Soft drinks consumption and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is a common clinical condition which is associated with metabolic syndrome in 70% of cases.Inappropriate dietary fat intake,excessive intake of soft drinks,insulin resistance and increased oxidative stress combine to increase free fatty acid delivery to the liver,and increased hepatic triglyceride accumulation contributes to fatty liver.Regular soft drinks have high fructose corn syrup which contains basic sugar building blocks,fructose 55% and glucose 45%.Soft drinks are the leading source of added sugar worldwide,and have been linked to obesity,diabetes,and metabolic syndrome.The consumption of soft drinks can increase the prevalence of NAFLD independently of metabolic syndrome.During regular soft drinks consumption,fat accumulates in the liver by the primary effect of fructose which increases lipogenesis,and in the case of diet soft drinks,by the additional contribution of aspartame sweetener and caramel colorant which are rich in advanced glycation end products that potentially increase insulin resistance and inflammation.This review emphasizes some hard facts about soft drinks,reviews fructose metabolism,and explains how fructose contributes to the development of obesity,diabetes,metabolic syndrome,and NAFLD.

Association between soft drink consumption types and risk of lung cancer and all-cancer: A prospective study of PLCO data

Diet/sugar-free soft drinks are considered to be healthier than regular soft drinks.However,few studies have examined the relationship between the types of soft drinks(regular and diet/sugar-free)and lung cancer(LC)/all-cancer(AC)risk.In this study,we comprehensively assessed the influence of the type of soft drink consumption on LC/AC risk based on the Prostate,Lung,Colorectal,and Ovarian(PLCO)Cancer Screening Trial.Multivariable Cox proportional hazards and competing risks Fine-Gray regression models adjusted for relevant confounders were used to estimate hazard ratios(HRs)and subdistribution HRs for different types of soft drink consumption.In the PLCO population,female subgroup,and the ever/current smoker subgroup,consumption of both regular and diet soft drinks was associated with a significantly reduced risk of LC compared with no soft drinks at all.For the non-lung cancer(NLC)risk,consumption of only diet soft drinks had a significant positive association for the total population and female subgroup.Based on our findings,it was suggested that partial replacement of regular soft drinks with diet soft drinks might be beneficial to LC prevention,especially for females and ever/current smokers.Additionally,completely replacing regular soft drinks with diet soft drinks might be detrimental to NLC prevention,especially for females.

Environmental Analysis of Packaging for Soft Drinks Using the Life Cycle Assessment Methodology

The knowledge of a product＇s life cycle is the first step on the search of sustainable development. The life cycle assessment （LCA） is an important method because it allows an environment accounting, where the extraction of natural resources and energy of the nature are considered and the ＂returns＂ to the same one and allows in evaluating relative potential the environment impacts generated. The present work had as objective to make an analysis of material and energy flows of the life cycle of three types of packaging for soft drinks： glass bottles of 390 mL, aluminum cans of 350 mL, and bottles of PET of 2,000 mL. The study considered processes since the extraction of raw materials for production of the packaging until the stages of recycling, after the consumption of the soft drink. For the research, an inventory analysis followed the LCA methodology. The main critical points of generation of negative environmental impact during the life cycle of each packaging had been the identified and quantified data in this study. The consumption of natural resources like water and other raw materials and energy, the generation of atmospheric emissions, solid wastes and wastewaters had been the analyzed categories. The results showed that, in accordance with the scenes and defined variables, the most important conclusion was that the bottle of glass presented a less favorable scene to the environment in comparison with other packaging.

Measurement of Radioactivity in Carbonated Soft Drinks and Annual Dose Assessment

A set of measurements have been conducted, using gamma spectrometry technique, in order to determine the activity-level in some carbonated soft drinks. The obtained activity is about 0.18 ± 0.07 Bq/l for 137Cs, whereas it is less than 0.13, 0.18 and 4.51 Bq/l respectively for 212Pb, 214Pb and 40K. The total average annual dose is about 3.49, 1.69 and 1.68 μSv/y respectively for 7 - 12, 12 - 17 and >17 years old person leading to a radiological risk about 0.142 for adolescent and adults. The obtained results show no significant radiation dose and radiation hazard on human health due to the consumption of these carbonated soft drinks.

soft drinks及其它

soft-drinks 是指不含酒精的清凉饮料。在英语中还有许多与 soft连用的新词,现归纳如下,供广大英语爱好者参考。1.softland 软着陆。它标志着太空科学的进步。为了使太空船在其它星球表面降落时不会因接触过猛而震毁,有必要使它慢慢地降落。2.software(计算机的)软件。还可用来指火箭、导弹或其它太空交通工具内的工作计划、燃料等和硬部件不同的构成部分。3.soft target 指一切易受炮火袭击的地方。

Effects of Gaseous Drinks in Wistar Rats Esophagus

The consumption of beverages and processed foods, mainly soft drinks, has been incorporated into the usual diet of children, adolescents and adults frequently in recent years. The present study aimed to study the effects of carbonated drinks on Wistar rats, based on the macroscopic and histological morphology of the esophagus. Fifteen Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control group;group fed with ration and cola-type refrigerant ad libitum and group fed with ration and gas industrialized water ad libitum, for a trial period of 90 days. For histopathology and morphology, the esophagus was removed, prepared in slides and stained with hematoxylineosin. Images of the sections were captured for analysis and classification of the inflammatory infiltrate. For morphometry, ten grid fields of 100 points were evaluated in the 40x eyepiece, totaling 3000 points per animal. The results demonstrate that the refrigerant treatment induced the following structural changes in the rats: significant reduction of weight in relation to the control group;inflammatory infiltrate predominantly diffuse mild to moderate and tissue edema. The rats treated with carbonated water had similar results to the control, besides signs of healing and tissue repair.

蔗糖对软饮料中紫薯花色苷稳定性的影响

通过研究4℃和25℃贮藏温度、70～90℃加热条件下，不同质量浓度的蔗糖软饮料模型中紫薯花色苷的降解动力学情况，探讨了酸性软饮料中紫薯花色苷的贮藏稳定性及热稳定性。结果表明，在4℃贮藏时，紫薯花色苷在不同质量浓度的蔗糖软饮料模型中降解动力学符合零级反应，而在25℃和加热条件下时，其降解动力学符合一级反应。加热处理时，随着蔗糖质量浓度和加热温度的升高，紫薯花色苷的降解速率加快，稳定性变差。因此，在生产含紫薯花色苷产品时，可以采取降低处理温度，控制蔗糖浓度，缩短加热时间来保证产品的品质。

Nutrition and physical activity in NAFLD:An overview of the epidemiological evidence

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)has been recognized as a major health burden.The high prevalence of NAFLD is probably due to the contemporary epidemics of obesity,unhealthy dietary pattern,and sedentary lifestyle.The efficacy and safety profile of pharmacotherapy in the treatment of NAFLD remains uncertain and obesity is strongly associated with hepatic steatosis;therefore,the first line of treatment is lifestyle modification.The usual management of NAFLD includes gradual weight reduction and increased physical activity(PA)leading to an improvement in serum liver enzymes,reduced hepatic fatty infiltration,and,in some cases,a reduced degree of hepatic inflammation and fibrosis.Nutrition has been demonstrated to be associated with NAFLD and Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH)in both animals and humans,and thus serves as a major route of prevention and treatment.However,most human studies are observational and retrospective,allowing limited inference about causal associations.Large prospective studies and clinical trials are now needed to establish a causal relationship.Based on available data,patients should optimally achieve a 5%-10%weight reduction.Setting realistic goals is essential for long-term successful lifestyle modification and more effort must be devoted to informing NAFLD patients of the health benefits of even a modest weight reduction.Furthermore,all NAFLD patients,whether obese or of normal weight,should be informed that a healthy diet has benefits beyond weight reduction.They should be advised to reduce saturated/trans fat and increase polyunsaturated fat,with special emphasize on omega-3 fatty acids.They should reduce added sugar to its minimum,try to avoid soft drinks containing sugar,including fruit juices that contain a lot of fructose,and increase their fiber intake.For the heavy meat eaters,especially those of red and processed meats,less meat and increased fish intake should be recommended.Minimizing fast food intake will also help maintain a healthy diet.PA should be integrated into behavioral therapy in NAFLD,as even small gains in PA and fitness may have significant health benefits.Potentially therapeutic dietary supplements are vitamin E and vitamin D,but both warrant further research.Unbalanced nutrition is not only strongly associated with NAFLD,but is also a risk factor that a large portion of the population is exposed to.Therefore,it is important to identify dietary patterns that will serve as modifiable risk factors for the prevention of NAFLD and its complications.

Dental erosion and severe tooth decay related to soft drinks:a case report and literature review

Soft drinks have many potential health problems.The inherent acids and sugars have both acidogenic and cariogenic potential,resulting in dental caries and potential enamel erosion.In this report we present a 25-year-old man complaining with the severe worn-out of the front teeth during the past 3 years.He had a history of drinking cola for more than 7 years and had a poor oral hygiene.Severe decays were present in the incisors and the canines,while less severe lesions were noted on the premolars and the molars.The review is to show the relationship between dental erosion and caries and soft drinks.Some efforts have been taken to reduce the harmful effect of soft drinks.

Dietary Habits and Oral Hygiene Practice amongst Dental Students at the College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah University

The aim of the present study was to assess the dietary habits and oral hygiene practice of dental students in a new dental school. A self-administered structured closed-ended questionnaire on demographic characteristics, medical history, oral hygiene and dietary habits was distributed to dental students. Results showed that One third of students indicated that they don’t consume low pH beverages (soft drinks) at all, while 48.9% drink a soft drink or two a day. Students took varying amount of time to consume their drinks. The majority of participants consumed citric juices, fruits and/or pickles at least once a day. 91.3% of students use either soft (41.8%) or medium (49.5%) toothbrush. Only a fifth (16.9%) of the students brush their teeth after drinking soft drinks and 58.2% brush their teeth after vomiting. In conclusion, young adults need to be aware about their dietary habits & oral hygiene, and also a proper dental health program needs to be applied.

Assessment of Dietary Exposure and Health Risk to Multiple Heavy Metals amongst Some Workers in Yaounde, Cameroon

This study reports on the dietary exposure of people in Yaounde, Cameroon to heavy metals： lead （Pb）, cadmium （Cd）, mercury （Hg）, copper （Cu） and zinc （Zn）. One hundred and fifty table-ready food, water and soft drink samples were collected from households and street restaurants in Yaounde and analyzed for heavy metals contents using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Lead （93%, range 0.019-1.77 ppm）, Cd （70%, range 0.01-4.68 ppm）, Hg （81%, range 0.03-10.56 ppm）, Cu （90%, range 0.004-40.32 ppm） and Zn （87%, range 0.014-2,447.04 ppm） were detected in studied samples. Maximum level of each metal exceeded its corresponding European Commissions legislative limits. Samples from street restaurants were most tainted with heavy metals. The highest average daily intakes （ADIs） of Pb （0.96 mg/day） and Hg （1.84 mg/day） were through tap water, while Cd （1.15 mg/day）, Cu （5.42 mg/day） and Zn （601.6 mg/day） were through rice/peanut sauce mixed food. The ADI for Cd and Hg was each higher than its respective PTDI （provisional tolerable daily intake） as defined by JECFA （Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives） and EVM （Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals）. The estimated average daily exposure dose of each detected metal significantly （p = 0.001） exceeded its corresponding PTDI. However, the health risk index was 〈 1 for all studied samples and it was found to be safe, indicating there is a relative absence of health risks associated with the ingestion of contaminated foods, water and soft drinks. Notwithstanding, the detected levels and ADI being higher than legislative limits and PTDI respectively speculates need for awareness raising towards reducing exposure levels to heavy metals in Cameroon.

Monohalogenated acetamide-induced cellular stress and genotoxicity are related to electrophilic softness and thiol/thiolate reactivity

Haloacetamides（HAMs） are cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic byproducts of drinking water disinfection. They are soft electrophilic compounds that form covalent bonds with the free thiol/thiolate in cysteine residues through an S_N2 reaction mechanism.Toxicity of the monohalogenated HAMs（iodoacetamide, IAM; bromoacetamide, BAM;or chloroacetamide, CAM） varied depending on the halogen substituent. The aim of this research was to investigate how the halogen atom affects the reactivity and toxicological properties of HAMs, measured as induction of oxidative/electrophilic stress response and genotoxicity. Additionally, we wanted to determine how well in silico estimates of electrophilic softness matched thiol/thiolate reactivity and in vitro toxicological endpoints.Each of the HAMs significantly induced nuclear Rad51 accumulation and ARE signaling activity compared to a negative control. The rank order of effect was IAM 〉 BAM 〉 CAM for Rad51, and BAM ≈ IAM 〉 CAM for ARE. In general, electrophilic softness and in chemico thiol/thiolate reactivity provided a qualitative indicator of toxicity, as the softer electrophiles IAM and BAM were more thiol/thiolate reactive and were more toxic than CAM.