Sodium ion batteries(SIBs)and potassium ion batteries(PIBs)have caught numerous attention due to the low cost and abundant availability of sodium and potassium.However,their power density,cycling stability and safety ...Sodium ion batteries(SIBs)and potassium ion batteries(PIBs)have caught numerous attention due to the low cost and abundant availability of sodium and potassium.However,their power density,cycling stability and safety need further improvement for practical applications.Investigations on the reaction mechanisms and structural degradation when cycling are of great importance.In situ transmission electron microscopy(TEM)is one of the most significant techniques to understand and monitor electrochemical processes at an atomic scale with real-time imaging.In this review,the current progress in unraveling reaction mechanisms of electrode materials for SIBs and PIBs via in situ TEM is summarized.First,the importance of in situ TEM is highlighted.Then,based on the three types of electrochemical reaction,i.e.,intercalation reac-tion,conversion reaction and alloying reaction,the structural evolution and reaction kinetics at atomic resolution,and their relation to the electrochemical performance of electrode materials are reviewed and described in detail.Fi-nally,future directions of in situ TEM for SIBs and PIBs are proposed.Therefore,the in‐depth understanding revealed by in situ TEM will give an instructive guide in rational design of electrode materials for high performance electrode materials of SIBs and PIBs.展开更多
Exploration of alternative energy storage systems has been more than necessary in view of the supply risks haunting lithium-ion batteries.Among various alternative electrochemical energy storage devices,sodium-ion bat...Exploration of alternative energy storage systems has been more than necessary in view of the supply risks haunting lithium-ion batteries.Among various alternative electrochemical energy storage devices,sodium-ion battery outstands with advantages of cost-effectiveness and comparable energy density with lithium-ion batteries.Thanks to the similar electrochemical mechanism,the research and development of lithium-ion batteries have forged a solid foundation for sodium-ion battery explorations.Advancements in sodium-ion batteries have been witnessed in terms of superior electrochemical performance and broader application scenarios.Here,the strategies adopted to optimize the battery components(cathode,anode,electrolyte,separator,binder,current collector,etc.)and the cost,safety,and commercialization issues in sodium-ion batteries are summarized and discussed.Based on these optimization strategies,assembly of functional(flexible,stretchable,self-healable,and self-chargeable)and integrated sodium-ion batteries(−actuators,−sensors,electrochromic,etc.)have been realized.Despite these achievements,challenges including energy density,scalability,trade-off between energy density and functionality,cost,etc.are to be addressed for sodium-ion battery commercialization.This review aims at providing an overview of the up-to-date achievements in sodium-ion batteries and serves to inspire more efforts in designing upgraded sodium-ion batteries.展开更多
Sodium-ion battery is a potential application system for large-scale energy storage due to the advantage of higher nature abundance and lower production cost of sodium-based materials.However,there exist inevitably th...Sodium-ion battery is a potential application system for large-scale energy storage due to the advantage of higher nature abundance and lower production cost of sodium-based materials.However,there exist inevitably the safety problems such as flammability due to the use of the same type of organic liquid electrolyte with lithium-ion battery.Gel polymer electrolytes are being considered as an effective solution to replace conventional organic liquid electrolytes for building safer sodium-ion batteries.In this review paper,the authors present a comprehensive overview of the research progress in electrochemical and physical properties of the gel polymer electrolyte-based sodium batteries.The gel polymer electrolytes based on different polymer hosts namely poly(ethylene oxide),poly(acrylonitrile),poly(methyl methacrylate),poly(vinylidene fluoride),poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoro propylene),and other new polymer networks are summarized.The ionic conductivity,ion transference number,electrochemical window,thermal stability,mechanical property,and interfacial issue with electrodes of gel polymer electrolytes,and the corresponding influence factors are described in detail.Furthermore,the ion transport pathway and ion conduction mechanism are analyzed and discussed.In addition,the advanced gel polymer electrolyte systems including flame-retardant polymer electrolytes,composite gel polymer electrolytes,copolymerization,single-ion conducting polymer electrolytes,etc.with more superior and functional performance are classified and summarized.Finally,the application prospects,development opportunities,remaining challenges,and possible solutions are discussed.展开更多
将无毒红磷作为原材料,通过化学还原和高能球磨的方法制备得到黑鳞、P/SnSb/C钠离子电池负极材料,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、恒流充放电和循环伏安测试对材料的形貌特征、物相结构及电化学性能进行分析。实验发现,加入...将无毒红磷作为原材料,通过化学还原和高能球磨的方法制备得到黑鳞、P/SnSb/C钠离子电池负极材料,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、恒流充放电和循环伏安测试对材料的形貌特征、物相结构及电化学性能进行分析。实验发现,加入导电炭黑及SnSb后,可使黑鳞的导电性能得到提升,进而提高结构的稳定性。以100 m A/g的电流密度在0.01~3.00 V的条件下循环,P/SnSb/C的首次放电比容量为776.25 m Ah/g,首次库仑效率为83.5%,第50次循环的放电比容量为556.45 m Ah/g,库仑效率为98.9%。展开更多
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52072282)The authors also wish to acknowledge support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFA0704900)the Fundamental Research Fund for the Central Universities(WUT:2021III016GX).
文摘Sodium ion batteries(SIBs)and potassium ion batteries(PIBs)have caught numerous attention due to the low cost and abundant availability of sodium and potassium.However,their power density,cycling stability and safety need further improvement for practical applications.Investigations on the reaction mechanisms and structural degradation when cycling are of great importance.In situ transmission electron microscopy(TEM)is one of the most significant techniques to understand and monitor electrochemical processes at an atomic scale with real-time imaging.In this review,the current progress in unraveling reaction mechanisms of electrode materials for SIBs and PIBs via in situ TEM is summarized.First,the importance of in situ TEM is highlighted.Then,based on the three types of electrochemical reaction,i.e.,intercalation reac-tion,conversion reaction and alloying reaction,the structural evolution and reaction kinetics at atomic resolution,and their relation to the electrochemical performance of electrode materials are reviewed and described in detail.Fi-nally,future directions of in situ TEM for SIBs and PIBs are proposed.Therefore,the in‐depth understanding revealed by in situ TEM will give an instructive guide in rational design of electrode materials for high performance electrode materials of SIBs and PIBs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52202320)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.862201013153)+2 种基金the Shandong Excel ent Young Scientists Fund Program(Overseas)(2023HWYQ-060)the Ministry of Education Ac RF Tier 1 Award RT15/20,SingaporeD.H.C.C.acknowledges the funding support from NUS R284000-227-114
文摘Exploration of alternative energy storage systems has been more than necessary in view of the supply risks haunting lithium-ion batteries.Among various alternative electrochemical energy storage devices,sodium-ion battery outstands with advantages of cost-effectiveness and comparable energy density with lithium-ion batteries.Thanks to the similar electrochemical mechanism,the research and development of lithium-ion batteries have forged a solid foundation for sodium-ion battery explorations.Advancements in sodium-ion batteries have been witnessed in terms of superior electrochemical performance and broader application scenarios.Here,the strategies adopted to optimize the battery components(cathode,anode,electrolyte,separator,binder,current collector,etc.)and the cost,safety,and commercialization issues in sodium-ion batteries are summarized and discussed.Based on these optimization strategies,assembly of functional(flexible,stretchable,self-healable,and self-chargeable)and integrated sodium-ion batteries(−actuators,−sensors,electrochromic,etc.)have been realized.Despite these achievements,challenges including energy density,scalability,trade-off between energy density and functionality,cost,etc.are to be addressed for sodium-ion battery commercialization.This review aims at providing an overview of the up-to-date achievements in sodium-ion batteries and serves to inspire more efforts in designing upgraded sodium-ion batteries.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21771164,U1804129)the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province(No.222300420525)the Zhongyuan Youth Talent Support Program of Henan Province
文摘Sodium-ion battery is a potential application system for large-scale energy storage due to the advantage of higher nature abundance and lower production cost of sodium-based materials.However,there exist inevitably the safety problems such as flammability due to the use of the same type of organic liquid electrolyte with lithium-ion battery.Gel polymer electrolytes are being considered as an effective solution to replace conventional organic liquid electrolytes for building safer sodium-ion batteries.In this review paper,the authors present a comprehensive overview of the research progress in electrochemical and physical properties of the gel polymer electrolyte-based sodium batteries.The gel polymer electrolytes based on different polymer hosts namely poly(ethylene oxide),poly(acrylonitrile),poly(methyl methacrylate),poly(vinylidene fluoride),poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoro propylene),and other new polymer networks are summarized.The ionic conductivity,ion transference number,electrochemical window,thermal stability,mechanical property,and interfacial issue with electrodes of gel polymer electrolytes,and the corresponding influence factors are described in detail.Furthermore,the ion transport pathway and ion conduction mechanism are analyzed and discussed.In addition,the advanced gel polymer electrolyte systems including flame-retardant polymer electrolytes,composite gel polymer electrolytes,copolymerization,single-ion conducting polymer electrolytes,etc.with more superior and functional performance are classified and summarized.Finally,the application prospects,development opportunities,remaining challenges,and possible solutions are discussed.
文摘将无毒红磷作为原材料,通过化学还原和高能球磨的方法制备得到黑鳞、P/SnSb/C钠离子电池负极材料,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、恒流充放电和循环伏安测试对材料的形貌特征、物相结构及电化学性能进行分析。实验发现,加入导电炭黑及SnSb后,可使黑鳞的导电性能得到提升,进而提高结构的稳定性。以100 m A/g的电流密度在0.01~3.00 V的条件下循环,P/SnSb/C的首次放电比容量为776.25 m Ah/g,首次库仑效率为83.5%,第50次循环的放电比容量为556.45 m Ah/g,库仑效率为98.9%。
