Pore Pressure Accumulation of Anisotropically Consolidated Soft Clay Subjected to Complex Loads Under Different Stress Paths

Owing to different influence factors of foundation soil,the initial stress state of the soil under various working conditions is complex.To simulate this situation,in this paper,a series of tests on undisturbed soft clay under pure principal stress axis rotation were carried out by using the hollow cylinder apparatus(HCA).The influence of initial consolidation angle ζ(the angle between the vertical direction and direction of the applied load in consolidation)and intermediate principal stress coefficient b on pore water pressure accumulation of undisturbed soft clay were mainly studied.The test results show that,during pure principal stress axis rotation,the pore water pressure accumulation of the undisturbed soft clay fluctuates and increases with the rotation of the major principal stress;the values of major principal stress anglesα,corresponding to the peak value of the pore water pressure in a certain cycle,are different with different initial consolidation angles;the pore water pressure accumulation of soft clay is greatly affected by the intermediate principal stress coefficient b.With the fixed initial consolidation angle ζ,the variation trend of the maximum pore water pressure for each cycle is appropriately the same with different b values.With the increase of cycles,the difference value of pore water pressure between b=0 and b=1 in each cycle increases gradually with different initial consolidation angles ζ.While with different initial consolidation anglesζ,the increase of the pore water pressure when b increases from 0 to 0.5 is different with that when b increases from 0.5 to 1;the variation of maximum pore water pressure withζis significantly affected by the value of b;the value of maximum pore water pressure increases with the cycle number increases under all test conditions,but the growth rate decreases gradually.And the variation of maximum pore water pressure with the cycle number N is obviously influenced by both ζ and b.

Characteristics of Saturated Soft Clay in Dynamic Deformation

-This paper presents the research results of dynamic pore water pressure and the characteristics of dynamic deformation of saturated soft clay and the factors affecting the dynamic pore water pressure and dynamic deformation. Dynamic triaxial compression tests are carried out and the soil samples used in the tests are remoulded clay from the seabed of the Bohai Bay. The paper also deals with the dynamic deformation mechanism of saturated soft clay foundation without drain. A calculation model for permanent dynamic deformation of saturated soft clay foundation has been established.

Pore Water Pressure Buildup Under Cyclic Rotation of Principal Stress and Stability Evaluation of Seabed Deposit

The cyclic rotation of principal stress direction with a constant amplitude is the characteristics of cyclic stress in seabed deposit induced by travelling waves. Presented in the paper are the results obtained from tests simulating the cyclic stress characteristics, with emphasis laid on the buildup of pore water pressure in soil samples. Regression analysis of test data shows that the pore water pressure can be expressed as the function of the number of cycles of cyclic loading, or as the function of generalized shear strain. Using the results thus obtained, the possibility of failure of seabed deposit under cyclic loading induced by travelling waves can be evaluated. The comparison with the results of conventional cyclic torsional shear tests shows that neglect of the effect of the cyclic rotation of the principal stress direction will result in considerable over-estimation of the stability of seabed deposit.

Prediction of Settlements of Soft Clay Subjected to Long-Term Dynamic Load

Presented is the numerical analysis of settlements of soft soil by a 2-D dynamic effective stress FEM method. The model based on the results of cyclic triaxial tests on the reconstituted soft Ariake clay is used to predict the wave induced excess pore water pressure and residual strain of soft clay. The settlements of two types of breakwaters on the soft clay under ocean wave load, a low embankment subjected to traffic load and the tunnel surrounded by soft clay in Shanghai subjected to locomotive load are calculated as examples.

Intact soft clay’s critical response to dynamic stress paths on different combinations of principal stress orientation

Comprehensive tests on Hangzhou intact soft clay were performed, which were used to obtain the soils' critical response to undrained dynamic stress paths under different combinations of principal stress orientation. The different combinations included cyclic principal stress rotation (CPSR for short), cyclic shear with abrupt change of principal stress orientation (CAPSO for short) and cyclic shear with fixed principal stress orientation (CFPSO for short). On one side, under all these stress paths, samples have obvious strain inflection points and shear bands, and the excess pore water pressure is far from the level of initial effective confining pressure at failure. Stress paths of major principal stress orientation (α) alternating from negative and positive have quite different influence on soil's properties with those in which α is kept negative or positive. On the other side, due to the soil's strongly initial anisotropy, samples under double-amplitudes CPSR and CAPSO (or single-amplitude CPSR and CFPSO) have similar properties on dynamic shear strength and pore water pressure development tendency when α is kept within ±45°, while have quite different properties when α oversteps ±45°.

动力荷载作用下软粘土的残余变形计算模式

在试验结果的基础上，提出了动力荷载作用下计算软粘土残余变形的模式。并将计算结果与不排水和部分排水情况下观测到的孔隙水压力及残余应变进行比较，两者具有较好的吻合性。本文所提出的计算模式可用来估算动力荷载（例如地震荷载、交通荷载）作用下建于软粘土地基上的建筑物及其它设施所产生的附加沉降。

黄土高原河谷城市潜在地震液化特征及灾害预测

以天水市区为例,在研究区内采集砂土和原状黄土试样,通过对所取试样的室内动三轴液化试验结果进行分析,探讨黄土高原河谷城市的土壤地震液化特征。采用Seed-Idriss简化判别法,对研究区内土壤在不同等效烈度地震作用下的液化势进行判别,并结合黄土高原河谷城市的地形地貌和地质构造特征,对黄土高原河谷城市土壤地震液化灾害进行预测。结果表明:黄土高原河谷城市的饱和土体在地震作用下,由于黄土质地疏松,抗液化强度更低,在Ⅶ度的地震作用下即可液化;液化不会产生喷水现象,但易导致滑坡和泥流灾害,其抗液化强度主要受密度和塑性指数的影响。砂土在Ⅷ度及以上地震作用下液化,且存在喷水冒砂现象,可导致地面开裂、地基不均匀沉降和建筑地基失稳破坏;粒径为影响砂土液化的最主要因素,粉砂比细砂更易液化。

周期荷载作用下粘性土变形及强度特性述评

周期荷载作用下粘性土变形及强度特性的研究所涉及的内容非常广泛，而我国在该领域的研究成果还较少。文中对其国内外研究现状作了较为详尽的评述，以期引起岩土工作者足够的重视。

厦门软粘土的振陷特性研究

应用动三轴仪对厦门软粘土做了一系列的振陷试验,建立了淤泥质软粘土的振陷经验公式。试验结果表明,该类软粘土动孔压的发展规律性差,具有较强的结构性,其残余应变受动应力的影响较大,当残余应变达到5 % 左右时,软粘土的结构发生破坏。

堤防地震液化数值模拟及动力反应分析

为了评估青草沙水库在地震作用下的性状,利用FLIP程序分析堤基及上部堤防地震液化变形规律,比较了堤防不同位置处的残余变形、超静孔隙水压力比分布、有效应力路径等。结果表明:抗震设防烈度7度条件下,堤防结构的存在放大了地表的加速度;堤防残余变形主要发生在堤身和堤脚周围一定深度范围,地下12 m及以下土体残余变形很小;堤顶中心在地震作用下,有效高度下降较多,若此时库内处于高水位或洪水位或遭遇持续暴雨,可能发生溃堤。工程建设中,需对这些薄弱环节进行加固。

深厚覆盖层上心墙堆石坝强震动力响应分析

土石坝由于施工便捷、取材方便,是目前我国西部比较常见的一种坝型。但西部地区地震活动频繁且烈度较高,特别是一些土石坝坝基下存在深厚覆盖层,对土石坝的地震动力响应有重要影响。采用黏弹性模型-等效线性化方法对国内某拟建土石坝进行三维动力响应分析。考虑到实际土石坝坝体是不完全排水的,将根据经验公式得到的残余体变分成两部分,一部分转化为残余孔压,另一部分为产生的残余变形。根据有限元计算结果,分析在坝基深厚覆盖层影响下坝体残余变形、加速度响应、残余孔压等动力反应的特征和分布规律。计算结果符合一般规律,说明本文采用的计算方法适用于含深厚覆盖层心墙堆石坝的静动力分析。

砂性地基中防波堤地震残余变形机制分析与液化度预测法

海港工程中防波堤地震残余变形的预测以及震损机制的分析是较复杂的问题。采用定义在应变空间中考虑土体动主应力轴方向偏转影响的多重剪切机构塑性模型,分别从砂性土的黏粒含量和标贯击数2个主要影响因素对防波堤地震变形的变化机制进行了有效应力分析,得出防波堤较大的残余变形是由于地震作用下土体中孔隙水压力的升高致使土体软化而产生的。然后,采用液化度单一指标从物理本质上来间接表征防波堤的残余变形,得到防波堤残余变形与液化度之间的函数预测关系,预测值与震害调查值以及数值分析值基本相符,表明所得液化度预测公式具有一定的可靠性。残余变形的液化度预测法可为类似防波堤地震灾害设计与评价提供参考依据。

软土路基粘弹塑性大应变分析的工程应用

采用粘弹塑(西原)本构关系模拟土骨架的材料非线性、更新的拉格朗日法描述软土的几何非线性,推导用于增量分析的饱和土体双重非线性U.L.J.格式平衡方程和连续性方程,编制软土路基大型实用化有限元分析程序,利用该程序对某高速公路的实测断面分别进行大应变、小应变分析。数值模拟结果和现场实测结果的对比分析表明:大、小应变分析结果的差异随应力水平的提高和时间的延长而上升,其地表沉降、地基沉降、水平位移、孔隙水压力的最大相对误差分别为16.39%,20.23%,27.8%和22.75%,说明对软土路基进行大应变分析很有必要;采用室内试验确定的计算参数进行分析时,计算结果虽能较好地模拟地基应力和位移的发展趋势,但其值有较大差别,说明必须寻求更加合理的计算参数确定方法以提高数值模拟精度。

脉动孔隙水压下煤岩损伤变形的能量观点分析

采用RLW-2000M微机控制煤岩流变仪进行三轴加压状态下脉动孔隙水压作用于煤岩的实验研究。研究结果表明:煤岩在脉动水压作用下的残余应变具有初期变形较大、后期变化较小且平稳的特征,其变化趋势符合负指数幂规律。基于热力学定律,采用能量观点将单个滞回曲线加、卸载过程中的4个阶段进行能量吸收与能量释放的划分,其变化规律分别为Uab逐渐减小、Ubc逐渐增加、Ucd变化不稳定和Ude逐渐减小。同时,单个滞回曲线总能量的变化是能量耗散的过程,具有初期变化较大、后期逐渐降低的趋势,与残余应变特征相对应。脉动水压上限越大,能量耗散越大,煤体内部损伤和塑性变形越大,强度丧失越多。从能量的角度解释了脉动水压作用下煤岩损伤变形的过程,为现场施工煤层脉动注水提供了一定的理论参考依据。

软土地区群桩挤土效应模型试验研究

采用江苏沿海地区典型软土,通过模型试验,以3×3群桩为研究对象,研究了沉桩过程中的群桩挤土效应,分析了沉桩过程中土体变形和孔隙水压力的变化规律。试验结果对软土地区桩基工程施工具有实践价值和指导意义。

交通荷载引起主应力轴旋转下软黏土特性试验

为探讨交通荷载引起的主应力轴旋转(即剪应力反转现象)对软黏土动力特性的影响,通过空心圆柱仪(HCA)试验系统,模拟交通荷载作用下土单元的真实应力路径,并对不同轴向偏应力、扭剪应力组合下,软黏土的累积孔隙水压力和累积应变特性进行了试验研究,分析了应力组合模式和幅值对软黏土动力学行为的影响规律。研究表明:施加扭剪应力(模拟主应力轴旋转)会增大软黏土的累积应变和累积孔压,且对孔压的增大影响比对应变更加显著;扭剪应力越大,这种增大效应显著加快,此时在研究交通荷载下软黏土长期变形时,需进行考虑主应力轴旋转的动力试验。

强夯法加固不同饱和土地基的比较试验研究

通过室内试验就中海石油炼化山东公司东营港(堆场区)场地的土性条件和加固前、加固后的变形和强度特征的变化进行了比较。此外,根据3个场地的现场实测资料的比较,分析了不同地层条件下强夯荷载作用引起的孔隙水压力的分布特征,最后研究强夯法加固饱和土地基的土性适用条件。

基于模量逐步软化的真拟静力永久变形计算方法

基于地震整体变形分析原理,针对传统的等效节点力法和软化模量法无法全面考虑土体在地震荷载作用下的软化效应和体积收缩特性等问题,提出了一种较适合高心墙堆石坝的永久变形计算方法.该方法在动力时程分析中重点考虑了逐渐累积的残余剪应变和残余体应变对应力应变关系的软化效应,同时考虑了各时段残余振动孔压引起的最大动剪切模量的衰减效应.算例分析表明,考虑模量逐步软化的拟静力永久变形计算方法既可以较为真实地模拟地震实际情形,又能够得到坝体各部分永久变形的发展和累积过程.

二灰砂在软弱路基分层回填工程中的试验研究

软弱路基在现代交通工程施工建设当中越来越常见,分层回填强夯法是处理此类地基的有效方法之一。结合某工程现场实际情况,采用室内外试验及数值模拟相结合的分析方法,探究了分层回填过程中,二灰砂配合比以及回填速率对路基工程力学特性、孔隙水压力以及沉降变形等的影响。研究结果表明:采用白灰、粉煤灰、碎石配合比为1∶2∶7,回填速率为0.2 m/d时,各项工程力学特性表现最好,回填变形最大,工后沉降最小且均匀,表明其回填加固效果最佳。在工期紧张时,可考虑将回填速率提升至0.5 m/d,既可保证相应的工程要求也可缩短工期,达到经济合理的效果。

动主应力旋转下砂土孔隙水压力发展及海床稳定性判断

海洋波浪荷载可以简化为连续行进的无限长简谐荷载，它在海床内土体中引起的动应力的特点是动应力幅恒定，动主应力方向连续旋转。本文介绍用双向振动的动力扭剪仪实现这种加载方式的试验结果，着重研究这种加载条件下土样中孔隙水压力的发展规律。通过对系统试验资料的回归分析，将孔隙水压力表示为振动次数的函数或者是广义剪应变的函数。最后通过算例说明利用孔隙水压力公式判断海床土体在波浪荷载作用下发生破坏的可能性，并用常规动扭剪试验资料作对比，说明不考虑动主应力旋转可能带来的差别。