Assessing adaptability of the water resource system to social-ecological systems in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region:Based on the DPSIR-TOPSIS framework

To optimize the overall layout of water resource allocation in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,the adaptabil‐ity of the water resource system to the regional social-ecological systems has to be enhanced.Based on the driver-pressure-state-impact-response(DPSIR)framework,this study constructs an evaluation index system to analyze the adaptability mechanisms of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei’s water resource system according to the three major constituent social-ecological systems(i.e.,economic,social,and ecological systems).Moreover,it adopts the technique of order preference similarity to the ideal solution(TOPSIS)to comprehensively evaluate the adaptability of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei’s water resource system based on three constituent social-ecological systems(i.e.,economic,social,and ecological systems)and identifies the spatiotemporal differentiation char‐acteristics of the region.Our results showed that,①from 2000 to 2020,the adaptability of Beijing-Tianjin Hebei’s water resource system,as a whole,significantly improved.In terms of stages,from 2000 to 2007,the adaptability of the water resource social system was significantly higher than that of economic and ecological systems in the region.From 2008 to 2015,by accelerating the transformation and upgrading of industrial structures,improving the efficiency of economic water utilization,and strengthening the governance of the water ecosystem,the adaptability of water resource economic and ecological systems rapidly improved;how‐ever,that of the water resource ecological system was still the lowest.Additionally,the adaptability of the wa‐ter resource economic system exceeded that of the social system.From 2016 to 2020,the gap in adaptability of the water resource system to all three major constituent systems gradually narrowed.By 2020,the three sys‐tems entered a relatively balanced development stage,with the adaptability of the entire water resource system and the three major constituent systems maintaining a high level.②The economic system was significantly af‐fected by per capita GDP,per capita water resources,and the efficiency of economic water utilization.Addition‐ally,the social system was significantly affected by water consumption per unit of irrigation area.Meanwhile,the ecological system was significantly influenced by precipitation,water pollution discharge performance indi‐cators,and the structure optimization indicators of water supply.According to the evaluation results,we pro‐pose countermeasures and provide recommendations to optimize the overall layout of water resource alloca‐tion and promote the coordinated management of water resources in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.

Simulating Sustainable Urban Development by Incorporating Social-ecological Risks into a Constrained CA Model

A key solution to urban and global sustainability is effective planning of sustainable urban development, for which geo-techniques especially cellular automata(CA) models can be very informative. However, existing CA models for simulating sustainable urban development, though increasingly refined in modeling urban growth, capture mostly the environmental aspect of sustainability. In this study, an adaptable risk-constrained CA model was developed by incorporating the social-ecological risks of urban development. A three-dimensional risk assessment framework was proposed that explicitly considers the environmental constraints on, system resilience to, and potential impacts of urban development. The risk-constrained model was then applied to a case study of Sheyang County, Jiangsu Province in the eastern China. Comparative simulations of urban development in four contrasting scenarios were conducted, namely, the environmental suitability constrained scenario, the ecological risk constrained scenario, the social risk constrained scenario, and the integrated social-ecological risk constrained scenario. The simulations suggested that considering only environmental suitability in the CA simulation of urban development overestimated the potential of sustainable urban growth, and that the urbanization mode changed from city expansion that was more constrained by social risks to town growth that was more constrained by ecological risks. Our risk-constrained CA model can better simulate sustainable urban development; additionally, we provide suggestions on the sustainable urban development in Sheyang and on future model development.

The vulnerability evolution and simulation of social-ecological systems in a semi-arid area: A case study of Yulin City, China

Taking the semi-arid area of Yulin City as an example, this study improves the vulnerability assessment methods and techniques at the county scale using the VSD(Vulnerability Scoping Diagram) assessment framework, integrates the VSD framework and the SERV(Spatially Explicit Resilience-Vulnerability) model, and decomposes the system vulnerability into three dimensions, i.e., exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. Firstly, with the full understanding of the background and exposure risk source of the research area, the vulnerability indexes were screened by the SERV model, and the index system was constructed to assess the characteristics of the local eco-environment. Secondly, with the aid of RS and GIS, this study measured the spatial differentiation and evolution of the social-ecological systems in Yulin City during 2000–2015 and explored intrinsic reasons for the spatial-temporal evolution of vulnerability. The results are as follows:(1) The spatial pattern of Yulin City's SESs vulnerability is "high in northwest and southeast and low along the Great Wall". Although the degree of system vulnerability decreased significantly during the study period and the system development trend improved, there is a sharp spatial difference between the system vulnerability and exposure risk.(2) The evolution of system vulnerability is influenced by the risk factors of exposure, and the regional vulnerability and the spatial heterogeneity of exposure risk are affected by the social sensitivity, economic adaptive capacity and other factors. Finally, according to the uncertainty of decision makers, the future scenarios of regional vulnerability are simulated under different decision risks by taking advantage of the OWA multi-criteria algorithm, and the vulnerability of the regional system under different development directions was predicted based on the decision makers' rational risk interval.

Towards Quantitatively Understanding the Complexity of Social-Ecological Systems——From Connection to Consilience

The complexity of social-ecological systems(SES) is rooted in the outcomes of node activities connected by network topology. Thus far, in network dynamics research, the connectivity degree(CND), indicating how many nodes are connected to a given node, has been the dominant concept. However, connectivity focuses only on network topology, neglecting the crucial relation to node activities, and thereby leaving system outcomes largely unexplained. Inspired by the phenomenon of ‘‘consensus of wills and coordination of activities' ' often observed in disaster risk management, we propose a new concept of network characteristic, the consilience degree(CSD),aiming to measure the way in which network topology and node activities together contribute to system outcomes. The CSD captures the fact that nodes may assume different states that make their activities more or less compatible.Connecting two nodes with in/compatible states will lead to outcomes that are un/desirable from the perspective of the SES in question. We mathematically prove that the CSD is a generalized CND, and the CND is a special case of CSD. As a general, fundamental concept, the CSD can facilitate the development of a new framework of network properties, models, and theories that allows us to understand patterns of network behavior that cannot be explained in terms of connectivity alone. We further demonstrate that a co-evolutionary mechanism can naturally improve the CSD. Given the generality of co-evolution in SES, we argue that the CSD is an inherent attribute rather than an artificial concept, which underpins the fundamental importance of the CSD to the study of SES.

乡村旅游社会-生态系统脆弱性及影响机理——基于秦岭景区农户调查数据的分析

脆弱性及其评估框架为旅游地社会-生态系统研究提供了一个新的视角。文章借鉴社会-生态系统及其脆弱性相关理论,探索在旅游发展背景下秦岭山区乡村人地关系的测度与解释。从敏感性和适应能力结合的角度出发,构建评价指标体系,通过农户参与式问卷调查与实地调研,在农户生计分类的基础上,测度以农户为基础的局地社会生态系统脆弱度,厘清不同类型农户和景区脆弱性的影响机理。以农户适应性为切入点,提出实践对策与建议,为相关部门决策提供依据。研究表明:(1)以旅游生计和综合生计型为主的农户较传统生计型(务工/农)农户脆弱性降低。局域脆弱性空间差异不大,但结构性差异显著,其中,社区共管类景区脆弱性明显较其他景区低。(2)人均拥有耕地面积、家庭物质资产种类、旅游收入、贷款资助机会、区域优势度、技能培训等成为影响农户脆弱性的关键因素。(3)自然资本缺失、适应力资本分异、企业经济理性主导的旅游开发模式进一步增加了人地系统脆弱性,而农户认知、社会资本建设以及社区共管模式有利于提升系统应对风险能力,减缓或降低系统脆弱性。

恢复力研究的新进展与评述

介绍了恢复力的起源及基本内涵,并对恢复力内涵研究中的两派主要观点(工程恢复力和生态恢复力)进行分析与比较。随后,全面回顾并论述恢复力主要应用领域的重要概念模型与研究动态,分析总结各应用领域的恢复力量化现状。在此基础上,对恢复力未来的研究进行了展望,提出研究的关键问题以及今后需深入发展的研究方向。

The Concept, Connotation and Significance of Cultural Keystone Species in Agricultural Heritage Systems

As a new type of heritage, Agricultural Heritage Systems(AHS), represented by Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(GIAHS) designated by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)and Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(NIAHS) designated by some countries’ Ministry of Agriculture, are typical Social-Ecological Systems(SES), which usually are rich in biodiversity, traditional knowledge,resource utilization technology and outstanding cultural landscapes. Cultural Keystone Species(CKS) are defined as the culturally salient species that shape the cultural identity of a people in a major way. CKS can be used as a prominent tool for the synergistic conservation of SES biology and culture, and to promote the overall enhancement of system functions. This paper summarizes a review of the definition of the CKS and its application in SES conservation. According to the characteristics and protection needs of AHS, this paper defined the CKS in AHS as:“Composites of biological resources and cultural practices, which have a significant impact on the stability of local society and culture systems, contribute to the achievement of AHS’ conservation goals.” Based on this definition,we analyzed the significance of the identification of CKS in AHS. First of all, CKS help to quickly identify the key elements of AHS. Secondly, CKS can promote community participation in the conservation and development of AHS. In addition, the identification of CKS has a significant role in food and livelihood security, biodiversity conservation, traditional knowledge and technology transmission, social organization maintenance, and cultural landscape maintenance in AHS, which helps to achieve the conservation goals of GIAHS and/or NIAHS.

Integrated watershed management:evolution,development and emerging trends

Watershed management is an ever-evolving practice involving the management of land, water, biota, and other resources in a defined area for ecological, social, and economic purposes. In this paper, we explore the following questions： How has watershed management evolved？ What new tools are available and how can they be integrated into sustainable watershed management？ To address these questions, we discuss the process of developing integrated watershed management strategies for sustainable manage- ment through the incorporation of adaptive management techniques and traditional ecological knowledge. We address the numerous benefits from integration acrossdisciplines and jurisdictional boundaries, as well as the incorporation of technological advancements, such as remote sensing, GIS, big data, and multi-level social-eco- logical systems analysis, into watershed management strategies. We use three case studies from China, Europe, and Canada to review the success and failure of integrated watershed management in addressing different ecological, social, and economic dilemmas in geographically diverse locations. Although progress has been made in watershed management strategies, there are still numerous issues impeding successful management outcomes; many of which can be remedied through holistic management approaches, incorporation of cutting-edge science and technology, and cross-jurisdictional coordination. We conclude by high- lighting that future watershed management will need to account for climate change impacts by employing techno- logical advancements and holistic, cross-disciplinary approaches to ensure watersheds continue to serve their ecological, social, and economic functions. We present three case studies in this paper as a valuable resource for scientists, resource managers, government agencies, and other stakeholders aiming to improve integrated watershed management strategies and more efficiently and successfully achieve ecological and socio-economic management objectives.

Democratization of ecosystem services--a radical approach for assessing nature's benefits in the face of urbanization

Objectives:(1)To evaluate how ecosystem services may be utilized to either reinforce or fracture the planning and development practices that emerged from segregation and eco-nomic exclusion;(2)To survey the current state of ecosystem service assessments and synthesize a growing number of recommendations from the literature for renovating ecosys-tem service analyses.Methods:Utilizing current maps of ecosystem service distribution in Bushbuckridge Local Municipality,South Africa,we considered how a democratized process of assessing ecosys-tem services will produce a more nuanced representation of diverse values in society and capture heterogeneity in ecosystem structure and function.Results:We propose interventions for assessing ecosystem services that are inclusive of a broad range of stakeholders'values and result in actual quantification of social and ecological processes.We demonstrate how to operationalize a pluralistic framework for ecosystem service assessments.Conclusion:A democratized approach to ecosystem service assessments is a reimagined path to rescuing a poorly implemented concept and designing and managing future social-ecological systems that benefit people and support ecosystem integrity.It is the responsi-bility of scientists who do ecosystem services research to embrace more complex,pluralistic frameworks so that sound and inclusive scientific information is utilized in decision-making.

Unravelling the linkages of cryosphere and mountain livelihood systems:A case study of Langtang,Nepal

Globally,mountains are often characterized as fragile and hazardous terrains,with vast areas covered by the cryosphere.The livelihoods of communities in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region are closely linked with the cryosphere.But over the past few decades,communities in the region have experienced multiple changes,including those driven by climat e change,with direct and immediate impacts on their lives and livelihoods.In this study,we explore linkages between the cryosphere and high-mountain livelihoods using a social-ecological system approach.It examines how the complex social-ecological system in villages in Langtang Valley,Nepal,has evolved in response to both cryospheric and socioeconomic changes.The local communities perceive gradual but significant changes in the cryospheric system,such as receding and thinning glaciers,changing snowfall patterns,changes in temperature and precipitation patterns,and a growing incidence of cryosphere-related hazards,such as avalanches and landslides.Communities in the Langtang Valley are also facing a number of socioeconomic changes,resulting in changing aspirations,particularly among the youth.The growing disconnection between society and the surrounding cryosphere,with direct impacts on the transfer and growth of local knowledge systems,are discussed.These simultaneous changes in the cryosphere and the socioeconomic domain have also resulted in a homogenization of livelihood sources,with tourism emerging as the dominant source of livelihood.This has resulted in a dependence of the local population on food imported from outside the valley.A growing dependence on tourism for livelihoods,dependence on imports for food and other basic needs,and the lack of a risk reduction strategy might pose great risks for local lives and livelihoods in the long run.Interventions pertaining to diversifying livelihoods,harmonizing social capital,and hazard risk assessment are essential for strengthening linkages between cryosphere and the socioeconomic system.

全身运动质量评估与神经运动检查法评估康复科患儿早期中枢神经系统发育情况的价值比较

目的比较全身运动质量评估（GMS）与神经运动检查法对儿童医院康复科患儿早期中枢神经系统发育情况的评估价值。方法选择2012年1月～2013年1月徐州市儿童医院康复科进行治疗的早产儿86例为研究对象．分别对所有患儿进行全身运动质量评估及0～1岁52项神经运动检查法评价。分析全身运动质量评估结果和52项神经运动检查法的检查结果是否一致。结果经全身运动质量评估判定后，患儿扭动运动阶段．GMS正常者76例，占88．37％，异常者进一步区分为单调运动（PR）者8例，占9．30％；痉挛-同步运动（CS）者2例，占2．33％；混乱运动（CH）者0例，占0．00％。应用52项神经运动检查法进行评估，正常76例，异常10例，两次检查的结果虽有部分差异，但各维度结果比较，差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。根据一致性Kappa检验，GMS评分法与52项神经运动法具有较好的一致性（Kappa=0．711，P=0．004）。结论GMS评分法与0～1岁52项神经运动检查法均可对康复科患儿进行早期中枢神经系统的发育情况评价，两者具有一致性，但GMS评分法相对更加简便，且准确性较好，值得临床推荐。

虚拟现实技术在声学多普勒流速剖面仪保障业务中的应用初探

虚拟现实(VR)是典型的军民融合技术,在军民装备保障业务中应用广泛,可让用户熟练掌握高价值装备的操作和维修规程。为满足近年来国内海洋系统大量引进声学多普勒流速剖面仪(ADCP)装备在计量检定和维护保养等方面的迫切需求,文章从VR的技术定义和系统组成出发,总结ADCP国内计量检定和使用维护等保障工作的现状,并详细探讨利用VR技术构建ADCP仿真保障系统在ADCP保障业务中的可能应用和潜在价值,为我国ADCP保障业务的发展提供建议。

Evolution and Effects of the Social-ecological System in Karst Mountainous Regions:A Case Study of Guangxi,China

Karst regions are the typical areas of interaction between human society and natural ecosystems.Understanding the historical mechanisms of the evolution of social-ecological systems(SES)is crucial for the future sustainable management of karst regions.This study selected Guangxi,a typical karst mountainous region in Southwest China,as the study area,and used population,cropland area,and forest coverage as the SES elements.Based on the framework of SES research in the karst region,it adopted segmented linear regression to identify the stages of the interactions among these elements,to reveal the evolutionary stages of social development from the long-term perspective.In addition,the driving factor indicators were constructed from the aspects of natural environment,social development,government policy,and climate change,and then the feedback changes brought about by the evolution were investigated.The results show that the evolution of SES in Guangxi from 1363-2020 can be divided into seven stages.In the first,second,and early period of the third stages,the government of Guangxi mainly focused on agricultural activities,although the only way to meet the growing demand for food was by expanding the area of cropland,and the timber trade’s pursuit of economic development,resulting in an increase in rocky desertification.In the fourth stage,the ecological environment improved under the implementation of measures such as the control of rocky desertification and the compensation of forest ecological benefits.After the fifth stage,the effect of rocky desertification control has been remarkable.Although the implementation of relevant policies has alleviated the environmental problems to some extent,the continual changes in the structure and function of SES can challenge further progress towards sustainability in karst regions.This study aims to provide a reference for the long-term national spatial planning and the development of environmental policies in karst regions.

Sustainability policy considerations for ecosystem management in Central and Eastern Europe

Here I discuss Central and Eastern European(CEE)countries as a region undergoing rapid change,resulting from the collapse of the Soviet Union and admission of some of the states into the European Union.These events brought changes in governance and ecosystem management,triggering impacts on land use and biodiversity.What are some of the policy options toward sustainability in the face of these political,governance,and socioeconomic changes?Some policy considerations for ecosystem management and sustainability include taking a social-ecological systems approach to integrate biophysical subsystems and social subsystems;paying attention to institutions relevant to shared resources(commons)management;and using resilience theory to study change and guidance for governance.Documented experience in CEE seems to indicate shortcomings for both the centralized state management option and the purely market-driven option for ecosystem management.If so,a“smart mix”of state regulations,market incentives,and self-governance using local commons institutions may be the most promising policy option to foster ecosystem stewardship at multiple levels from local to international.

Contributions of Social-ecological Drivers to Land Use Transitions in Protected Areas on the Tibetan Plateau:Shifting from Strong Intervention to a New Balance

The establishment and management of protected areas(PAs)often involve modifying traditional land use rights and changing the production and living activities of locals,which can lead to changes in the factors that drive land use transitions.Our understanding of the spatiotemporal patterns of land use transition and the contributions of social-ecological drivers remains incomplete.In this study,we focused on the Yarlung Zangbu Grand Canyon National Park and examined how social-ecological factors influence land use transitions by developing a theoretical model of land use transitions within PAs.Our findings revealed that cropland,shrubland,grassland,and wetland experienced net losses in area,while forestland,water,ice/snow,barren land,and impervious land exhibited fluctuating growth patterns from 1985 to 2020.The net decrease in grassland was 157425.60 ha,while the net increase in forest was 140709.20 ha.The quality of land habitat increased from 0.5158 to 0.6656.Land use dominant and recessive transitions displayed varying spatial characteristics and scales across different time periods.In particular,the degree of influence of policy factors on land use dominant transition declined from 0.0800 in 1985-1990 to -0.0432 in 2010-2020,while its influence on land use recessive transition declined from 0.00058 in 1985-1990 to 0 in 2010-2020.The results show that social-ecological factors intricately influenced different types of land use transitions,leading to a shift from a balanced state to a new equilibrium.These results enhance our understanding of the spatiotemporal patterns and complex dynamics of land use transitions within PAs,providing insights and practical implications for effective land management in PAs by considering the land-human relationships.

中国乡村人一野猪冲突时空特征及对生态系统“反服务”的启示

In the context of social and economic transformation in rural China,ecosystem disservices have emerged frequently.This study reveals the spatiotemporal patterns,hazards and driving factors of wild boar damage from 2000 to 2021 by using the meta-analysis and collecting 733 typical human and wild boar conflicts.In this period,the number,spatial scope and hazard degree of wild boar damage incidents showed an increasing trend,and the number of provincial-level regions,prefecture-level cities and districts(counties)involved increased from 18,41 and 67 to 25,147 and 399,respectively.Wild boar damage incidents were concentrated in Chongqing municipality and central and western Hubei province before 2005,and then expanded to the Sichuan Basin,Loess Plateau,middle-lower reaches of Yangtze River and mountainous areas such as Changbai Mountains after 2015.The main manifestations were destroying crops,infringing poultry and causing casualties,especially the destruction of crops and farmland abandonment,accompanied by a rapid increase in casualties,accounting for 23.66% of the damage incidents.Meanwhile,the spreading trend and harmfulness of wild boar damage is a typical phenomenon of ecosystem disservices.The aggravation of this phenomenon is the result of ecological restoration,hunting ban policy,unclear boundary between agricultural land and ecological land,strong viability of wild boar and lack of natural enemies.This has posed an obvious threat to the use of abandoned farmland,the improvement of farmers’livelihood and the maintenance of regional ecological security.It is urgent to formulate a policy of controlling the number of wild boars and establish a compensation mechanism for the loss by wild boars.

用水户协会为何水土不服?——基于社会生态系统分析框架的透视

20世纪90年代中期以来,以引入用水户协会为代表的参与式灌溉管理改革,成为我国灌溉管理改革的重要取向。近年来的研究表明,很多协会的绩效显著低于预期甚至流于形式。作为一种国际组织推荐引入和依靠国家权力强制推行的灌溉管理制度,其实践运行中呈现出的"水土不服"现象值得关注。本文运用社会生态系统分析框架(SESs),从四个子系统识别出影响灌溉自主治理的三大变量。对比分析三个典型案例发现,协会水土不服的原因主要在于,设施产权转交未能有效执行,缺乏与当地条件相适应的地方领导力与基本治理单元,并且受到资源系统复杂性交互影响。建议如下:政府提供必要的外界支持,加大放权力度,扶持并引导协会嵌入当地乡村治理架构中,以期实现自主治理。

A novel framework for analyzing the multiple interactions between humans and nature

Understanding the interactions between humans and nature in the Anthropocene is central to the quest for both human wellbeing and global sustainability.However,the time-space compression,long range interactions,and reconstruction of socio-economic structures at the global scale all pose great challenges to the traditional analytical frameworks of human-nature systems.In this paper,we extend the connotation of coupled human and natural systems(CHANS)and their four dimensions—space,time,appearance,and organization,and propose a novel framework:“Coupled Human and Natural Cube”(CHNC)to explain the coupling mechanism between humans and the natural environment.Our proposition is inspired by theories based on the human-earth areal system,telecoupling framework,planetary urbanization,and perspectives from complexity science.We systematically introduce the concept,connotation,evolution rules,and analytical dimensions of the CHNC.Notably there exist various“coupling lines”in the CHNC,connecting different systems and elements at multiple scales and forming a large,nested,interconnected,organic system.The rotation of the CHNC represents spatiotemporal nonlinear fluctuations in CHANS in different regions.As a system continually exchanges energy with the environment,a critical phase transition occurs when fluctuations reach a certain threshold,leading to emergent behavior of the system.The CHNC has four dimensions—pericoupling and telecoupling,syncoupling and lagcoupling,apparent coupling and hidden coupling,and intra-organization coupling and inter-organizational coupling.We mainly focus on the theoretical connotation,research methods,and typical cases of telecoupling,lagcoupling,hidden coupling,and inter-organizational coupling,and put forward a human-nature coupling matrix to integrate multiple dimensions.In summary,the CHNC provides a more comprehensive and systematic research paradigm for understanding the evolution and coupling mechanism of the human-nature system,which expands the analytical dimension of CHANS.The CHNC also provides a theoretical support for formulating regional,sustainable development policies for human wellbeing.

Change detection:how has urban expansion in Buenos Aires metropolitan region affected croplands

Cropland is one of the essential elements of our ecological systems for producing agricultural products.In developing countries,urban expansion is a frequently appearing phenomena,which is a type of land cover land use(LCLU)change.This change can drastically alter the features on the land surface including croplands.It can lead to detrimental consequences which has considerable effects on the socialecological systems when croplands are lost.Argentina is an extremely agricultural intense developing country,and Buenos Aires province is a top agricultural production site and has been urbanizing during the last 30 years.Thus studying and analyzing the metropolitan area of this province will contribute to our understanding of the relationship between urban expansion and its effect on croplands.So far,no research has used measurable quantitative methodologies on the Buenos Aires metropolitan region(BAMR)to reveal the relationship between urbanization and cropland.By using 30-meter resolution Landsat images of June 1985 and July 2015,this study finds urban land has expanded from 937.16 km^(2) to 1835.47 km^(2),and 30.28% of the new urban lands comes from existing croplands.