Comparison and Evaluation of Two Analytical Methods for Cation Exchange Capacity and Exchangeable Sodium Percentage of Five Soil Types in Central Sudan

Twenty-six soil samples were collected from five soil profiles at different climatological and ecological regions in central Sudan. Soil profile was dug in each studied area and morphological profile description was carried out for different horizons. All samples were analyzed using two different methods to determine Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP). Statistical analysis (T-test) was used in order to investigate the differences between soil samples for the studied locations. Significant differences appeared when compared the two methods for CEC determination at Gedaref area, Wad Medani and Nile flood plain and that appeared in evaluation of ESP at Nile flood plain and Shambat area. The results also revealed that, the developed method used in this study was more practical, simple and reliable for determination of CEC and ESP as the currently used in most soil laboratories. In addition, it will be safer than the other methods in some problematic soils. The adoption of this developed method is advisable because it is less time consuming as it omits the washing step. In contrast, the old method cannot be a good substitute in laboratories which have no possibility to determine sodium by using flame photometer. We conclude that when the developed method is used to determine CEC and ESP time will be saved, that fewer amounts of chemicals will be used and that accurate results will be achieved.

Expression and Purification of Hydrophilic Domains of Bovine Anion Exchanger,Member 1 and Electrogenic Sodium Bicarbonate Cotransporter 1

[ Objective] To express and purify the intracellular hydrophilic domains of bovine membrane carrier proteins：anion exchanger, member 1 （AE1） and electregenic sodium bicarbonate cotransporter 1 （NBCel）, which were associated with bicarbonate ion transport. [ Method] The hydrophilic domains of bovine AE1 and NBCel were amplified by PCR and inserted into the prokaryotic expression vector pET-28a, respectively. The recombinant plasmids were transformed into the expression strain E. coli BL21 （DE3） and then induced by IPTG. The expressed proteins were purified by nickel ion affinity chromatography and analyzed by 15% SDS-PAGE. [Result] The hydrophilic domains of bovine AE1 and NBCel were amplified respectively by PCR and expressed by prokaryotic expression system with the induction of IPTG. They were mainly expressed in the cyto- plasm of E. coli and high-purity was achieved by nickel ion affinity chromatography. [Condusion] The expression of the hydrophilic domains of bovine AE1 and NBCel provides a major exit route for preparation of antibodies and the regulatory mechanisms of carrier proteins.

Velocity Form Calculations of Generalized Oscillator Strengths for 3s→ (3p, 4p, 5p, 6p) Dipole Transitions of Atomic Sodium in Debye Plasma

In this paper, the generalized oscillator strengths (GOSs) of excitations of atomic sodium from ground state to 2p63s0 (3p, 4p, 5p, 6p) states, immersed in Debye plasma, were calculated by using wavefunctions which were obtained numerically from the restricted Hartree-Fock (RHF) equation. This RHF equation employs the local density approach for exchange interactions including plasma Debye screening. Theoretical RHF and random phase approximation with exchange (RPAE) velocity calculations have shown that the GOSs for excitations to 3 s0(3 p,4 p,5 p,6 p)depend on the plasma Debye screening effects, as shown by the reduction in the GOS amplitude with decreasing Debye length λD. The agreement between the present RPAE V results for the transitions 3 s→3 s0(3 p,4 p,5 p)and the length calculations of Martínez-Flores was satisfactory. Correlation effects were found quite to be significant in the vicinity of the maxima of the GOS of the 3 s→3 s0(4 p,5 p,6 p)excitations by using the RPAE V approach. We note the poor influence of many electron correlations on the GOS of (3 s→3 p)transition with the same principal quantum number. Finally, we comment that the RPAE V calculations are useful in investigating electron correlation effects on the transition GOS of atomic sodium planted in Debye plasma. The present velocity results also reveal that the 3 s→3 s0(5p, 6p)transition GOSs tend to be delocalized due to more significant screening effects at Debye lengths λD=20and 30 a.u. for excited subshells 5p and 6p, respectively. We report here novel results of GOS for 3 s→3 s06ptransition obtained from different Debye lengths.

Sodium-Zinc Exchange Selectivity on Wyoming Montmorillonite in Different Background Anion Solutions

The effect of background anion on cation exchange reactions,such as Na-Ca and Na-Cu exchange reactions,on montmorillonites has been studied,but the results are not always clear and discrepancies exist in the literature.In this study,the exchange of zine(Zn^2+)for sodium(Na^+)on Wyoming montmorillonite was investigated at 298°K using Cl^-,ClO4^-,NO3^-,OAc^-,and SO4^2- solution media at a constant total metal charge concentration of 0,0200 molc L^-1.Results indicated that the clay CEC values were essential similar for Cl^-,ClO4^-,NO3^- and SO4^2- solution media with an average CEC of 0.856±0.008 molc kg^-1;in an OAc^- solution the clay CEC was much higher than that in other anion media.The specific adsorption of Zn(SAZn),as defined by the extraction of Zn using 0.05 mol L^-1 Na2-EDTA,was different in the various background solutions.The highest value for SAZn was 0.359±0.0350 molc kg^-1,which occurred in OAc solution.There was essentially no difference in the total apparent adsorbed metals(the sum of adsorbed equivalents of Na and Zn per kilogram of clay,Q)among the various background solutions.The average Q for all anion media was 0.807±0.011 molc kg^-1 and was independent of exchanger composition.Experimental results indicated that there were no significant monovalent cation complexes such as ZnCl^+ or ZnNO3^+ that were adsorbed by montmorillonite.The Na-Zn exchange isotherms indicated that there was an adsorption preference for Zn over Na on Wyoming montmoorillonite.

Resuscitation from Prolonged Ventricular Fibrillation by Epinephrine Combined with Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger Isoform-1 Inhibitor Cariporide

Objective To test the resuscitative effects from prolonged ventricular fibrillation by epinephrine combined with sodium hydrogen exchanger isoform 1 inhibitor Cariporide. Methods 16 rats were received a 3 mg/kg bolus of Cariporide or the same volume of 0.9%NaCl solution (control) 15 seconds before completion 12 minutes untreated VF. Chest compression (CC) was started for a total of 8 minutes. Adjusted the depth of compressor so that the aortic diastolic pressure to 25～28 mmHg during the 2nd minute of CC. Fix the depth of the piston and this depth was used throughout the remaining 6 minutes of CC. 10 seconds before starting the 3rd minute of chest compression, injected epinephrine (30 μg/kg). Recorded the time at which restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) occurred in Cariporide treated rats. Electrical defibrillation was timed in control group to match the time of spontaneous defibrillation in Cariporide treated rats. To the rats, which cant be defibrillated spontaneously, received chest compression and rescues electrical shocks. Results compared with control group, with the same CC depth, Cariporide treated rats received the higher and longer lasting coronary perfusion pressure (P< 0.05), higher resuscitative rate (P< 0.05), less post resuscitative ventricular ectopic activities (P< 0.001), better hemodynamic effects and longer survival time (P< 0.05). Conclusion Epinephrine combined with sodium hydrogen exchanger isoform 1 inhibitor Cariporide may represent a novel and remarkably effective intervention for resuscitation from prolonged VF.

Synthesis of 4A Zeolite and Characterization of Calcium- and Silver-Exchanged Forms

Calcium exchanged A type zeolite is extensively used as an adsorbent in petroleum and gas purification application. The precursor of calcium and silver-exchanged zeolite was prepared in a hydrothermal process, followed by an exchange process. In this study, LTA zeolite was synthesized. Calcium-ex- changed and silver-exchanged molecular sieves were prepared and characterized by a series of techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, etc. Physical properties of Ca- and Ag-exchanged zeolite A, such as surface structure, crystal structure, cation exchange capacity, and the ion-exchange properties were measured. Water adsorption studies using thermogravimetric method indicated that water molecules are more strongly bound in the Ca-A zeolite compared to Ag-A zeolite. XPS studies confirmed the presence of highly dispersed cationic silver species at exchange sites. The results of this study indicated that sodium was successfully exchanged with the calcium and silver in both Ca- and Ag-ex- changed zeolite frameworks. High cation exchange capacity, tailored aperture size, high porosity and specific surface area, as well as high thermal stability make cation-exchanged A type zeolite a successful candidate for adsorption, ion exchange, and catalysis applications.

Dry Mix Slag—High-Calcium Fly Ash Binder. Part Two: Durability

This work investigates durability of cement-free mortars with a binder comprised of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) activated by high-calcium fly ash (HCFA) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3): the soundness, sulfate resistance, alkali-silica reactivity and efflorescence factors are considered. Results of tests show that such mortars are resistant to alkali-silica expansion. Mortars are also sulfate-resistant when the amount of HCFA in the complex binder is within a limit of 10 wt%. The fineness of fly ash determines its’ ability to activate GGBFS hydration, and influence soundness of the binder, early strength development, sulfate resistance and efflorescence behavior. The present article is a continuation of authors’ work, previously published in MSA, Vol. 14, 240-254.

Roles of Na^+/Ca^(2+) exchanger 1 in digestive system physiology and pathophysiology

The Na^+/Ca^(2+) exchanger(NCX) protein family is a part of the cation/Ca^(2+) exchanger superfamily and participates in the regulation of cellular Ca^(2+) homeostasis. NCX1, the most important subtype in the NCX family, is expressed widely in various organs and tissues in mammals and plays an especially important role in the physiological and pathological processes of nerves and the cardiovascular system. In the past few years, the function of NCX1 in the digestive system has received increasing attention; NCX1 not only participates in the healing process of gastric ulcer and gastric mucosal injury but also mediates the development of digestive cancer, acute pancreatitis, and intestinal absorption.This review aims to explore the roles of NCX1 in digestive system physiology and pathophysiology in order to guide clinical treatments.

High Na-ion conductivity andmechanical integrity of anion-exchanged polymeric hydrogel electrolytes for flexible sodium ion hybrid energy storage

The polymeric gel electrolytes are attractive owing to their higher ionic conductivities than those of dry polymer electrolytes and lowered water activity for enlarged potential window.However,the ionic conductivity and mechanical strength of the Na-ion conducting polymeric gel electrolytes are limited by below 20 mS cm−1 and 2.2 MPa.Herein,we demonstrate Na-ion conducting and flexible polymeric hydrogel electrolytes of the chemically coupled poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)-dextrin-N,N′-methylene-bisacrylamide film immersed in NaClO_(4) solution(ex-DDA-Dex+NaClO_(4))for flexible sodium-ion hybrid capacitors(f-NIHC).In particular,the anion exchange reaction and synergistic interaction of ex-DDA-Dex with the optimum ClO_(4)−enable to greatly improve the ionic conductivity up to 27.63 mS cm−1 at 25◦C and electrochemical stability window up to 2.6 V,whereas the double networking structure leads to achieve both the mechanical strength(7.48 MPa)and softness of hydrogel electrolytes.Therefore,the f-NIHCs with the ex-DDA-Dex+NaClO_(4) achieved high specific and high-rate capacities of 192.04 F g^(−1)at 500 mA g^(−1)and 116.06 F g^(−1)at 10000 mA g^(−1),respectively,delivering a large energy density of 120.03Wh kg^(−1)at 906Wkg^(−1)and long cyclability of 70%over 500 cycles as well as demonstrating functional operation under mechanical stresses.

The role of intracellular sodium (Na+) in the regulation of calcium (Ca2+)-mediated signaling and toxicity

It is known that activated N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are a major route of ex-cessive calcium ion (Ca2+) entry in central neu-rons, which may activate degradative processes and thereby cause cell death. Therefore, NMD- ARs are now recognized to play a key role in the development of many diseases associated with injuries to the central nervous system (CNS). However, it remains a mystery how NMDAR ac-tivity is recruited in the cellular processes leading to excitotoxicity and how NMDAR activ-ity can be controlled at a physiological level. The sodium ion (Na+) is the major cation in ex-tracellular space. With its entry into the cell, Na+ can act as a critical intracellular second mes-senger that regulates many cellular functions. Recent data have shown that intracellular Na+ can be an important signaling factor underlying the up-regulation of NMDARs. While Ca2+ influx during the activation of NMDARs down-regu-lates NMDAR activity, Na+ influx provides an essential positive feedback mechanism to over- come Ca2+-induced inhibition and thereby po-tentiate both NMDAR activity and inward Ca2+ flow. Extensive investigations have been con-ducted to clarify mechanisms underlying Ca2+- mediated signaling. This review focuses on the roles of Na+ in the regulation of Ca2+-mediated NMDAR signaling and toxicity.

Barium, Calcium and Sodium, Cyanide, Phosphate and Sulphate Contents of Groundwater in Some Ika Communities of Delta State, Nigeria

Barium, calcium, sodium, cyanide, phosphate and sulphate and contents of groundwater in Boji-Boji (BB) area and suburbs of Ika land, Delta State, Nigeria were studied. Groundwater is the predominant source of water for inhabitants of these communities without any form of treatment. 55 borehole water sites spread within these five sample sub-areas. The metal ions were analyzed using Solar Unicam flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Sulphate, phosphate, and cyanide contents were determined by colorimetric method. Results indicate the presence of sodium, calcium, sulphate, and phosphate. However, barium and cyanide were below detection limit. Secondly, there was a relatively higher proportion of calcium and sulphate than sodium and phosphate in its aquifer. Thirdly, a mean ratio value of 0.018 and 0.158 was observed for the ratios of Na+/Ca2+ and ?respectively. Fourthly, sodium showed good correlation with all the other parameters. Finally, nearly all the studied parameters have concentrations below the maximum contaminant levels of the World Health Organization (WHO), invariably inferring that the water is wholesome with respect to the analytes. However, concern still remains from a health point of view on the sodium concentrations in many sample areas.

Effects of Paper Mill Sludge on Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, and Magnesium Concentrations in Different Soybean Cultivars

A field experiment was conducted on a sandy loam soil at an Experimental Farm in Taejon, South Korea, to determine the effects of paper mill sludge compost application rates on K, Na, Ca and Mg concentrations of soybean (Glycine max(L.) Merr.) aboveground tissues and the genotypic effects on the concentrations of these elements. Sludge compost treatments of 0, 75, and 150 t ha-1 were applied to 30 diverse soybean cultivars. Concentrations of K, Na, Ca, and Mg in aboveground tissues harvested 69 days after planting (DAP) varied with the genotype and the application rate of paper-mill sludge compost, with the sludge compost application rate exerting stronger influence on these concentrations than the genotype. The magnitude of variation caused by both genotype and sludge compost application was in the order of Mg ＞ K ＞ Ca ＞ Na. Significantly positive correlations were observed between K and Na (P ＜ 0.01), Na and Ca(P ＜ 0.05), and Ca and Mg (P ＜ 0.01). Also, the lower the sludge compost application rate, the larger the variation in the concentrations of K, Na, and Ca. From this several cultivars were identified for use as an accumulator for one or more of these elements.

Hollow calcium carbonate microspheres prepared in the presence of polyoxyethylene(20) sorbitan monolaurate and sodium dodecyl sulfate

Hollow calcium carbonate （ CaCO3 ） microspheres were prepared in aqueous solution with the presence of polyoxyethylene （20） sorbitan monolaurate （ Tween20 ） and sodium dodecyl sulfate （SDS）. The microspheres were characterized with X-ray diffraction （XRD） , scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and transmission electron microscope （TEM）. The X-ray diffraction data showed that the hollow CaCO3 microsphere consisted of calcite crystals. The influence of Tween20 and SDS concentrations on the morphology of CaCO3 crystals was investigated. The results suggested that the ＂core-shell model＂ of Tween20/SDS micelle aggregated as templates, which could control the growth of hollow CaCO3 microspheres. The interaction between mixed surfactants and calcium ions played a critical role in organizing calcium carbonate in microscopic level.

Statistical Studies of the Physicochemical Analytic Results of a Series of Synthetic Calcium Hydroxyapatite Containing Carbonate and Sodium

The objective of this study is to present a simple method of statistical calculation that allowed us to determine the relationship between the different data obtained from the characterization of the synthetic carbonated apatites containing sodium, in order to find the fundamental substitution mechanism(s) for incorporation of Na+ and?CO32- and to establish the general formula. For that, a series of hydroxyapatites containing carbonate and sodium (Na-CO3HAps) has been obtained by the precipitation method. All the compounds were characterized by infrared spectra (IR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and elemental analysis. The statistical treatment of the experiment result allows us to determine the relationship between one variable and the change in the other and to found the fundamental substitution mechanism(s) for incorporation of Na+ and?CO32- . Analysis of variance (ANOVA) allows us to test the models proposed.

Effect of Compounding of Sodium Tripolyphosphate and Super Plasticizers on the Hydration of α-calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate

The inhibition and its mechanism of sodium tripolyphosphate （STP） composited with super plasticizers （SPs） on hydration of α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate were studied by setting time, strength, hydration heat, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, electronic probe micro analysis （EPMA）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and differential scanning calorimeter （DSC） measurements. The experimental results show that compared with STP addition, compositing STP with polycarboxylate （PC） plasticizer, the final setting time is prolonged from 0.5h to 2hs. While formulating STP with naphthalene-based plasticizer （NAP） or sulfonate melamine formaldehyde plasticizer （SMF）, the final setting time is reduced to quarter of an hour. Similar changes can also be found in the rate of exothermic hydration and hydration degree. Formulating STP with suitable addition of PC can enhance the strength, while compositing STP and NAP or SMF weakens the strength. Besides, adding STP or STP and SMF, obvious movement （more than 1ev） of binding energy of Ca2p1/2 and Ca2p3/2 is detected. Compared with STP addition, content of the characteristic element （P） of STP is cut down form 1.1% to 0.49% by compositing STP with SMF. Furthermore, as hydration age increases, hydration inhibition in the presence of admixtures weakens and even disappears within 56 h.

Effect of an Anionic Surfactant on Hydraulic Conductivities of Sodium- and Calcium-Saturated Soils

The effect of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS), an anionic surfactant used widely in household products and industrial processes, on saturated hydraulic conductivities (Ksat) of an Anthrosol saturated with sodium (Na-soil) or calcium (Ca-soil) was analyzed in a laboratory experiment using the constant head method, and adsorption and dispersion experiments were also conducted to infer the possible mechanisms of Ksat fluctuations. The results showed that SDBS was more intensely adsorbed in the Ca-soil than in the Na-soil. With an increase in the SDBS concentration, the stability of the Na-soil suspensions decreased when the SDBS concentration was less than 1.2 mmol L-1 and then above this concentration, increased markedly, while the stability of the Ca-soil suspensions increased gradually at all SDBS concentrations studied. With an increase in the SDBS concentration, the Ksat of the Na-soil increased, which resulted mainly from the increase of water channels in the soil because of the coagulation of the soil particles, while the Ksat of Ca-soil decreased mainly on account of the clogging of partial water channels by precipitated Ca(DBS)2 and the fine soil particles generated.

Thermodynamic analysis on sodium carbonate decomposition of calcium molybdenum

According to the principle of mass balances and thermodynamic data, lg [Me]—pH diagrams (Me=Ca, Mo) for Ca-Mo-CO3-H2O system at 25 ℃ were presented with total dissolved carbon-containing ions concentrations of 0.01 mol/L and 1 mol/L, and lg [Me]—pH diagram for Ca-Mo-H2O system at 25 ℃ was also depicted. The effects of system pH value and total dissolved carbon-containing ions concentrations on the concentrations of the species in Ca-Mo-CO3-H2O system were studied. The results show that the stability region of CaMoO4 reduces significantly in the presence of sodium carbonate. In order to achieve effective leaching of molybdenum from CaMoO4, a certain concentration of sodium carbonate is necessary. High total dissolved carbon-containing ions concentrations and high pH values facilitate to the leaching of CaMoO4 and dissolved sodium carbonate is an efficient leaching agent for decomposing CaMoO4.

Study of Calcium and Sodium Behavior to Identify Milk Adulteration Using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

A fast and direct method for determination of milk adulteration by monitoring of calcium and sodium concentrations variations was described. Milk samples were furnished by a dairy company located at S?o Carlos (S?o Paulo State, Brazil) and and spiked with tap-water, whey, hydrogen peroxide, synthetic urine, urea and synthetic milk in the ranged from 5% to 50% (v/v), expect for caustic soda. Caustic soda was added in the milk until establish the original pH. The milk samples were analyzed by using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) and no acid digestion process was required. Results showed a significant decrease in the Na and Ca concentrations with addition of synthetic milk and tap-water, a nonlinear variation with addition of synthetic urine, whey and hydrogen peroxide and a largest increase in the Na concentration with addition of NaOH. Correlation between Na and Ca concentrations in pure and adulterated milk were evaluated by paired t-test at a 95% confidence level. Results showed that the method proposed is efficient to identify samples adulterated with tap-water, caustic soda, synthetics milk and urine.

Altered Erythrocyte Membrane Calcium Binding in Hypertensive Rats and the Effects of Sodium Tanshinone Ⅱ-A Sulphonate on It

The calcium binding of erythrocyte membrane was determined in spontaneous hypertensiverats (SHR)and renovascular hypertensive rats (RVHR two-kidney, one-clip model) and the effect ofsodium tanshinone Ⅱ-A sulfonate(DS-201)on the calcium binding in SHRs was investigated. Ourresults show that the basal calcium binding was reduced in SHRs (P<0.01 vs WKY),while the maximalcalcium binding was not,but both typies calcium bindings had no significant change in RVHRs.Sodiumtanshinone Ⅱ-A sulfonate (125μ mol/L)have no effect on the calcium binding of ecythrocyte membraneof SHR in vitro.These data further support the hypothesis that there is a cell membrane abnormalitypresent in SHRs which may possibly serve as a marker genetics of in hypertension.

Preparation of High－purity Sodium Tungstate from Low－grade Tung－sten－concentrate with a High Content of Calcium and Other Impurities

A new technological process for production of talium tungstate from low-grade tungsten-concentrate witha high content of calcium and other impurities has been studied. The experiments showed that average tungstenleaching efficiency of more than 96. 92 % can be obtained with a low NaOH consumption by using the mechani-cal activating caustic decomposition , and the content of main impurities (P, As, Si) in Na_2WO_4 solution ob-tained is competitive with that from standard wolframite concentrate by traditional caustic decomposition. Afterrecovering caustic liquor by first crystallization, molylxlenum is removed from Na_2WO_4 solution by ion ex-change method. High-purity sodium tungstate is obtained by second crystallization of Na_2WO_4 solution. Thistechnology has the advantages of good adaptability for raw materials, high removing efficiency of impurities,high tungsten recovery and high economic benefit.