顺利转化为老年人的照护服务是实现长护险制度设计目标的关键,唯此才能推动两者协同发展。建议从国家战略的高度进行统筹规划,加强顶层设计,重构长期照护服务政策体系,并以需求引导供给,实现养老服务的高质量发展,提升长期照护服务的供给能力。

化外于内:外部主体可持续参与农村养老服务供给的路径探究

探索外部主体可持续参与农村养老服务供给的有效路径,需要挖掘其比较优势,深入到服务供给中的组织行为与情感互动,且将服务供给和社区经济发展联系起来。基于组织、情感、利益三维度相结合的分析框架建构,和对北京市社会企业实践的典型案例的分析,实现外部主体的可持续参与,可以在发挥其组织整合优势,针对性地弥补社区自主服务供给短板的基础上,引导其扎根农村生活情境和原居环境,构建“家园”与“家人”的情感认同;同时延伸到产业发展,以“交叉补贴”保障低利润经营可持续性,衔接社区经济发展、再分配、互惠等环节,强化利益联结。通过“化外于内”促进外部主体可持续参与农村养老服务供给,有助于农村养老模式创新,突破表面化的供需匹配造成的“低水平均衡”。研究亦对支持社会企业在农村社区建设中发挥积极作用有启发和借鉴意义。

社区养老服务对老年人社会参与的影响——基于CLASS 2020的实证分析

提高老年人社会参与水平对于贯彻落实积极应对人口老龄化战略具有重要意义。基于2020年中国老年社会追踪调查的数据,实证分析社区养老服务与老年人社会参与的关系,发现社区养老服务对老年人社会参与产生显著正向影响,社区提供的养老服务越全面,老年人的社会参与水平越高,这一结果具有稳健性。机制分析结果表明,社区养老服务通过智能助老设备向老年人增能,提高其社会参与水平。建议进一步提高社区养老服务的智慧化、专业化水平,促进智能助老设备普及,为老年人社会参与创造良好的条件,助力积极老龄化战略的贯彻落实。

数智化时代老年人社会参与的挑战与应对策略——基于MOA理论的实证研究

随着积极应对人口老龄化国家战略的实施,养老观念正发生转变,从传统单纯地为老年人生活提供支持,逐步转向鼓励老年人继续参与社会活动,即进行积极的社会参与。数智化技术既给老年人积极社会参与带来更多的机遇,也是未来老年人社会参与的必由之路。基于MOA理论对20位老年人开展为期14天的日记研究,结果表明,数智化技术确实为老年人带来了更多社会参与的机会,但也造成老年人在社会参与时面临“想参与但无从参与”“有机会但参与困难”与“参与但获得感不强”三大挑战。要改善这一现状,首先,要完善制度设计,通过出台老年人社会参与统一平台建设、技术赋能老年社会参与的相关政策,保障参与环境;其次,要建设统一平台,构建包含老年人、养老服务机构(企业)和医疗(健康)服务机构等不同主体共同聚合的生态系统,保障老年人的社会参与机会;再次,推动技术赋能,在做好高频应用适老化改造的基础上,加强对智能化功能的建设,对技术使用的门槛做减法,为技术应用形式做加法;最后,要积极鼓励和推广以志愿服务、银发网红、再就业等为代表形式的“老有所为”活动,支持老年人继续发挥余热,使晚年生活更充实、更有意义。

五社联动背景下社区养老服务模式创新探索——以D市J区S社区为例

“五社联动”背景下社区养老服务模式是我国在为应对日益严重的老龄化问题,弥补家庭养老和机构养老短板的实践过程中探索出的养老服务新模式。该模式主要通过社区、社会工作者、社区社会组织、社区志愿者和社区公益慈善资源的联动来满足养老服务的多样化需求。D市J区S社区通过形成多元参与格局、扩展养老服务内容和发掘养老新主体等举措,推动了社区养老的发展,取得一定进展。但由于欠缺服务专业性和基础设施等原因,社区养老发展缓慢,陷入困境。基于此,针对各主体,分别提出打造舒适社区环境和搭建联系各方协作网、建立高素质专业化的社会工作者队伍、提高社会组织公共服务能力、推进社区志愿者服务制度化、推进“互联网+公益”新模式的运用等举措,更好的推动社区养老服务模式的发展。

流动学前儿童教育照顾服务的社会支持现状及对策

完善学前儿童教育照顾服务,实现幼有所育是新时代的重要议题。作为最年幼的流动人口,流动学前儿童属于脆弱群体。由于教育照顾服务等社会支持不足,流动学前儿童的生存发展面临着诸多困境。通过对托育机构、幼儿园、社区、社会组织等为流动学前儿童及其家庭提供教育照顾服务的情况进行调查,厘清教育照顾服务的社会支持状况发现,目前还存在针对托育机构、幼儿园等公益性和普惠性教育照顾机构供应不足与质量参差不齐、社区支持力度单薄、社会组织关注度不够等问题,需要大力发展普惠性托育、学前教育等机构教育照顾服务,充分发挥社区、社会组织和社会工作的联动作用,提高流动学前儿童教育照顾服务水平。