Voltage-gated sodium channels(VGSCs) are transmembrane proteins responsible for generation and conduction of action potentials in excitable cells.Physiological and pharmacological studies have demonstrated that VGSCs ...Voltage-gated sodium channels(VGSCs) are transmembrane proteins responsible for generation and conduction of action potentials in excitable cells.Physiological and pharmacological studies have demonstrated that VGSCs play a critical role in chronic pain associated with tissue or nerve injury.Many long-chain peptide toxins(60-76 amino acid residues) purified from the venom of Asian scorpion Buthus martensii Karsch(BmK) are investigated to be sodium channel-specific modulators.The α-like neurotoxins that can bind to receptor site 3 of sodium channels,named as BmK I and BmK abT,could induce nociceptive effects in rats.On the contrast,the β-like neurotoxins that can bind to receptor site 4 of sodium channels,named as BmK AS,BmK AS-1 and BmK IT2,could produce potent anti-nociceptive effects in animal pain models.BmK I could strongly prolong the fast inactivation of tetrodotoxin(TTX)-sensitive Na+ currents on the rat dorsal root ganglia(DRG) neurons together with the augmentation of peak current amplitude.However,BmK IT2 and BmK ASs,potently suppressed both the peak TTX-resistant and TTX-sensitive Na+ currents on rat small DRG neurons.Moreover,BmK ASs could decrease the excitability of small DRG neurons.Thus,the nociception/anti-nociception induced by scorpion neurotoxins may attribute to their distinct modulation on sodium channels in primary afferent sensory neurons.Therefore,the sodium channel-specific modulators from BmK venom could be used as not only pharmacological tools for better understanding the roles of VGSCs in pain signal conduction,but also lead molecules in the development of ideal analgesics targeting VGSCs.展开更多
Most thin-film photovoltaic modules are constructed on soda-lime glass(SLG)substrates containing alkali oxides,such as Na_(2)O.Na may diffuse from SLG into a module's active layers through P1 lines,an area between...Most thin-film photovoltaic modules are constructed on soda-lime glass(SLG)substrates containing alkali oxides,such as Na_(2)O.Na may diffuse from SLG into a module's active layers through P1 lines,an area between a module's constituent cells where the substrate-side charge transport layer(CTL)is in direct contact with SLG.Na diffusion from SLG is known to cause several important effects inⅡ-Ⅵand chalcogenide solar modules,but it has not been studied in perovskite solar modules(PSMs).In this work,we use complementary microscopy and spectroscopy techniques to show that Na diffusion occurs in the fabrication process of PSMs.Na diffuses vertically inside P1 lines and then laterally from P1 lines into the active area for up to 360 pm.We propose that this process is driven by the high temperatures the devices are exposed to during CTL and perovskite annealing.The diffused Na preferentially binds with Br,forming Br-poor,l-rich perovskite and a species rich in Na and Br(Na-Br)close to P1 lines.Na-Br passivates defect sites,reducing non-radiative recombination in the perovskite and boosting its luminescence by up to 5×.Na-Br is observed to be stable after 12 weeks of device storage,suggesting long-lasting effects of Na diffusion.Our results not only point to a potential avenue to increase PSM performance but also highlight the possibility of unabated Na diffusion throughout a module's lifetime,especially if accelerated by the electric field and elevated temperatures achievable during device operation.展开更多
Sodium ion batteries(SIBs)have been regarded as one of the alternatives to lithium ion batteries owing to their wide availability and significantly low cost of sodium sources.However,they face serious challenges of lo...Sodium ion batteries(SIBs)have been regarded as one of the alternatives to lithium ion batteries owing to their wide availability and significantly low cost of sodium sources.However,they face serious challenges of low energy&power density and short cycling lifespan owing to the heavy mass and large radius of Na^(+).Vanadium-based polyanionic compounds have advantageous characteristic of high operating voltage,high ionic conductivity and robust structural framework,which is conducive to their high energy&power density and long lifespan for SIBs.In this review,we will overview the latest V-based polyanionic compounds,along with the respective characteristic from the intrinsic crystal structure to performance presentation and improvement for SIBs.One of the most important aspect is to discover the essential problems existed in the present V-based polyanionic compounds for high-energy&power applications,and point out most suitable solutions from the crystal structure modulation,interface tailoring and electrode configuration design.Moreover,some scientific issues of V-based polyanionic compounds shall be also proposed and related future direction shall be provided.We believe that this review can serve as a motivation for further development of novel V-based polyanionic compounds and drive them toward high energy&power applications in the near future.展开更多
P2-type layered oxide,Na_(2/3)Ni_(1/3)Mn_(2/3)O_(2),has drawn particular interest as a promising cathode material for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)due to its fast sodium-ion transport channels with low migration potentia...P2-type layered oxide,Na_(2/3)Ni_(1/3)Mn_(2/3)O_(2),has drawn particular interest as a promising cathode material for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)due to its fast sodium-ion transport channels with low migration potential.However,some catastrophic flaws,such as air instability,complicated multiphase evolution,and irreversible anionic redox,limit its electrochemical performance and hinder its application.Here,an air-stable single-crystal P2-type Na_(2/3)Ni_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)Ti_(1/3)O_(2)is proposed based on the multifunctional structural modulation of Ti substitution that could alleviate the issues for practical SIBs.As a result,the cathode with high energy density shows excellent air stability and highly reversible phase transitions(P2–OP4),and delivers faster kinetics and stable anion redox chemistry.Meanwhile,a thorough investigation of the relationship between structure,function,and properties is demonstrated,emphasizing formation processes,electrochemical behavior,structural evolution,and air stability.Overall,this study provides the direction of multifunctional structural modulation for the development of high-performance sodium-based layered cathode materials for practical applications.展开更多
基金grants from National Basic Research Development Program of China(No.2006CB500801)National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(No.30370446)
文摘Voltage-gated sodium channels(VGSCs) are transmembrane proteins responsible for generation and conduction of action potentials in excitable cells.Physiological and pharmacological studies have demonstrated that VGSCs play a critical role in chronic pain associated with tissue or nerve injury.Many long-chain peptide toxins(60-76 amino acid residues) purified from the venom of Asian scorpion Buthus martensii Karsch(BmK) are investigated to be sodium channel-specific modulators.The α-like neurotoxins that can bind to receptor site 3 of sodium channels,named as BmK I and BmK abT,could induce nociceptive effects in rats.On the contrast,the β-like neurotoxins that can bind to receptor site 4 of sodium channels,named as BmK AS,BmK AS-1 and BmK IT2,could produce potent anti-nociceptive effects in animal pain models.BmK I could strongly prolong the fast inactivation of tetrodotoxin(TTX)-sensitive Na+ currents on the rat dorsal root ganglia(DRG) neurons together with the augmentation of peak current amplitude.However,BmK IT2 and BmK ASs,potently suppressed both the peak TTX-resistant and TTX-sensitive Na+ currents on rat small DRG neurons.Moreover,BmK ASs could decrease the excitability of small DRG neurons.Thus,the nociception/anti-nociception induced by scorpion neurotoxins may attribute to their distinct modulation on sodium channels in primary afferent sensory neurons.Therefore,the sodium channel-specific modulators from BmK venom could be used as not only pharmacological tools for better understanding the roles of VGSCs in pain signal conduction,but also lead molecules in the development of ideal analgesics targeting VGSCs.
基金the Jardine Foundation and Cambridge Trust for a doctoral scholarshipthe European Union(EU)Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant No.764047(ESPResSo)+12 种基金funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No.823717-ESTEEM3.J.F.Oacknowledges funding from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council(EPSRC)Nano Doctoral Training Centre(EP/L015978/1)J.F.O.,G.K.,and R.A.O.acknowledge Attolight and EPSRC(EP/R025193/1)for funding and supporting the SEM-CL systemE.M.T.thanks the EU Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no.841265.S.D.S.E.M.T.acknowledge funding from the EPSRC(EP/R023980/1)the EPSRC Centre for Advanced Materials for Integrated Energy Systems(CAM-IES,EP/P007767/1)Cambridge Royce facilities grant(EP/P024947/1)S.D.S.acknowledges funding from the Royal Society and Tata Group(UF150033)from the European Research Council under the EU Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant No.756962(HYPERION)W.L.and J.L.M.-D.acknowledge support from the EPSRC(EP/L011700/1,EP/N004272/1)the Leverhulme Trust(RPG-2015-017)the Royal Academy of Engineering Chair in Emerging Technologies(CiET1819_24)We wish to acknowledge the support of the Henry Royce Institute(HRI)for F.U.K.through the Royce PhD Equipment Access Scheme enabling access to the NanoSIMS facility at Manchester.The NanoSIMS was funded by UK Research Partnership Investment Funding(UKRPIF)Manchester RPIF Round 2.This work was supported by the HRI,funded through EPSRC grants EP/R00661X/1,EP/S019367/1,EP/P025021/1,and EP/P025498/1
文摘Most thin-film photovoltaic modules are constructed on soda-lime glass(SLG)substrates containing alkali oxides,such as Na_(2)O.Na may diffuse from SLG into a module's active layers through P1 lines,an area between a module's constituent cells where the substrate-side charge transport layer(CTL)is in direct contact with SLG.Na diffusion from SLG is known to cause several important effects inⅡ-Ⅵand chalcogenide solar modules,but it has not been studied in perovskite solar modules(PSMs).In this work,we use complementary microscopy and spectroscopy techniques to show that Na diffusion occurs in the fabrication process of PSMs.Na diffuses vertically inside P1 lines and then laterally from P1 lines into the active area for up to 360 pm.We propose that this process is driven by the high temperatures the devices are exposed to during CTL and perovskite annealing.The diffused Na preferentially binds with Br,forming Br-poor,l-rich perovskite and a species rich in Na and Br(Na-Br)close to P1 lines.Na-Br passivates defect sites,reducing non-radiative recombination in the perovskite and boosting its luminescence by up to 5×.Na-Br is observed to be stable after 12 weeks of device storage,suggesting long-lasting effects of Na diffusion.Our results not only point to a potential avenue to increase PSM performance but also highlight the possibility of unabated Na diffusion throughout a module's lifetime,especially if accelerated by the electric field and elevated temperatures achievable during device operation.
基金financial support from the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA21070500)the DNL Cooperation Fund,CAS(DNL201914)。
文摘Sodium ion batteries(SIBs)have been regarded as one of the alternatives to lithium ion batteries owing to their wide availability and significantly low cost of sodium sources.However,they face serious challenges of low energy&power density and short cycling lifespan owing to the heavy mass and large radius of Na^(+).Vanadium-based polyanionic compounds have advantageous characteristic of high operating voltage,high ionic conductivity and robust structural framework,which is conducive to their high energy&power density and long lifespan for SIBs.In this review,we will overview the latest V-based polyanionic compounds,along with the respective characteristic from the intrinsic crystal structure to performance presentation and improvement for SIBs.One of the most important aspect is to discover the essential problems existed in the present V-based polyanionic compounds for high-energy&power applications,and point out most suitable solutions from the crystal structure modulation,interface tailoring and electrode configuration design.Moreover,some scientific issues of V-based polyanionic compounds shall be also proposed and related future direction shall be provided.We believe that this review can serve as a motivation for further development of novel V-based polyanionic compounds and drive them toward high energy&power applications in the near future.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52250710680,51971124,52171217,52202284)Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Major Project(2020GK1010-2020GK1014-4)+7 种基金Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation(LZ21E010001,LQ23E020002)Science and Technology Project of State Grid Corporation of China(5419-202158503A-0-5-ZN)Wenzhou key scientific and technological innovation research projects(ZG2023053)Wenzhou Natural Science Foundation(ZG2022032,G20220019,G20220021)Cooperation between industry and education project of Ministry of Education(220601318235513)State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment,Xi’an Jiaotong University(EIPE22208)the China Scholarship Council(202106370062)Doctoral Innovation Foundation of Wenzhou University(3162023001001)。
文摘P2-type layered oxide,Na_(2/3)Ni_(1/3)Mn_(2/3)O_(2),has drawn particular interest as a promising cathode material for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)due to its fast sodium-ion transport channels with low migration potential.However,some catastrophic flaws,such as air instability,complicated multiphase evolution,and irreversible anionic redox,limit its electrochemical performance and hinder its application.Here,an air-stable single-crystal P2-type Na_(2/3)Ni_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)Ti_(1/3)O_(2)is proposed based on the multifunctional structural modulation of Ti substitution that could alleviate the issues for practical SIBs.As a result,the cathode with high energy density shows excellent air stability and highly reversible phase transitions(P2–OP4),and delivers faster kinetics and stable anion redox chemistry.Meanwhile,a thorough investigation of the relationship between structure,function,and properties is demonstrated,emphasizing formation processes,electrochemical behavior,structural evolution,and air stability.Overall,this study provides the direction of multifunctional structural modulation for the development of high-performance sodium-based layered cathode materials for practical applications.
