Effect of sodium salicylate on oxidative stress and insulin resistance induced by free fatty acids

BACKGROUND: It has been reported that high-dose salicylates improve free fatty acids (FFAs)-induced insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction in vitro, but the mechanism remains uncertain. In insulin-resistant rats, we found that the supplementation of sodium salicylate is associated with a reduction of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker of oxidative stress. Few studies have investigated the effects of salicylates on oxidative stress levels in insulin-resistant animal models. This study aimed to assess the effect of sodium salicylate on insulin sensitivity and to explore the potential mechanism by which it improves hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance. METHODS: Intralipid+heparin (IH), saline (SAL), or intralipid+heparin+sodium salicylate (IHS) were separately infused for 7 hours in normal Wistar rats. During the last 2 hours of the infusion, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamping was 3 performed with [6-(3)H] glucose tracer. Plasma glucose was measured using the glucose oxygenase method. Plasma insulin and C-peptide were determined by radioimmunoassay. MDA levels and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activity in the liver and skeletal muscle were measured with colorimetric kits. RESULTS: Compared with infusion of SAL, IH infusion increased hepatic glucose production (HGP), and decreased glucose utilization (GU) (P<0.05). The elevation of plasma free fatty acids increased the MDA levels and decreased the GSH-PX activity in the liver and muscle (P<0.01). Sodium salicylate treatment decreased HGP, elevated GU (P<0.05), reduced MDA content by 60% (P<0.01), and increased the GSH-PX activity by 35% (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Short-term elevation of fatty acids induces insulin resistance by enhancing oxidative stress levels in the liver and muscle. The administration of the anti-inflammatory drug sodium salicylate reduces the degree of oxidative stress, therefore improving hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance. IKK-beta and NF-kappa B provide potential pathogenic links to oxidative stress.

Effects of Sodium Salicylate on the Expression of HSP27 Protein during Oxidative Stress in Tissue-cultured Human Lens Epithelial Cells

The effects of sodium salicylate on the expression of heat shock protein 27 （HSP27） during oxidative stress in tissue-cultured human lens epithelial cells were investigated. Cultured human lens epithelial cells （HLB-3） were divided into 3 groups： control group （group A）, oxidation injury group （group B） and sodium salicylate group （group C）. Apoptosis of human lens epithelial cells cultured in vitro was induced in the presence of 150 μmol/L H2O2. Cells viability and the expression of HSP27 were analyzed. Viability of the cells was measured by methyl thiazole tetrazolium （MTT） chromatometry. The expression of HSP27 in HLB-3 cells was detected by using immunohistochemistry and image analysis system, Sodium salicylate could induce the expression of HSP27, and the cells viability in group C was significantly higher than in group B （0.2667±0.01414 vs 0.2150±0.01080, P=0.012〈0.05）. The average gray value of HSP27 in group B was less than that in group C （P=0.000〈0.05）. The increased expression of HSP27 by sodium salicylate might play an important role in the protection of hydrogen peroxide-induced injury of human lens epithelial cells, suggesting that sodium salicylate could suppress, at least in part, the apoptosis of human lens epithelial cells.

Effects of Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Signal Pathway on Heat Shock Protein 27 Expression in Human Lens Epithelial Cells Exposed to Sodium Salicylate in vitro

The roles of mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） signal pathway in sodium salieylate-induced expression of heat shock protein 27 （HSP27） in human lens epithelial cells （HLECs-B3） in vitro were investigated. HLECs-B3 were incubated in the fresh media containing sodium salicylate at different concentrations for different durations, and allowed to be recovered in fresh medium without sodium salicylate for different durations with or without pretreatment with p38MAPK inhibitor （SB203580）, ERK1/2 inhibitor （PD98059） and JNK/SAPK inhibitor （SP600125）. The expression of P38MAPK, ERK1/2, JNK/SAPK, phosphorylated P38MAPK, phosphorylated ERK1/2, phosphorylated JNK/SAPK and HSP27 was detected by Western blot. The expression of HSP27 mRNA and protein was detected by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry respectively. It was found there was only weak expression of HSP27 in normal HLECs. The expression of HSP27 was not detectable in HLECs-B3 that were exposed to sodium salicylate （55 retool/L） for 1-5 h. It was indicated that recovery from sodium salicylate （〉35 mmol/L） significantly increased the synthesis of HSP27. The expression of HSP27 was up-regulated in HLECs-B3 under sodium salicylate recovery for 3 h, reached the peak level for 6 h, and returned to the level of control cells by 24 h. Activation of P38MAPK from sodium salicylate stimulation occurred at 30th rain, and increased significantly at 1st h, then declined and renamed to baseline level at 3rd h under sodium salicylate recovery. Activation of ERK1/2 occurred at 1st h and reached the peak level at 6th h under sodium salicylate recovery. However, JNK/SAPK was inactivated by sodium salicylate. The expression of HSP27 could be down-regulated with the pretreatment of SB203580 and PD98059 jointly. It is concluded that sodium salicylate can induce the expression of HSP27 in HLECs-B3. The effects are mediated, at least in part, through the activation of P38MAPK and ERK1/2 signaling pathway.

Determination of Sodium Salicylate in Milk and Milk Power by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore the application of high performance liquid chromatography to detect sodium salicylate in different milk powder and milk.[Methods]A high performance liquid chromatographic(HPLC)method was established for determining the sodium salicylate in milk and milk power,with Agilent ZORBAX Eclips XDB C18 column.The recovery and precision of the method were analyzed and discussed.[Results]The experimental conditions were determined as mobile phase:methanol+0.02 mol/L ammonium acetate solution,flow rate:0.8 ml/min,detection wavelength:300 nm,and column temperature:30℃.The peak area had a good linear relationship with the standard solution in the range of 0.2-10.0 mg/L,and the correlation coefficient(R 2)was greater than 0.999.The standard was added into different matrices at four levels.The average recovery of sodium salicylate in milk powder was 90.5%-101.0%,with RSD less than 5.0%,and the average recovery of sodium salicylate in milk was 90.5%-101.4%,with RSD less than 5.0%.The limit of quantification was 1.25 mg/kg in cow milk and 5.00 mg/kg in milk powder.[Conclusions]The accuracy and precision of sodium salicylate detection in milk powder and milk samples of the experimental method met the requirements.The method is simple,accurate,and reliable,and can meet the needs of actual detection.

EFFECTS OF SODIUM SALICYLATE ON THE FEBRILE RESPONSE AND INCREASED LEVELS OF CYCLIC AMP IN CEREBRO-SPINAL FLUID DURING ENDOGENOUS PYROGEN-INDUCED FEVER IN RABBITS

To further evaluate the causality between endogenous pyrogen (EP)-induced fever andcyclic adenosine- 3’, 5’- monophosphate (cyclic AMP) level. the effects of sodium salicylate(SS) on the febrile response and increased levels of cyclic AMP in both cerebrospinal fluid(c.s.f.) and plasma during EP- induced fever in rabbits were observed. The results suggestthat cyclic AMP is probably involved in the central mediation of EP-induced fever and thatincreased concentration of cyclic AMP in c.s.f. associated with EP- induced fever is not theresult of temperature elevation but appears to be caused by the increased synthesis in the cen-tral nervous system. In addition it is confirmed that blood is impossibly a contributorysource of increased cyclic AMP in c.s.f. during EP fever, and that SS may act subsequentto the increase in cyclic AMP.

Physicochemical properties of aqueous solutions of sodium glycinate in the non-precipitation regime from 298.15 to 343.15 K

The physicochemical properties,including the density,viscosity,and refractive index of aqueous solutions of sodium glycinate as a solvent for CO_2 absorption in the non-precipitation regime were measured under the wide temperature range of 298.15 to 343.15 K.The concentration of the sodium glycinate in an aqueous form in the non-precipitation regime was identified up to 2.0 mol ? L^(-1).The coefficients of thermal expansion values were estimated from measured density data.It was found that,the densities,viscosities and refractive indices of the aqueous sodium glycinate decrease with an increase in temperature,whereas with increasing sodium glycinate concentration in the solution,all three properties increase.Thermal expansion coefficients slightly increase with rising temperature and concentration.The measured values of density,viscosity and refractive index were correlated as a function of temperature by using the least squares method.The predicted data obtained from correlation equations for all measured properties were in fairly good agreement with the experimental data.

Effect of sodium alginate on reverse flotation of hematite and its mechanism

Given the gradual increase in the chlorite content of hematite ores, pulp properties seriously deteriorate during flotation. The traditional anion reverse flotation of hematite cannot effectively eliminate the effects of chlorite, leading to a significant decrease in the total Fe(TFe) grade of the concentrate. In this work, the effect of sodium alginate on the reverse flotation of hematite was systematically investigated. Flotation tests of artificially mixed ores were conducted, and the results showed that sodium alginate can significantly improve the removal rates of quartz and chlorite. The adsorption measurements, infrared spectroscopy, and contact angle tests demonstrated that sodium alginate adsorbs on the quartz surface by chelating with calcium ions, thereby weakening the steric hindrance of oleate ions and increasing the adsorption capacity of sodium oleate to ultimately improve the removal rate of quartz. Furthermore, owing to its lower density and fine particle size, chlorite is easily entrained into the foam layer. Sodium alginate dramatically increases the liquid-to-gas ratio of the foam layer by increasing pulp viscosity, thereby increasing the entrainment rate of chlorite and finally improving its removal rate. The core content of this thesis bears significance in improving the Fe grade in the reverse flotation of chlorite-containing hematite.

Role and Mechanism of Action of Exogenous Salicylic Acid and Sodium Molybdate in Improving Cold Tolerance of Bougainvillea glabra

This study was conducted to comprehensively evaluate the effects of salicylic acid and sodium molybdate on cold tolerance of an ornamental plant Bougainvillea glabra and to provide a theoretical guidance for landscape maintenance.B.glabra plants were treated with 0.5 mmol/L salicylic acid and 2.0 μmol/L alone or in combination,and then exposed to low temperature stress before physiological indices were measured.The results showed that all salicylic acid and sodium molybdate treatments reduced the relative conductivity and malondialdehyde( MDA) content of B.glabra to varying extents under the stress of low temperature,and more significant effect was achieved by using the two agents in combination.Oxygen free radicals production rate increased with decreasing temperature from 20 to 6 ℃,but declined with temperature decreasing from 3 to-3 ℃.The SOD activity of the control( CK) was significantly lower than that of other treatments at 0 and-3 ℃.The treatments with salicylic acid and sodium molybdate alone and in combination increased POD activity of B.glabra plants,especially at 0 ℃,as the POD activity of treatments T1,T2 and T3 was significantly higher than that of CK at 0 ℃.In addition,under low temperature stress,the contents of soluble sugar,starch and proline increased initially and decreased subsequently with temperature decreasing.The soluble sugar content at 3 ℃,starch and proline contents at 0 and-3 ℃ in treatments with salicylic acid and sodium molybdate alone and in combination were significantly higher than those of CK.All above results proved that salicylic acid and sodium molybdate are able to improve cold tolerance of B.glabra,and better effect can be achieved by using them together.

Properties of low-modulus sodium silicate solution in alkali system

The properties of low-modulus(m≤1)sodium silicate and pre-desilication solutions in alkali systems were studied by measuring their electrical conductivity,viscosity,and surface tension.The results show that the property of high concentration pre-desilication solution is similar to that of sodium silicate solution.The electrical conductivity of sodium silicate solution increases with increasing the temperature and silica concentration but decreases with increasing the modulus.Further,the viscosity of the solution increases with increasing the silica concentration and linearly decreases with increasing the temperature,whereas its surface tension gradually decreases with increasing silica concentration and temperature,indicating that the sodium silicate solution is an oligomer with strong surface activity.At room temperature,the electrical conductivity and surface tension of sodium silicate solution are higher than those of pre-desilication solution,whereas its viscosity is smaller than that of pre-desilication solution.A turning point exists at a silica concentration of 44.7 g/L.When the silica concentration is less than 44.7 g/L,the ionic structure of the solution is dominated by monomeric silicate ions.In contrast,when the silica concentration changes from 44.7 to 50 g/L,the migration number of silicate anions significantly decreases.

基于Raman的复方柳安咖注射液主要成分分析

本文应用拉曼光谱技术对复方柳安咖注射液的主要成分及含量进行了分析。首先测试分析了62个复方柳安咖注射液样品的拉曼光谱,结果表明62个注射液样品的拉曼光谱主要由水杨酸钠、安替比林和咖啡因的水溶液拉曼谱带组成;进一步利用密度泛函理论(DFT)计算了其主要成分的理论拉曼光谱和红外光谱,与实验测定的固体粉末光谱和溶液光谱进行比较分析,进而对复方柳安咖注射液拉曼光谱谱峰的振动模式进行了归属;最后利用水杨酸钠和安替比林浓度梯度溶液拉曼光谱特征峰的峰高和峰面积,分别建立定量分析模型,对62个复方柳安咖注射液样品中主要成分水杨酸钠和安替比林的含量进行预测,并与液相色谱法测试值进行了对比,结果显示预测值与液相色谱法测试值相近,得到了较好的主要成分含量预测结果。研究结果可为复方柳安咖注射液药剂的生产、药品质量的监控、药品光谱分析研究等方面提供参考。

拉曼光谱结合化学计量学方法的复方柳安咖注射液成分分析

为了实现复方柳安咖注射液成分的快速检测,利用拉曼光谱的指纹识别性、聚焦式采样方法及水影响较低的特点结合化学计量学方法对复方柳安咖注射液进行了分析。复方柳安咖注射液针剂样品的拉曼光谱显示,复方柳安咖注射液针剂的拉曼光谱主要由水杨酸钠、安替比林和咖啡因的水溶液拉曼谱带组成。以水杨酸钠梯度溶液拉曼光谱特征峰812 cm^(-1)和1033 cm^(-1)、安替比林梯度溶液拉曼光谱特征峰724 cm^(-1)和1005 cm^(-1),依据散射光强与相应组分浓度之间的关系,利用光谱特征峰高度、峰面积分别建立定量分析模型;考虑各成分光谱间的相互干扰,也利用水杨酸钠梯度溶液光谱745~920 cm^(-1)、1010~1060 cm^(-1)波段数据和安替比林梯度溶液拉曼光谱700~750 cm^(-1)、950~1020 cm^(-1)波段数据,基于偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立定量分析模型。两种分析模型对三个不同厂家不同生产批次的31个针剂样品中主要成分水杨酸钠和安替比林的含量进行预测,预测值与液相色谱法测试值相近;预测水杨酸钠和安替比林含量分别为标示量的96.4%~102.3%之间和98.1%~105.8%之间,都符合国家药品标准,与液相色谱测试法的分析结果一致。表明拉曼光谱结合化学计量学方法能对复方柳安咖注射液成分进行定量分析,具有准确、方便、快捷的优点。

慢性萎缩性胃炎及癌前病变复合造模法评价

目的 评价复合造模法构建慢性萎缩性胃炎(chronic atrophic gastritis, CAG)及胃癌前病变(precancerous lesions of gastric cancer, PLGC)大鼠模型的可行性。方法 将60只SPF级雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组(n=10)及模型组(n=50)。对照组正常饲养,模型组用N-甲基-N′-硝基-N-亚硝基胍(MNNG)自由饮用+水杨酸钠隔日灌胃+脱氧胆酸钠隔日灌胃+不定期禁食复合造模法构建慢性萎缩性胃炎大鼠模型,造模时间为6个月。于造模第3,4,5,6个月比较模型组与对照组大鼠胃黏膜病理程度,造模后采血,采用ELISA检测血清胃蛋白酶原Ⅰ(PGⅠ)、胃蛋白酶原Ⅱ(PGⅡ)及胃泌素17(G-17)。结果 模型组大鼠复合刺激4个月开始出现胃腺体萎缩,5个月出现纤维化,6个月出现胃腺消失及异型增生,1只出现癌变。模型组6只大鼠异常死亡,造模死亡率为12%。与对照组比较,模型组血清PGⅠ升高(P<0.05),PGⅠ与PGⅡ比值(PG R)降低(P<0.05),G-17降低(P<0.05)。结论 采用复合造模法制备大鼠CAG模型成功率高,结果较稳定,但制备时间较长,且由于大鼠个体差异,造模进程难以完全统一,所有大鼠均出现胃黏膜萎缩,部分大鼠出现PLGC特征,个别大鼠出现癌变。

不同保鲜剂处理对鲜切库尔勒香梨品质的影响

为探索不同保鲜剂处理对鲜切库尔勒香梨的保鲜效果,以新疆库尔勒香梨为试材,选用不同保鲜剂(褪黑素、氯化钠、氯化钙、水杨酸)处理,通过测定其理化指标及菌落总数,分析货架期鲜切梨的保鲜效果。结果表明:4种保鲜剂对鲜切梨均具有较好保鲜效果。与对照组相比,4种保鲜剂均能够有效抑制多酚氧化酶活性,减缓鲜切梨褐变,维持鲜切梨可溶性固形物、总酸、总糖、维生素C含量。在所有处理组中,褪黑素处理组和水杨酸处理组可较好地维持鲜切梨的质量和色泽,显著抑制微生物生长,减缓品质下降,能够有效延长鲜切库尔勒香梨的货架期。

黄麻可降解包装材料制备及性能研究

研究一种基于黄麻、粘胶、水性聚氨酯和羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)的可降解包装材料的制备。采用非织造生产工艺,以可降解的黄麻和粘胶为原料,纤维梳理成网后,经针刺机针刺,再将水性聚氨酯和CMC溶于水中,形成悬浮液均匀喷洒至纤维网,烘干后热压成型得到生物可降解包装材料。对比聚乳酸、水性聚氨酯、CMC的成本及力学性能,探究材料混比对黄麻/粘胶/水性聚氨酯/CMC包装材料断裂强力和断裂伸长率的影响,并通过干燥和湿润试样的强力对比,探究了黄麻/粘胶/水性聚氨酯/CMC包装材料的耐水性能。结果表明,当黄麻/粘胶/水性聚氨酯/CMC混比为40/40/15/5,面密度为100 g/m^(2)时,所得样品纵、横向断裂强力分别为155.5 N、52.6 N,将样品浸渍于水中1 h后取出,其纵、横向的湿态强力保留率分别为49.9%、69.2%,可满足包装袋力学性能的要求。

海藻酸钠的流变学特性及影响黏度因素研究

海藻酸钠溶液的流变学特性及影响黏度因素尚缺少更为系统的研究。本文研究海藻酸钠溶液的静态流变性、动态黏弹性和触变性,用单因素和响应面试验分析浓度、温度、pH和搅拌时间对海藻酸钠溶液黏度的影响。结果表明:海藻酸钠溶液体系为非牛顿流体,1.0%海藻酸钠溶液拟合Herschel-Bulkley模型效果最好。不同浓度海藻酸钠溶液随不同的角频率处理展现不同的动态粘弹性行为。触变环面积随着海藻酸钠溶液浓度的升高而变大,溶液结构受到的破坏也变大,恢复能力减弱。海藻酸钠浓度和溶液黏度呈正相关,在25℃、pH 8.1、搅拌3.1 h的条件下溶液黏度较高。研究结果完善了海藻酸钠的应用基础,能为海藻酸钠的更好应用提供理论支持。

聚丙烯酸钠的制备及性能研究

通过操作简便、应用广泛的水溶液聚合法,制备了粘均分子量约为1500~3000聚丙烯酸钠。研究表明,聚丙烯酸钠的相对分子量随着引发剂用量以及链转移剂用量的增加而减小。相应聚丙烯酸钠(分子量为2000)的减水率达到22.8%,高于市场常用萘系减水剂,表现出优异的应用潜力。

柔性脂质体的促渗作用研究(英文)

In this article different types of ultradeformable liposomes were designed and the properties of transdermal delivery were studied with sodium salicylate as model drug. These results showed that liposomes with strong hydrophilic surfactant added is a new type of penetration enhancer.

海藻酸钠与亚麻籽胶复配体系流变学性质研究

为探究海藻酸钠(sodium alginate,SA)和亚麻籽胶(flaxseed gum,FG)复配胶体在食品工业中的应用潜力,该文着重研究SA和FG复配胶体的静态流变性、动态黏弹性和触变性,并对复配体系溶液的黏度影响因素进行了单因素和响应面试验。结果表明,质量分数1.0%SA/FG复配体系不同比例均为非牛顿流体,流动特性符合Herschel-Bulkley模型方程。随SA/FG复配体系中FG含量的提高,体系溶液以弹性(固体性质)为主,且复合黏度随着角频率的增大而减小。SA与FG复配质量比例为2∶8时体系黏度最大,且触变环面积最大,抗剪切能力弱。各因素对SA/FG复配体系溶液黏度的影响顺序为:pH值>温度>搅拌时间。在pH 6.80、39.5℃和搅拌2.0 h的条件下,SA/FG复配体系溶液黏度最高。SA和FG复配比例对其流变特性和黏度影响显著,在实际应用中可按实际情况选择合适的复配比。

海藻酸钠与瓜尔豆胶复配体系流变学特性研究

为探究海藻酸钠(SA)和瓜尔豆胶(GG)复配胶体在食品工业中的应用潜力,文章着重研究了SA/GG复配胶体的静态流变性、动态黏弹性和触变性,并对复配体系溶液的黏度影响因素进行了单因素试验和响应面试验。结果表明,质量分数1.0%的不同比例SA/GG复配体系均为非牛顿流体,流变特性符合Herschel-Bulkley模型方程。随着SA/GG复配体系中GG含量的提高,体系溶液表现出类固体性质,且复合黏度随着角频率的增大而减小。SA/GG复配比例为1∶9时体系黏度最大,且触变环面积最大,表明复配体系结构受到的破坏大,恢复能力弱。各因素对SA/GG复配体系溶液黏度的影响顺序为pH值>搅拌时间>温度。在pH值8.10、温度35.0℃下搅拌123 min时,SA/GG复配体系溶液的黏度最高。SA和GG复配比例对其流变特性和黏度的影响显著,在实际应用中可按实际情况选择合适的复配比。