Dietary sodium acetate and sodium butyrate improve high-carbohydrate diet utilization by regulating gut microbiota, liver lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation in largemouth bass(Micropterus salmoides)

Background Adequate level of carbohydrates in aquafeeds help to conserve protein and reduce cost. However, studies have indicated that high-carbohydrate(HC) diet disrupt the homeostasis of the gut–liver axis in largemouth bass, resulting in decreased intestinal acetate and butyrate level.Method Herein, we had concepted a set of feeding experiment to assess the effects of dietary sodium acetate(SA) and sodium butyrate(SB) on liver health and the intestinal microbiota in largemouth bass fed an HC diet. The experimental design comprised 5 isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets, including LC(9% starch), HC(18% starch), HCSA(18% starch;2 g/kg SA), HCSB(18% starch;2 g/kg SB), and HCSASB(18% starch;1 g/kg SA + 1 g/kg SB). Juvenile largemouth bass with an initial body weight of 7.00 ± 0.20 g were fed on these diets for 56 d.Results We found that dietary SA and SB reduced hepatic triglyceride accumulation by activating autophagy(ATG101, LC3B and TFEB), promoting lipolysis(CPT1α, HSL and AMPKα), and inhibiting adipogenesis(FAS, ACCA, SCD1 and PPARγ). In addition, SA and SB decreased oxidative stress in the liver(CAT, GPX1α and SOD1) by activating the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway. Meanwhile, SA and SB alleviated HC-induced inflammation by downregulating the expression of pro-inflammatory factors(IL-1β, COX2 and Hepcidin1) through the NF-κB pathway. Importantly, SA and SB increased the abundance of bacteria that produced acetic acid and butyrate(Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1). Combined with the KEGG analysis, the results showed that SA and SB enriched carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid metabolism pathways, thereby improving the utilization of carbohydrates. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that growth performance was closely related to hepatic lipid deposition, autophagy, antioxidant capacity, inflammation, and intestinal microbial composition.Conclusions In conclusion, dietary SA and SB can reduce hepatic lipid deposition;and alleviate oxidative stress and inflammation in largemouth bass fed on HC diet. These beneficial effects may be due to the altered composition of the gut microbiota caused by SA and SB. The improvement effects of SB were stronger than those associated with SA.

Ammonia nitrogen removal from aqueous solution using zeolite modified by microwave-sodium acetate

The characteristics of the zeolite modified by microwave and sodium acetate and its sorption of ammonia-nitrogen from simulated water sample were investigated.The results show that the modified zeolite by microwave-sodium acetate(SMMZ)has a high sorption efficiency and removal performance.The ammonia-nitrogen removal rate of SMMZ reaches 92.90%.The surface of SMMZ becomes loose and some pores appear,the specific surface area,total pore volume and average pore diameter increase after modification.Compared to the natural zeolite,SMMZ has a more concentrated pore size distribution in the range of 0-10 nm.The cation exchange capacity(CEC)of SMMZ is higher than that of the natural zeolite.And the ammonia nitrogen removal rate is consistent with the change of CEC.The SMMZ possesses rapid sorption and slow balance characteristics and ammonia-nitrogen sorption is consistent with both Langmuir adsorption isotherm model and Freundlich adsorption isotherm model.The adsorption kinetics of ammonia-nitrogen follows the pseudo-second order kinetic model.

Measurement and correlation of the solubility of sodium acetate in eight pure and binary solvents

The knowledge of solubility of a salt in either the pure solvent or blend solvent is of great importance for studying or operating the crystallization,extraction,and distillation processes.The solubility of sodium acetate(NaAc)in four pure solvents(water,ethanol,acetic acid and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol)and four binary solvents(water–ethanol,water-acetic acid,acetic acid–ethanol,and acetic acid-ethyl acetate)were measured by using the laser dynamic method at temperatures from 288.15 K to 338.15 K at 0.1 MPa.The results showed that the solubility of NaAc was influenced by either the solution temperature or solvent composition.The aqueous sodium acetate solution possessed the maximal solubility under the experimental conditions.The solubility of NaAc in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol was found to be decreased with the increase of the solution temperature.While,the solubilities of NaAc in other seven solvents increased as the solution temperature was elevated.Besides,five correlation models,including the van’t Hoff model,modified Apelblat model,Yaws model,λh model,and modified Apelblat-Jouyban-Acree model were used to correlate the solubility data of those sodium acetate solutions with acceptable deviation,respectively.Finally,van’t Hoff analysis method was selected to analyze the change law of thermodynamic properties of a salt during the dissolution process.

Sodium acetate can promote the growth and astaxanthin accumulation in the unicellular green alga Haematococcus pluvialis as revealed by a proteomics approach

Haematococcus pluvialis is an ideal natural source of strong antioxidant astaxanthin.Sodium acetate(NaAc)was proven an effective organic carbon source for improving algal growth and astaxanthin production;however,the underlying mechanism remains obscure.To reveal the mechanism of NaAc at the green vegetative stage of H.pluvialis,the physiochemical characteristics and the global protein expression profiles obtained using a tandem mass tag labeling approach were compared between the control(CK)and two NaAc-addition groups.Results show that after NaAc addition,the biomass,nitrate consumption rate,and activities of three carbohydrate metabolism enzymes of H.pluvialis were significantly increased,and the net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content decreased.In addition,astaxanthin,total carbohydrates,and total lipids were accumulated,and some red cells appeared in the NaAc5 group.Moreover,317 differentially expressed proteins(DEPs)with the most altered expression patterns were screened out in the CK vs.NaAc5 comparison in our proteomics study.All the DEPs involved in carbohydrate metabolism and lipid metabolism were significantly increased,while most of the photosynthesis-related proteins were depressed in the two NaAc-treated groups.The proteomics results were verified and supported by parallel reaction monitoring approach and physiochemical data.Our findings demonstrate that NaAc promoted the tricarboxylic acid cycle,glyoxylate cycle,and amino acid and lipid synthesis,and inhibited the photo synthe sis-related activities,which consequently speeded up the growth and astaxanthin accumulation in this alga.

Effects and mechanism of ozonation for degradation of sodium acetate in aqueous solution

The degradation efficiencies and mechanism of ozonation for the degradation of sodium acetate in aqueous solution were investigated under atmospheric pressure at room temperature （293 K）. The effects of the initial pH value, reaction time, and concentrations ofHCO3^-, CO3^2- , CaC12, and Ca（OH）2 on the removal rate of chemical oxygen demand （COD） were studied. The results indicated that ozonation obviously improved the degradation rate of sodium acetate when the pH value of the solution was not less than 8.5. A suitable long reaction time may be helpful in increasing the COD removal rate, and a removal rate of 36.36% can be obtained after a 30-minute treatment. The COD removal rate increased firstly and decreased subsequently with the increase of the HCOj concentration （from 0 to 200 mg/L）, and under the same experimental condition it reached the optimum 34.66% at the HCO3-^ concentration of 100 mg/L. The COD removal rate was 5.26% lower when the concentration of HCO3^- was 200 mg/L than when there was no HCO3^-. The COD removal rate decreased by 15.68% when the CO3^2- concentration increased from 0 to 200 mg/L. CO3^2- has a more obvious scavenging effect in inhibiting the formation of hydroxyl radicals than HCO3. CaC12 and Ca（OH）2 could increase the degradation efficiency of sodium acetate greatly, and the COD removal rates reached 65.73% and 83.46%, respectively, after a 30-minute treatment, 29.37% and 47.10% higher, was proved that the degradation of sodium acetate in the ozonation process followed the mechanismof oxidization with hydroxyl free radicals （.OH）.

Dietary sodium acetate and sodium butyrate attenuate intestinal damage and improve lipid metabolism in juvenile largemouth bass(Micropterus salmoides)fed a high carbohydrate diet by reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress

High-carbohydrate(HC)diets decrease the intestinal levels of sodium acetate(SA)and sodium butyrate(SB)and impair the gut health of largemouth bass;however,SA and SB have been shown to enhance immunity and improve intestinal health in farmed animals.Thus,the present study was to investigate the effects of dietary SA and SB on HC diet-induced intestinal injury and the potential mechanisms in juvenile largemouth bass.The experiment set five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets,including a lowcarbohydrate diet(9%starch)(LC),a high carbohydrate diet(18%starch)(HC),and the HC diet supplemented with 2 g/kg SA(HCSA),2 g/kg SB(HCSB)or a combination of 1 g/kg SA and 1 g/kg SB(HCSASB).The feeding experiment was conducted for 8 weeks.A total of 525 juvenile largemouth bass with an initial body weight of 7.00±0.20 g were used.The results showed that dietary SA and SB improved the weight gain rate and specific growth rate(P<0.05)and ameliorated serum parameters(alkaline phosphatase,acid phosphatase,glutamate transaminase,and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase)(P<0.05).And,importantly,dietary SA and SB repaired the intestinal barrier by increasing the expression levels of zonula occludens-1,occludin,and claudin-7(P<0.05),reduced HC-induced intestinal damage,and alleviated intestinal inflammation and cell apoptosis by attenuating HC-induced intestinal endoplasmic reticulum stress(P<0.05).Further results revealed that dietary SA and SB reduced HC-induced intestinal fat deposition by inhibiting adipogenesis and promoting lipolysis(P<0.05).In summary,this study demonstrated that dietary SA and SB attenuated HC-induced intestinal damage and reduced excessive intestinal fat deposition in largemouth bass.

Improvement of the Subcooling Problem of Sodium Acetate Trihydrate by a Combination of Stirring or Internal Electric Field and Nucleating Agent

Energy storage devices are the hub of a multi-energy complementary distributed energy system.Hydrated salts are the most suitable phase change material for energy storage devices,but subcooling is the main obstacle to their application.Nucleation requires a driving force so the use of nucleating agents alone does not reduce subcooling to a very low level.To address this issue,this paper first screened nucleating agents and then further reduced the subcooling of sodium acetate trihydrate in conjunction with stirring or direct current.The effects of rotor mass,rotational speed,direct current voltage,and electrode material on nucleation were analyzed.Finally,the stability of the composite phase change material in the presence of simultaneous stirring and energization was analyzed.The results showed that the addition of 1.5%in weight of disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate to sodium acetate trihydrate can reduce the subcooling to about 2.3℃.Continued addition of stirring or electricity can reduce the subcooling of sodium acetate trihydrate to within 0.5℃ or even eliminate it.The higher the momentum of the stirring,the better the improvement in subcooling,phase separation,and thermal conductivity.The higher the direct current voltage,the better the nucleation effect,but the electrode life will be lower.The silver electrode has the best nucleation effect.No new material was produced in the solution after 100 cycles in the presence of both stirring and direct current.The melting point of the phase change material was increased by 0.2℃ and the latent heat value decreased by 1.8%,still with good stability.The trace of deionized water should be added to the phase change material in subsequent studies to compensate for the consumption ofwaterby theanodicelution.

Thermal Property Enhancement of a Novel Shape-Stabilized Sodium Acetate Trihydrate-Acetamide/Expanded Graphite-Based Composite Phase Change Material

Phase change materials(PCMs)are a kind of highly efficient thermal storage materials which have a bright application prospect in many fields such as energy conservation in buildings,waste heat recovery,battery thermal management and so on.Especially inorganic hydrated salt PCMs have received increasing attention from researchers due to their advantages of being inexpensive and non-flammable.However,inorganic hydrated salt PCMs are still limited by the aspects of inappropriate phase change temperature,liquid phase leakage,large supercooling and severe phase separation in the application process.In this work,sodium acetate trihydrate was selected as the basic inorganic PCM,and a novel shape-stabilized composite phase change material(CPCM)with good thermal properties was prepared by adding various functional additives.At first,the sodium acetate trihydrate-acetamide binary mixture was prepared and the melting point was adjusted using acetamide.Then the binary mixture was incorporated into expanded graphite to synthesize a novel shape-stabilized CPCM.The thermophysical properties of the resultant shape-stabilized CPCM were systematically investigated.The microscopic morphology and chemical structure of the obtained shape-stabilized CPCM were characterized and analyzed.The experiment results pointed out that acetamide could effectively lower the melting point of sodium acetate trihydrate.The obtained shape-stabilized CPCM modified with additional 18%(mass fraction)acetamide and 12%(mass fraction)expanded graphite exhibited good shape stability and thermophysical characteristics:a low supercooling degree of 1.75℃and an appropriate melting temperature of 40.77℃were obtained;the latent heat of 151.64 kJ/kg and thermal conductivity of 1.411 W/(m·K)were also satisfactory.Moreover,after 50accelerated melting-freezing cycles,the obtained shape-stabilized CPCM represented good thermal reliability.

Maternal sodium acetate supplementation promotes lactation performance of sows and their offspring growth performance

Milk yield and composition are critical determining factors for the early growth and development of neonates.The objective of this experiment was to comprehensively evaluate the effects of dietary sodium acetate(SA)supplementation on the milk yield and composition of sows and the growth performance of their offspring.A total of 80 sows(Landrace×Yorkshire,3 to 6 parity)were randomly assigned to 2groups(with or without 0.1%SA)from d 85 of gestation to d 21 of lactation.The result shows that maternal 0.1%SA supplementation significantly increased sows milk yield,milk fat,immunoglobulin A(IgA)and IgG content in milk(P<0.05),with the up-regulation of short-chain fatty acids receptors(GPR41 and GPR43)expression and the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex C1(mTORC1)signaling pathway.Consistently,in our in vitro experiment,SA also activated m TORC1signaling in porcine mammary epithelial cells(P<0.05).Furthermore,the improvement of milk quality and quantity caused by maternal SA supplementation led to the increase in body weight(BW)and average daily weight gain(ADG)of weaning piglets,with the improvement of gut health and colonization of the beneficial bacteria(P<0.05).In conclusion,maternal supplementation of 0.1%SA improved the lactation performance(milk yield and milk fat)of sows,possibly with the activation of GPR41/GPR43-mTORC1 signaling.Furthermore,enhanced milk quality improved growth performance,gut health and the colonization of beneficial microbial flora of their piglets.

Sodium acetate promotes fat synthesis by suppressing TATA element modulatory factor 1 in bovine mammary epithelial cells

Short-chain fatty acids are important nutrients that regulate milk fat synthesis.They regulate milk syn-thesis via the sterol regulatory element binding protein 1(SREBP1)pathway;however,the details are still unknown.Here,the regulation and mechanism of sodium acetate(SA)in milk fat synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells(BMECs)were assessed.BMECs were treated with SA supplementation(SAþ)or without SA supplementation(SA-),and milk fat synthesis and activation of the SREBP1 pathway were increased(P=0.0045;P=0.0042)by SAþand decreased(P=0.0068;P=0.0031)by SA-,respectively.Overexpression or inhibition of SREBP1 demonstrated that SA promoted milk fat synthesis(P=0.0045)via the SREBP1 pathway.Overexpression or inhibition of TATA element modulatory factor 1(TMF1)demon-strated that TMF1 suppressed activation of the SREBP1 pathway(P=0.0001)and milk fat synthesis(P=0.0022)activated by SAþ.Overexpression or inhibition of TMF1 and SREBP1 showed that TMF1 suppressed milk fat synthesis(P=0.0073)through the SREBP1 pathway.Coimmunoprecipitation analysis revealed that TMF1 interacted with SREBP1 in the cytoplasm and suppressed the nuclear localization of SREBP1(P=0.0066).The absence or presence of SA demonstrated that SA inhibited the expression of TMF1(P=0.0002)and the interaction between TMF1 and SREBP1(P=0.0001).Collectively,our research sug-gested that TMF1 was a new negative regulator of milk fat synthesis.In BMECs,SA promoted the SREBP1 pathway and milk fat synthesis by suppressing TMF1.This study enhances the current understanding of the regulation of milk fat synthesis and provides new scientific data for the regulation of milk fat synthesis.

Environmentally Benign Synthesis of Sugar Orthoesters Promoted by Anhydrous Sodium Acetate and Ultrasound

A convenient and alternative procedure for the synthesis of sugar orthoesters from glycosyl bromides with an- hydrous sodium acetate as base under ultrasound irradiation is described. Various sugar and sugar-sugar orthoesters were prepared in 70%-91% isolated yields.

Sodium Acetate-catalyzed Regiospecific and High Stereose- lective Aminobromination of β,β-Dicyanostyrene Derivatives with NBS as Nitrogen/Bromine Source

An easy and efficient method for the aminobromination of β,β-dicyanostyrene derivatives with NBS as the aminobrominating reagent in CH3CN catalyzed by NaOAc （10 mol%） is developed. This protocol provides con- venient process to convert β,β-dicyanostyrene derivatives into the vicinal haloamines with full regiospecificity and high stereoselectivety in the ice-water bath in air. The reaction is high efficient in yielding the corresponding ami- nobrominated products in excellent yields （up to 95%） under these conditions. The outcome indicated that the reac- tion has an electrophilic addition feature. 12 Eexamples of β,β-dicyanostyrene derivatives have been investigated.

Effect of pH Control with Acetic Acid/Sodium Acetate Buffer on Hot-water Extraction of Poplar Wood

Poplar wood chips were extracted in an acetic acid/sodium acetate(SA/AA)buffer solution at 180ºC for 60 minutes,with a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:6,to investigate the effect of pH on the extraction performance in terms of chemical compositions of the extract.The pH was controlled by varying the concentrations of sodium acetate and acetic acid in the buffer system.Results showed that the SA/AA system could promote the dissolution of hemicellulose,obtaining more oligosaccharides and monosaccharides,and could also inhibit the excessive decomposition of monosaccharides.When extracting poplar wood chips in a SA/AA system of pH=3.7,the yield of oligosaccharides was the highest,while the contents of furfural and hydroxymethyl furfural decreased by 25%and 30%,respectively,compared to conventional water extraction systems.Moreover,the amount of lignin extracted in the S/AA process was also higher than that in a conventional hot water extraction process.

Structural Changes of Poplar Wood Lignin in Hydrothermal pretreatment in Acetic Acid-Sodium Acetate system

Hydrothermal pretreatment of poplar wood chips was performed in an acetic acid/sodium acetate buffer medium.To characterize the structural changes of lignin in the pretreatment process,milled wood lignin(MWL)was isolated from both the un-treated and treated poplar wood chips,and analyzed by ^(1)H-NMR,^(13)C-NMR,^(31)P-NMR,FT-IR,and GPC-MALLS.Results showed that the lignin in the pretreated wood chips had more phenolic OH groups,less aliphatic OH groups,higher molecular weight,and narrower polydispersity,in comparison with the lignin in the un-treated wood.The acetic acid-sodium acetate buffer pretreatment facilitated the removal of-OCH_(3) groups and the cleavage of the inter-unit linkages ofβ-O-4 bond in the lignin.Furthermore,the re-polymerization of lignin in the acetic acid-sodium acetate buffer pretreatment was found to be less than that in autohydrolysis.

A simple method to fabricate N-doped hierarchical porous carbon for supercapacitors

Direct carbonization of nitrogen-containing precursors combined with activation is an effective way to prepare nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbon.The most common activation agents being used such as KOH and NaOH may cause serious corrosion to the manufacturing equipment.To resolve this problem,a facile approach has been developed to prepare phenolic resin-derived nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbon using sodium acetate as the activation agent and hexamethylenetetramine as the nitrogen source.Acting as an in situ activation agent,sodium acetate is less corrosive.The results show that the sample obtained at 900℃(PHS-900)reaches a maximum specific surface area(S_(BET))of 1591 m^(2)g^(−1).Benefiting from the optimum balance between high nitrogen content(5.41 at.%)and relatively large surface area(827 m^(2)g^(−1)),the optimal sample PHS-700 exhibits a high specific capacitance of 352 Fg^(−1) when it is used as an electrode in 7 M KOH aqueous electrolyte with a three-electrode system.Furthermore,it also shows excellent long-term stability in a two-electrode cell(95.3%retention after 10000 cycles).The good electrochemical performance of the samples and the low corrosion,template-free preparation make it a promising strategy to fabricate nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbon for supercapacitor electrode materials.

A highly efficient transacetalization of 2-formylpyrrole acetals in alkaline media

The reaction of 2-formylpyrrole acetals with sodium alkoxide in alcohols at reflux temperature smoothly proceeded to generate corresponding transacetalization products in nearly quantitative yields.A plausible mechanism involving the formation of a highly reactive intermediate azafulvene species was proposed to explain the observed transformation.