An Extended Fuzzy-DEMATEL System for Factor Analyses on Social Capital Selection in the Renovation of Old Residential Communities

China has been promoting the renovation of old residential communities vigorously.Due to the financial pressure of the government and the sustainability of the renovation of old residential communities,public-private partnerships(PPP)have already gained attention.The selection of social capital is key to improving the efficiency of the PPP model in renovating old residential communities.In order to determine the influencing factors of social capital selection in the renovation of old residential communities,this paper aims to find an effective approach and analyze these factors.In this paper,a fuzzy decision-making and trial evaluation laboratory(fuzzy-DEMATEL)technique is extended and amore suitable systemis developed for the selection of social capital using the existing group decisionmaking theory.In the first stage,grounded theory is used to extract the unabridged key influencing factors for social capital selection in the renovation of old residential communities.Secondly,by considering the impact of expert weights,the key influencing factors are identified.The interactions within these influencing factors are discussed and the credibility of the results is verified by sensitivity analysis.Finally,these key influencing factors are sorted by importance.Based on the results,the government should focus on a technical level,organizationalmanagement abilities,corporate reputation,credit status,etc.This study provides the government with a theoretical basis and a methodology for evaluating social capital selection.

Does cryptic dichromatism exist in the Saffron Finch(Sicalis flaveola)?Colorimetric variables and the avian visual model

Sexual dichromatism,a particular type of sexual dimorphism,occurs in several species and has been associated with sexual selection.In some cases,the differences are so small that they are imperceptible to humans,but possibly detected by birds.The objective measurement of color with spectrophotometers and detailed analyses according to the perception ability of the avian eye have revealed that some species that were once considered to be monochromatic,are in fact dichromatic and able to perceive these differences.In the tropics,the Saffron Finch(Sicalis flaveola) does not present marked sexual dimorphism in coloration,which makes studies in behavioral ecology,natural history and population dynamics difficult.To assess whether there is dichromatism in the species,the reflectance(between 300 and 700 nm) of ten body regions was measured in 196 wild adults in Cali-Colombia.Sex was determined using the CHD1 gene on the sex chromosomes.Reflectance spectra were analyzed using:colorimetric variables and the avian visual model.We found that reflectance shows a bimodal curve in all body regions,except the crown.Males presented higher reflectance at long wavelengths,while for females this occurred in ultraviolet wavelengths.For the visual model,we found that there are significant intrasexual differences;however only in crown coloration is there a possible perceived difference between sexes.We conclude that in the Saffron Finch there are color differences between the sexes in all regions considering the physical phenomenon(reflectance),but in general,when evaluating color perception(avian visual model),there are no differences between the sexes in most of the body regions.The intrasexual differences are significant,indicating the possibility of these being signals that influence social interactions in the species.

The Human Sustainable Development under Biologically Evolutionary Background

Evolution,adaptation and selection always exist in the evolutionary process of any species,which is the result of interrelation and interaction between living things and their environments,and the incarnation of natural laws in the evolutionary process of any species. Only if accurately understanding their connotation and interrelation among them,taking the evolution of living things as the line with centralizing the human sustainable development,dialectically unifying the active adaptation of the human being to their environments and oriented selection of nature and the society to species,we can acquire a better understanding of evolution of living things and a deeper understanding of the human sustainable development under biologically evolutionary background and uphold the true Darwinism,modern evolutionary point of view and the concept of current sustainable development in theory and in practice.

Dynamic programming methodology for multi-criteria group decision-making under ordinal preferences

A method of minimizing rankings inconsistency is proposed for a decision-making problem with rankings of alternatives given by multiple decision makers according to multiple criteria. For each criteria, at first, the total inconsistency between the rankings of all alternatives for the group and the ones for every decision maker is defined after the decision maker weights in respect to the criteria are considered. Similarly, the total inconsistency between their final rankings for the group and the ones under every criteria is determined after the criteria weights are taken into account. Then two nonlinear integer programming models minimizing respectively the two total inconsistencies above are developed and then transformed to two dynamic programming models to obtain separately the rankings of all alternatives for the group with respect to each criteria and their final rankings. A supplier selection case illustrated the proposed method, and some discussions on the results verified its effectiveness. This work develops a new measurement of ordinal preferences’ inconsistency in multi-criteria group decision-making （MCGDM） and extends the cook-seiford social selection function to MCGDM considering weights of criteria and decision makers and can obtain unique ranking result.

关于社会发展中的选择性与决定性

马克思的唯物史观是一种决定论的历史观 ,是和选择论这种非决定论的历史观相对立的。但是唯物史观的历史决定论又是和宿命论的、机械论的历史决定论相区别的 ,它不仅承认历史发展中的决定性 ,同时承认历史发展中人的历史活动的选择性。作为两种历史观 ,决定论和选择论是互相排斥的 ,但作为历史发展中同时存在的两个方面 ,历史的决定性和历史的选择性并不是互相排斥而是互相依存的 ,历史发展的决定性表现于人的有选择的历史活动之中。正确认识社会发展中的选择性和决定性 ,对于正确理解历史唯物主义具有重要的理论意义 。

The evolution of female sex pheromones

The role of female sex pheromones in natural selection, particularly as a means for species recognition to avoid the generation of hybrid offspring with low fitness, has been widely explored and is generally accepted by scholars. However, the significance of sex pheromones in shaping mate choice （sexual selection） and in competition over breeding resources （social se- lection） has been largely ignored. The effect of sexual selection on sex pheromones as a sexually dimorphic signaling trait has been discounted because the amount of pheromone released by females is typically minute, while the role of sex pheromones in competition over breeding resources （other than mates） has not yet been considered. As a result of natural selection, variation in sex pheromones among females is expected to be low, and males are not expected to choose their mates among phero- mone-releasing conspecific females. Sexual selection, on the other hand, should drive the increase in pheromone variance among females, and males are expected to choose females based on this variation. Moreover, social selection resulting from more general social interactions, for example competition among females for breeding sites and food, should also promote variance among female sex pheromones. Here, we review the cttrrent evidence for each of the three selection processes acting on sex pheromones of female moths as an advertising trait. We suggest that the three selection types are not mutually exclusive but rather act together to promote different fimess components in diverse ecological situations