Development of sodium sulfur battery（NAS battery） and application

NGK has developed a sodium sulfur battery(NAS battery) for load leveling applications, allowing the grid to deal with increasing peak. The recent growth in environmentally friendly renewable energies causes network instability. A secondary battery based energy storage system is seen as one of the strongest solutions to stabilize the network while improving the efficiency and usability of these renewable energy technologies. The NAS battery features long duration discharge, compactness, and a long lifespan of 15 years. The capacity for long duration discharge is one of the most notable features of this technology, a feature which becomes more important as renewable energy generation increases. In this paper, recent design of the NAS battery system is detailed, and a few applications are described.

Cellulose nanofiber-derived carbon aerogel for advanced room-temperature sodium–sulfur batteries

Room-temperature sodium–sulfur(RT/Na–S)batteries are regarded as promising large-scale stationary energy storage systems owing to their high energy density and low cost as well as the earth-abundant reserves of sodium and sulfur.However,the diffusion of polysulfides and sluggish kinetics of conversion reactions are still major challenges for their application.Herein,we developed a powerful and functional separator to inhibit the shuttle effect by coating a lightweight three-dimensional cellulose nanofiber-derived carbon aerogel on a glass fiber separator(denoted NSCA@GF).The hierarchical porous structures,favorable electronic conductivity,and three-dimensional interconnected network of N,S-codoped carbon aerogel endow a multifunctional separator with strong polysulfide anchoring capability and fast reaction kinetics of polysulfide conversion,which can act as the barrier layer and an expanded current collector to increase sulfur utilization.Moreover,the hetero-doped N/S sites are believed to strengthen polysulfide anchoring capability via chemisorption and accelerate the redox kinetics of polysulfide conversion,which is confirmed from experimental and theoretical results.As a result,the assembled Na–S coin cells with the NSCA@GF separator showed a high reversible capacity(788.8 mAh g^(−1) at 0.1 C after 100 cycles)and superior cycling stability(only 0.059%capacity decay per cycle over 1000 cycles at 1 C),thereby demonstrating the significant potential for application in high-performance RT/Na–S batteries.

Role of Catalytic Materials on Conversion of Sulfur Species for Room Temperature Sodium–Sulfur Battery

Room temperature sodium–sulfur(RT Na-S)battery with high theoretical energy density and low cost has spurred tremendous interest,which is recognized as an ideal candidate for large-scale energy storage applications.However,serious sodium polysulfide shutting and sluggish reaction kinetics lead to rapid capacity decay and poor Coulombic efficiency.Recently,catalytic materials capable of adsorbing and catalyzing the conversion of polysulfides are profiled as a promising method to improve electrochemical performance.In this review,the research progress is summarized that the application of catalytic materials in RT Na-S battery.For the role of catalyst on the conversion of sulfur species,specific attention is focused on the influence factors of reaction rate during different redox processes.Various catalytic materials based on lightweight and high conductive carbon materials,including heteroatom-doped carbon,metals and metal compounds,single-atom and heterostructure,promote the reaction kinetic via lowered energy barrier and accelerated charge transfer.Additionally,the adsorption capacity of the catalytic materials is the key to the catalytic effect.Particular attention to the interaction between polysulfides and sulfur host materials is necessary for the exploration of catalytic mechanism.Lastly,the challenges and outlooks toward the desired design of efficient catalytic materials for RT Na-S battery are discussed.

Effective Sodium Metabisulfite (Na₂S₂O₅), HCl, Sulfur and Distilled Water for the Removal of Pb, Zn and Cr Contaminated Soil in the Columns Method

This paper presents an evaluation of different dose of Sodium Metabisulfite (0.01 M Na2S2O5), (Na2S2O5) + (0.1 HCl), and Distilled water for the removal of soil contaminated with Pb, Zn and Cr by the column mode. The field soil contained concentrations of Pb (307.31 mg⋅kg−1), Zn (207.77 mg⋅kg−1) and Cr (447.50 mg⋅kg−1). Both (0.01 M Na2S2O5), (Na2S2O5) + (0.1 HCl), and Distilled water were found to be effective on removing (Na2S2O5) Pb, Cr and Zn respectively. (Na2S2O5) + (0.1 HCl) Cr, Zn and Pb respectively. Sulfur Pb, Cr and Zn respectively. The removal rate of Pb, Zn, and Cr varied from 10.35% - 26%, 3.4% - 21.60% and 4.97% - 23.88% for (0.01 M Na2S2O5 respectively. The removal rate of Pb, Zn, and Cr varied from 16.13% - 20.07%, 8.20% - 23.48%, 5.42% - 28.93% for (0.01 M Na2S2O5 + 0.1 M HCl) respectively. The removal rate of Pb, Zn, and Cr varied from 10.20% - 25.5%, 9.55% - 25.13% and 6.04% - 25.54% for (S) respectively.

STUDIES ON THE REACTION OF SULFUR,SELENIUM AND TELLURIUM WITH SODIUM HYDROXIDE UNDER PHASE TRANSFER CATALYSIS(Ⅱ).A CONVENIENT METHOD FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF BI(ACYL)DISULFIDES

A simple and general method for the synthesis of bi(acyl)disulfides is reported.Sulfur is allowed to react with sodium hydroxide to give sodium disulfide at 65℃ under PTC,which can react with acyl halides to afford bi(acyl)disulfides in good to excellent isolated yields.The effects of solvents and phase transfer catalysts are discussed.

离子色谱法同时测定盐酸左沙丁胺醇雾化吸入溶液中3种辅料含量

目的建立离子色谱法同时测定盐酸左沙丁胺醇雾化吸入溶液中依地酸二钠、硫酸、枸橼酸钠含量的方法。方法采用阴离子交换离子色谱法,色谱柱为Dionex IonPac^(TM)AS11-HC分析柱(4 mm×250 mm)和AS11-HC保护柱(4 mm×50 mm),淋洗液为30 mmol/L氢氧化钾溶液,流速为1.0 ml/min,抑制器为Dionex AERS 500(4 mm),抑制电流为75 mA,电导检测器,柱温为30℃,进样体积为25μl。结果依地酸根离子、硫酸根离子、枸橼酸根离子质量浓度分别在2.30~57.60,13.38~334.43,35.38~884.57μg/ml的范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,相关系数分别为0.9992,0.9999,0.9995;平均加样回收率分别为100.71%,100.91%,99.47%(n=9),RSD分别为1.56%,1.74%,1.73%(n=9);精密度、重复性、稳定性试验的RSD均小于2%(n=6)。结论建立的离子色谱法操作简便,重复性强,准确灵敏,3种被测组分峰型良好,分离度高,该方法可同时测定盐酸左沙丁胺醇雾化吸入溶液中依地酸二钠、枸橼酸钠、硫酸的含量。

室温钠-硫电池电解液的研究现状与展望(Ⅰ)

由于原料丰富、能量密度高和成本低,室温钠-硫电池的应用潜力很大。多硫化钠穿梭效应、硫和硫化钠电子电导率低、钠负极腐蚀和枝晶生长给该电池的实际应用带来了很大挑战。目前,研究人员聚焦于正极材料设计和电解液优化两方面来应对这些挑战。近年来,关于室温钠-硫电池电解液改性的研究众多,但不同改性策略的优化机理和电解液的设计原则有待总结。综述近期室温钠-硫电池电解液的研究。在分析酯类和醚类电解液充放电机理的基础上,回顾并总结酯类、醚类电解液及添加剂优化改性的研究,着重探讨优化改性的具体机理。展望室温钠-硫电池电解液的研究方向。

硫化染料用还原剂

以葡萄糖、二氧化硫脲以及甲酸钠作为硫化染料的还原剂。通过单因素实验,分别探讨染料质量浓度、还原剂质量浓度、氢氧化钠质量浓度等对硫化染料染纱线效果的影响,并进一步通过正交实验优选染色工艺配方上染纱线。测试纱线耐皂洗色牢度、色差、K/S值、染液的还原电位变化以及废水COD。实验结果表明,甲酸钠可以替代硫化钠作为液体硫化黑染料的还原剂,在液体硫化黑110 g/L、甲酸钠44 g/L、氢氧化钠42 g/L时,染色纱线能获得很好的染色效果,并减少了生产中硫化氢气体的释放以及含硫废染液的产生。

Rechargeable metal(Li, Na, Mg, Al)-sulfur batteries: Materials and advances

Energy and environmental issues are becoming more and more severe and renewable energy storage technologies are vital to solve the problem.Rechargeable metal(Li,Na,Mg,Al)-sulfur batteries with low-cost and earth-abundant elemental sulfur as the cathode are attracting more and more interest for electrical energy storage in recent years.Lithium-sulfur(Li-S),room-temperature sodium-sulfur(RT Na-S),magnesium-sulfur(Mg-S)and aluminum-sulfur(Al-S)batteries are the most prominent candidates among them.Many obvious obstacles are hampering the developments of metal-sulfur batteries.Li-S and Na-S batteries are encumbered mainly by anode dendrite issues,polysulfides shuttle and low conductivity of cathodes.Mg-S and Al-S batteries are short of suitable electrolytes.In this review,relationships between various employed nanostructured materials and electrochemical performances of metal-sulfur batteries have been demonstrated.Moreover,the selections of suitable electrolytes,anode protection,separator modifications and prototype innovations are all crucial to the developments of metal-sulfur batteries and are discussed at the same time.Herein,we give a review on the advances of Li-S,RT Na-S,Mg-S and Al-S batteries from the point of view of materials,and then focus on perspectives of their future developments.

硫掺杂碳包覆Fe_(0.95)S_(1.05)纳米球复合材料的储钠性能

铁硫化物因其较高的理论容量,被认为是一种很有前途的钠离子电池负极材料。然而,铁硫化物在充放电过程中存在较大的体积变化,导致其倍率性能和稳定性较差。本文通过简单的一步法策略,制备了一种具有三维簇状结构的硫掺杂碳包覆的Fe_(0.95)S_(1.05)纳米球(Fe_(0.95)S_(1.05)@SC),并研究了其储钠性能。硫掺杂碳层可提高材料的导电率,缓解Fe_(0.95)S_(1.05)纳米球在反应过程中产生的体积膨胀,故提升了材料的稳定性。Fe_(0.95)S_(1.05)@SC的相互贯通的簇状结构,为电子和离子的传输提供了通道,使材料具备优异的倍率性能。在半电池体系中,Fe_(0.95)S_(1.05)@SC在0.1A·g^(-1)下循环100圈后,保留614.7 m Ah·g^(-1)的高比容量,10 A·g^(-1)下比容量仍可以达到235.7 m Ah·g^(-1)。在全电池体系中,在0.1和10 A·g^(-1)时,Fe_(0.95)S_(1.05)@SC的可逆容量分别为482.8和288.3 m Ah·g^(-1)。该材料具有良好电化学性能,在钠离子电池中具有广阔的应用前景。

Recent progress in heterostructured materials for room-temperature sodium-sulfur batteries

Room-temperature sodium-sulfur(RT Na-S)batteries are a promising next-generation energy storage device due to their low cost,high energy density(1274 Wh kg^(-1)),and environmental friendliness.However,RT Na-S batteries face a series of vital challenges from sulfur cathode and sodium anode:(i)sluggish reaction kinetics of S and Na_(2)S/Na_(2)S_(2);(ii)severe shuttle effect from the dissolved intermediate sodium polysulfides(NaPSs);(iii)huge volume expansion induced by the change from S to Na_(2)S;(iv)continuous growth of sodium metal dendrites,leading to short-circuiting of the battery;(v)huge volume expansion/contraction of sodium anode upon sodium plating/stripping,causing uncontrollable solid-state electrolyte interphase growth and“dead sodium”formation.Various strategies have been proposed to address these issues,including physical/chemical adsorption of NaPSs,catalysts to facilitate the rapid conversion of NaPSs,high-conductive materials to promote ion/electron transfer,good sodiophilic Na anode hetero-interface homogenized Na ions flux and three-dimensional porous anode host to buffer the volume expansion of sodium.Heterostructure materials can combine these merits into one material to realize multifunctionality.Herein,the recent development of heterostructure as the host for sulfur cathode and Na anode has been reviewed.First of all,the electrochemical mechanisms of sulfur cathode/sodium anode and principles of heterostructures reinforced Na-S batteries are described.Then,the application of heterostructures in Na-S batteries is comprehensively examined.Finally,the current primary avenues of employing heterostructures in Na-S batteries are summarized.Opinions and prospects are put forward regarding the existing problems in current research,aiming to inspire the design of advanced and improved next-generation Na-S batteries.

催化材料调控室温钠硫电池性能的进展与挑战

室温钠硫电池因理论能量密度高(1274 Wh/kg,基于硫的质量)、资源丰富、价格低廉等优势,在大规模储能、动力电池领域备受青睐。然而,要实现Na-S电池中良好的可逆性、可循环性、活性物质高利用率,最终实现钠硫电池的商业化仍然极具挑战性。不仅需要解决多硫化物溶解和循环过程中的多硫化物“穿梭效应”问题,还要解决因S_(8)和Na_(2)S的低电导率和固体Na_(2)S_(2)/Na_(2)S沉积带来的高极化所导致的循环性能差和存在的安全隐患等问题。因此合理引入催化材料促进多硫化物的快速转化,加快反应动力学至关重要,也是实现室温钠硫电池商业化应用的关键所在。本文详细综述了室温钠硫电池的基本原理、存在的主要问题,并阐述了催化作用在室温钠硫电池中的重要意义;归纳了室温钠硫电池中常用的催化材料种类;总结了各种催化材料与多硫化物之间的相互作用机理。最后,对室温钠硫电池中催化材料相关研究可能面临的挑战和未来发展方向进行了预测。

基于改进SSA-BP神经网络的钠硫电池拆解刀具温度预测模型研究

钠硫电池中含有大量的高纯度钠,在自动化拆解过程中存在燃烧、爆炸等安全风险。针对钠硫电池在车削拆解时存在的安全性问题,提出一种改进SSA-BP神经网络算法来预测刀具加工的最高温度。利用ABAQUS软件计算出刀具加工的实时温度,通过电池拆解实验验证仿真数据的可靠性;然后以仿真温度数据建立样本,利用Tent混沌映射对SSA-BP神经网络算法进行优化,建立刀具温度仿真预测模型。实验结果表明:该仿真预测模型收敛速度快,鲁棒性强,模型误差小。

间苯二磺酸钠合成新工艺的研究

为有效地解决传统合成间苯二磺酸钠方法中产生大量废盐、废酸的问题,以苯和三氧化硫为原料,在60℃条件下合成苯磺酸,苯磺酸调碱后高温与三氧化硫进行连续磺化反应制得间苯二磺酸,经二次调碱处理得到间苯二磺酸钠。系统研究了合成最佳工艺条件。研究结果表明,最优反应条件下间苯二磺酸钠收率达到93.5%,三废量明显减少。

绘画用的蓝色群青环保颜料制备及性能研究

为制备绿色环保、成本低且颜色好的绘画颜料,试验以煤矸石、废分子筛和玉米秸秆制备了一种蓝色群青颜料,并对其制备工艺进行优化。结果表明,蓝色群青颜料的最佳工艺为密封煅烧,一次煅烧温度和一次保温时间分别是400℃、0.5 h,二次煅烧温度和二次保温时间分别是900℃、2 h,参与反应空气量为70%,其中,煤矸石、废分子筛、玉米秸秆、单质硫、碳酸钠的添加量比例是1.50∶0.50∶1.00∶3.00∶2.50。根据拉曼光谱和SEM图,从微观角度证明了蓝色群青颜料的成功制备。本试验制备的蓝色群青颜料呈亮丽的蓝色,成本低且绿色环保,可以作为绘画颜料使用。

离子色谱法同时测定低分子量肝素钠注射液中的有机酸和无机阴离子

目的建立同时测定低分子量肝素钠注射液中醋酸根离子、氯离子、亚硫酸根离子、硫酸根离子和草酸根离子含量的离子色谱法。方法色谱柱为Dionex IonPac AS11(250 mm×4 mm),保护柱为Dionex IonPac AG11(50 mm×4 mm),用淋洗液自动发生器,采用氢氧化钾梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL·min^(-1),检测器为配有化学抑制器的电导检测器。结果醋酸根离子、氯离子、亚硫酸根离子、硫酸根离子和草酸根离子分别在0.12~24μg·mL^(-1)、0.24~48μg·mL^(-1)、0.4~80μg·mL^(-1)、0.04~8μg·mL^(-1)、0.3~60μg·mL^(-1)与测定值线性关系良好,r分别为0.9991、0.9999、0.9999、0.9995、0.9995;加样回收率分别为105.3%、101.0%、102.3%、96.8%和108.3%(n=6),RSD分别为2.2%、1.8%、1.6%、2.6%和1.6%。结论该方法操作简便,灵敏,高效,可用于同时测定低分子量肝素钠注射液中醋酸根、亚硫酸根、硫酸根、草酸根和氯离子的含量,为其质量提供保证。

氯气厂房废液废气回收处理

介绍了新疆中泰化学阜康能源有限公司离子膜法烧碱生产中氯气处理过程中产生的废水、废酸、废次氯酸钠等液体的回收处理。

多元电化学储能技术综述

在双碳背景下,全球正大规模发展风电、光伏等新能源。新能源具有随机性、间歇性和波动性,需结合高性能低成本的储能系统进行使用。电化学储能技术具有高能量密度、高效能转化、长循环寿命、绿色环保和便携性等优点,符合对储能的各项要求,被广泛地应用于可再生能源、电动汽车、微电子产品以及未来智能电网中。为研究电化学储能技术的发展前景,本文将电化学储能与传统储能方式进行对比,重点突出其优势;详细介绍了电化学储能系统的组成单元及各自的工作原理;对锂离子电池、锂硫电池、钠离子电池和钾离子电池4种主流电化学储能体系的研究进行了总结归纳,详细介绍了正负极材料、电解质、隔膜及工作原理,阐明当前面临的问题及合理的解决方案。以期为电化学储能体系、材料和应用提供参考,为其发展提供借鉴。

污酸硫化除砷影响因素的试验研究

针对污酸溶液中砷离子的含量波动大、投加除砷药剂量大、石膏渣不能稳定达标等问题,以某铜冶炼产生的污酸为对象进行试验,利用硫氢化钠作为除砷药剂,开展硫化除砷操作参数的研究。结果表明:硫氢化钠投加量越大,反应持续时间越长,酸度越大,反应后液中剩余砷离子含量越低。本试验水样按13.6 mg/L投加除砷药剂,反应40 min后,液中剩余砷离子含量≤30 mg/L,砷去除率达到99.6%,保证了反应后液继续处理产生的石膏渣浸出液中总砷含量≤5 mg/L,使石膏渣属于一般固废,达到减少危废渣目的。

Carbon coated ultrasmall anatase TiO_2 nanocrystal anchored on N,S-RGO as high-performance anode for sodium ion batteries

Anatase TiO_2 has been investigated as one of the most promising anode materials for sodium ion batteries(SIBs)with low cost and high theoretical capacity.Herein,a composite material of TiO_2 /N,S-RGO@C with carbon coated ultrasmall anatase TiO_2 anchored on nitrogen and sulfur co-doped RGO matrix was successfully prepared by a rational designed process.The composite structure exhibited ultrasmall crystal size,rich porous structure,homogeneous heteroatoms doping and thin carbon coating,which synergistically resulted in elevated electron and ion transfer.The anode exhibited high rate capacities with good reversibility under high rate cycling.The carbon coating was investigated to be effective to prevent active material falling and lead to long term cycling performance with a high capacity retention of 181 m Ah g^(à1)after 2000cycles at 2 C.Kinetic studies were carried out and the results revealed that the superior performance of the composite material were derived from the decreased charge transfer resistance and elevated ion diffusion.Results suggested that the TiO_2 /N,S-RGO@C composite is a promising anode material for sodium ion batteries.