Mathematical Wave Functions and 3D Finite Element Modelling of the Electron and Positron

The wave/particle duality of particles in Physics is well known. Particles have properties that uniquely characterize them from one another, such as mass, charge and spin. Charged particles have associated Electric and Magnetic fields. Also, every moving particle has a De Broglie wavelength determined by its mass and velocity. This paper shows that all of these properties of a particle can be derived from a single wave function equation for that particle. Wave functions for the Electron and the Positron are presented and principles are provided that can be used to calculate the wave functions of all the fundamental particles in Physics. Fundamental particles such as electrons and positrons are considered to be point particles in the Standard Model of Physics and are not considered to have a structure. This paper demonstrates that they do indeed have structure and that this structure extends into the space around the particle’s center (in fact, they have infinite extent), but with rapidly diminishing energy density with the distance from that center. The particles are formed from Electromagnetic standing waves, which are stable solutions to the Schrödinger and Classical wave equations. This stable structure therefore accounts for both the wave and particle nature of these particles. In fact, all of their properties such as mass, spin and electric charge, can be accounted for from this structure. These particle properties appear to originate from a single point at the center of the wave function structure, in the same sort of way that the Shell theorem of gravity causes the gravity of a body to appear to all originate from a central point. This paper represents the first two fully characterized fundamental particles, with a complete description of their structure and properties, built up from the underlying Electromagnetic waves that comprise these and all fundamental particles.

Intact soft clay’s critical response to dynamic stress paths on different combinations of principal stress orientation

Comprehensive tests on Hangzhou intact soft clay were performed, which were used to obtain the soils' critical response to undrained dynamic stress paths under different combinations of principal stress orientation. The different combinations included cyclic principal stress rotation (CPSR for short), cyclic shear with abrupt change of principal stress orientation (CAPSO for short) and cyclic shear with fixed principal stress orientation (CFPSO for short). On one side, under all these stress paths, samples have obvious strain inflection points and shear bands, and the excess pore water pressure is far from the level of initial effective confining pressure at failure. Stress paths of major principal stress orientation (α) alternating from negative and positive have quite different influence on soil's properties with those in which α is kept negative or positive. On the other side, due to the soil's strongly initial anisotropy, samples under double-amplitudes CPSR and CAPSO (or single-amplitude CPSR and CFPSO) have similar properties on dynamic shear strength and pore water pressure development tendency when α is kept within ±45°, while have quite different properties when α oversteps ±45°.

Influence of pile spacing on seismic response of piled raft in soft clay: centrifuge modeling

In order to study the infl uence of pile spacing on the seismic response of piled raft in soft clay, a series of shaking table tests were conducted by using a geotechnical centrifuge. The dynamic behavior of acceleration, displacement and internal forces was examined. The test results indicate that the seismic acceleration responses of models are generally greater than the surrounding soil surface in the period ranges of 2–10 seconds. Foundation instant settlements for 4×4 and 3×3 piled raft (with pile spacing equal to 4 and 6 times pile diameter) are somewhat close to each other at the end of the earthquake, but reconsolidation settlements are greater for 3×3 piled raft. The seismic acceleration of superstructure, the uneven settlement of the foundation and the maximum bending moment of pile are relatively lower for 3×3 piled raft. Successive earthquakes lead to the softening behavior of soft clay, which causes a reduction of the pile bearing capacity and thus loads are transferred from the pile group to the raft. For the case of a 3×3 piled raft, there is relatively smaller change of the load sharing ratio of the pile group and raft after the earthquake and the distribution of maximum bending moments at the pile head is more uniform.

Characteristics and displacement mechanisms of the dispersed particle gel soft heterogeneous compound flooding system

Considering high temperature and high salinity in the reservoirs, a dispersed particle gel soft heterogeneous compound(SHC) flooding system was prepared to improve the micro-profile control and displacement efficiency. The characteristics and displacement mechanisms of the system were investigated via core flow tests and visual simulation experiments. The SHC flooding system composed of DPG particles and surfactants was suitable for the reservoirs with the temperature of 80-110 °C and the salinity of 1×10~4-10×10~4 mg/L. The system presented good characteristics: low viscosity, weak negatively charged, temperature and salinity resistance, particles aggregation capacity, wettability alteration on oil wet surface, wettability weaken on water wet surface, and interfacial tension(IFT) still less than 1×10^(-1) mN/m after aging at high temperature. The SHC flooding system achieved the micro-profile control by entering formations deeply and the better performance was found in the formation with the higher permeability difference existing between the layers, which suggested that the flooding system was superior to the surfactants, DPG particles, and polymer/surfactant compound flooding systems. The system could effectively enhance the micro-profile control in porous media through four behaviors, including direct plugging, bridging, adsorption, and retention. Moreover, the surfactant in the system magnified the deep migration capability and oil displacement capacity of the SHC flooding system, and the impact was strengthened through the mechanisms of improved displacement capacity, synergistic emulsification, enhanced wettability alteration ability and coalescence of oil belts. The synergistic effect of the two components of SHC flooding system improved oil displacement efficiency and subsequently enhanced oil recovery.

美国SoftTech公司CMMI高级研讨会在西安软件园胜利召开

6月8日，由西安软件园发展中心、陕西省软件行业协会、陕西省软件评测中心、美国SoftTech公司主办的“美国SoftTech公司CMMI研讨会”在西安软件园胜利召开。美罔SofiTech公司副总裁兼首度技术总监Mr．Wilson Tan在会上就CMMI背景知识、CMMI与CMM的区别，CMMI PA及评估方法，CMMI实施的指导建议及经验与西安的软件人士作了精彩而又详细的研讨。

Fabrication of high temperature grating on thermal barrier coatings based on solute-solvent separation soft lithography

In this study, an etched-SiO-film grating fabrication technique based on solute-solvent separation soft lithography is developed. By using this new technique, high temperature grating with frequency of 600 lines/mm is successfully fabricated on the surface of thermal barrier coatings(TBCs). During the fabrication process, the microstructure and chemical compositions of ceramic coating before and after polishing is analyzed with a digital microscope and the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope(EDS) in scanning electron microscope(SEM). And then the grating on TBCs is heated at the temperature ranging from 300℃ to 1000℃ for examining the high temperature resistance. In the practical application, the displacement and strain field around the crack on the ceramic surface are investigated with geometry phase analysis(GPA). The successful results verify that the etched-SiO-film grating has a good oxidation resistance and can be applied to high temperature deformation measurement of TBCs.

Hybrid-Vlasov simulation of soft X-ray emissions at the Earth’s dayside magnetospheric boundaries

Solar wind charge exchange produces emissions in the soft X-ray energy range which can enable the study of near-Earth space regions such as the magnetopause,the magnetosheath and the polar cusps by remote sensing techniques.The Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)and Lunar Environment heliospheric X-ray Imager(LEXI)missions aim to obtain soft Xray images of near-Earth space thanks to their Soft X-ray Imager(SXI)instruments.While earlier modeling works have already simulated soft X-ray images as might be obtained by SMILE SXI during its mission,the numerical models used so far are all based on the magnetohydrodynamics description of the space plasma.To investigate the possible signatures of ion-kinetic-scale processes in soft Xray images,we use for the first time a global hybrid-Vlasov simulation of the geospace from the Vlasiator model.The simulation is driven by fast and tenuous solar wind conditions and purely southward interplanetary magnetic field.We first produce global X-ray images of the dayside near-Earth space by placing a virtual imaging satellite at two different locations,providing meridional and equatorial views.We then analyze regional features present in the images and show that they correspond to signatures in soft X-ray emissions of mirrormode wave structures in the magnetosheath and flux transfer events(FTEs)at the magnetopause.Our results suggest that,although the time scales associated with the motion of those transient phenomena will likely be significantly smaller than the integration time of the SMILE and LEXI imagers,mirror-mode structures and FTEs can cumulatively produce detectable signatures in the soft X-ray images.For instance,a local increase by 30%in the proton density at the dayside magnetopause resulting from the transit of multiple FTEs leads to a 12%enhancement in the line-of-sight-and time-integrated soft X-ray emissivity originating from this region.Likewise,a proton density increase by 14%in the magnetosheath associated with mirror-mode structures can result in an enhancement in the soft X-ray signal by 4%.These are likely conservative estimates,given that the solar wind conditions used in the Vlasiator run can be expected to generate weaker soft X-ray emissions than the more common denser solar wind.These results will contribute to the preparatory work for the SMILE and LEXI missions by providing the community with quantitative estimates of the effects of small-scale,transient phenomena occurring on the dayside.

基于RBF神经网络的诺西肽发酵过程菌体质量浓度软测量

针对诺西肽发酵过程中菌体质量浓度的估计问题,提出了一种基于RBF神经网络的软测量建模方法.在诺西肽发酵过程非结构模型的基础上,根据隐函数存在定理确定出辅助变量,从而使其选择有严格的理论依据;根据每批样本数据对被预测对象的预估能力,自适应地为各个批次的训练样本分配权值,并进而实施加权RBF神经网络建模.实际应用表明,所提出的软测量建模方法是有效的. Abstract： A RBF neural network based soft sensor method is presented for the estimation of biomass in Nnsiheptide fermentation process. Based on the unstructured model of Nosiheptide fermentation process, the secondary variables are selected according to the implicit function existence theorem, which makes the selection be strict in theory. Each batch training samples are self-adaptively weighted according to their different predicting ability to the predicted object, and then weighted RBF neural network (WRBFNN) is applied to develop the biomass soft sensor modeL The testing result shows that the presented method is effective.

地震动输入界面的选取对深软场地地震效应的影响

以天津和上海两个典型的深厚软弱场地为研究背景,探讨了地震动输入界面对场地地表地震动参数的影响。对于场地1(天津)和场地2(上海),分别选择7个和8个剪切波速(vs)大小不同的土层位置作为地震动输入界面,并选用Taft、Northridge地震加速度记录和南京人工波作为输入地震动,将Taft波、Northridge波和南京人工波的加速度峰值水平调整为0.35m/s2、0.70m/s2和0.98m/s2,用SHAKE91程序对这两个场地进行了不同的地震动输入界面、输入地震波和峰值加速度水平的128种组合的场地地震反应分析。与从假想基岩面(vs500m/s)输入地震动的结果(假想的实际值)相比,可得到如下结论(1)随着地震动输入界面深度(剪切波速)的增加,场地地表加速度反应谱逐渐地向实际值接近;(2)地震动输入界面的深度相同时,地震动加速度峰值水平越高,两者的加速度反应谱谱值的相对差异也越大;(3)对于一般建筑物,可以把剪切波速为400m/s左右的土层作为地震动输入界面;对于中长周期的建筑物,则应慎重选择地震动输入界面,最好选取vs500m/s2的土层或基岩面作为地震动输入界面。

Effects of Dietary Soy Protein Concentrate on Growth, Digestive Enzymes Activities and Target of Rapamycin Signaling Pathway Regulation in Juvenile Soft-Shelled Turtle, <i>Pelodiscus sinensis</i>

Soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis is important aquatic species in China, and searching for alternatives protein resources to fish meal (FM)-based feeds in feed has become urgent and important for its sustainability development. The present study was conducted to assess the effects of dietary soy protein concentrate (SPC) on growth, digestive enzymes and target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway of juvenile P. sinensis (4.56 ± 0.09 g). SPC was applied to replace FM protein at 0%, 15%, 30% and 60% (designated as T0, T15, T30 and T60, respectively), and each diet was fed to triplicate groups. The results showed that there was no significant difference in growth performance and feed utilization except of the turtles fed with T60 diet, of which showed poorer daily weight gain and feed conversion rate. The pepsin/trypsin and Na+-K+ ATP-ase activities decreased dramatically when SPC level increased, and lipase activities in liver and intestinal tract also showed decline tendency. However, amylase activities were unaffected. No significant differences were observed in TOR, S6K1 and 4E-BP1 genes mRNA expression level of TOR signaling pathway among the treatments. However, the relative phosphorylated level of these proteins decreased significantly when SPC level increased. The present study indicated that high SPC substitution level would suppress digestive enzymes and TOR signaling pathway proteins phosphorylated level and eventually result in growth reduction of P. sinensis.

The Application of Bamboo Network Reinforcement Technology on Hydraulic Fill Soft-Soil Foundation Treatment

To make a large area of dredger fill silt surface layer form working face and subsequent construction problems, the project conducts the bamboo network reinforcement in the silt surface layer. It makes the surface layer bearing capacity to meet the construction requirement of deep processing. Based on Shantou Municipal Road Embankment Treatment Engineering and the project, the bamboo network reinforcement technology to reinforce the dredger fill super soft soil surface layer is used. The results show that the bearing capacity of hydraulic fill super soft soil surface layer is 32.6 kPa after 3 months treatment. The surface layer bearing capacity after 3 months treatment improved 323% than the early treatment and increased 695% than no processing. The results indicate that the reinforcement effect is outstanding and provide the basis for drafting the dredger fill super soft soil surface layer treatment plan.

Can a Subcapital Osteotomy Fixed with an Intramedullary Locking Plate Correct all Possible Deformities of a Mild to Moderate Hallux Valgus?

Background: There are at least 5 very popular methods described for the correction of mild to moderate hallux valgus deformities. Despite of reported and self experienced good results in favorable fitting preoperative anatomical conditions of some of these methods;it seems that no one is really satisfying under “difficult” or non favorable preoperative anatomic conditions. How could an optimum operation method for a satisfying correction of a mild to moderate hallux valgus look like? The well known criteria for an optimally satisfying method to achieve full normalization of important forefoot parameters under all conditions should be a lateralization, plantarization and derotation of the Ist metatarsal head and also a normalization of the distal metatarsal articular angle (DMAA) in combination with a soft tissue correction. Methods: In order to achieve this outcome without the disadvantages of shortening or the need for unloading, we developed a new operation technique and new fixation devices. We performed a simple transverse lazy-L subcapital osteotomy and after an additional soft tissue release the Ist metatarsal head was restored to its preplaned optimum position in terms of narrowing the IM angle, plantarization, correction of the hallux valgus angle, derotation of a pronation l malrotation and improvement of the DMAA. Fixation was achieved with an intramedullary angel-stable transfixed 30 mm titanium plate. The rigidity of the implant rendered interfragmental compression or solid bone contact unnecessary. The goal was only an optimal correction. All patients were allowed to ambulate with full weightbearing immediately after the operation. Results: We retrospectively reviewed 346 patients (433 feet) who underwent subcapital osteotomy between May 2007 and December 2011;308 were women and 38 men;their mean age was 65 years. The follow-up investigation was performed on average after 6.5 years (78 months);range 5.5 to 10 years (66 to 120 months). The AOFAS Score improved from 61.18 to 96.82 (t = 55.13, p ° to 4.21° (t = 89.70, p ° to 7.75° (t = 51.68, p ° to 6.61° (t = 29.34, p < 0.001). Minimal shortening of the first metatarsal (0.33 mm) and no recurrence of the deformity was observed. Conclusion: A new access to hallux valgus surgery is presented. Our results show that interfragmental compression between the osteotomy partners or good interfragmental contact is not necessary when a rigid intramedullary fixation device is used. The goal of this approach to hallux valgus surgery was to achieve excellent correction and a very rigid intramedullary angle-stable locked implant. The procedure yielded excellent results and was associated with no recurrence of hallux valgus.

Thorn-Shape Waveform and Double-Strike Phenomenon Seen in the Impact Force of Soft Materials

In the impact tests of soft materials, we sometimes observe a thorn shape in the rising segment of the impact force waveform. However, the reason for the occurrence of the thorn shape has not been made clear. In this study, thorn-shape waveforms of several soft materials are measured using compact drop test equipment under the condition of a flat frontal impact. A flat frontal impact is the condition where a drop hammer with a flat bottom surface strikes a plate-like soft material in the normal direction. Synchronized impact forces are measured using two sensors installed on both the drop hammer side and the floor side. The examined soft materials are a sponge sheet, sponge rubber sheet, gel sheet, rubber sheet, flat oil clay, low-rebound urethane foam, cork sheet, sliced ham, pork ham steak, and pork. Based on the test results, the features of the thorn-shape waveforms are discussed from a bird’s-eye view. Furthermore, the occurrence mechanism of the thorn-shape waveforms is discussed from the viewpoint of viscosity discontinuity and the double-strike phenomenon.

广东成年女性开唇露齿患者面部软组织测量研究

【目的】研究广东成年女性开唇露齿患者头侧位颌面部的美学缺陷。【方法】选择61例广东籍成年女性开唇露齿患者作为研究对象,按该畸形的主要类别——安氏Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类分为两组,分别测量其头侧位片的软组织测量项目,再与正常广东人的测量值进行比较,分析出开唇露齿患者的美学缺陷;再比较该两组患者间有无差异。【结果】面凸角(°):安氏Ⅰ类165.5±5.1,与正常值比较差异无显著性,安氏Ⅱ类161.8±5.4,小于正常值。上下唇角(°):安氏Ⅰ类100.4±11.2,安氏Ⅱ类97.2±12.5;上唇凸距(mm):安氏Ⅰ类9.9±2.1,安氏Ⅱ类10.3±1.6;上面高/下面高:安氏Ⅰ类Ⅱ类均为1.0±0.1,与正常值比较差异有显著性。【结论】广东女性开唇露齿患者,面中部并不前突;但有游离唇厚度的增加,唇前突,下面高相对上面高加大;安氏Ⅱ类患者仍有明显的下颌相对后缩,下唇、软组织颏部随下颌后缩等容貌特征和美学特征。

松软煤层综放面顶底板采动应力分布规律研究

以某矿综放采场为背景,通过现场实测、相似材料模拟等手段,研究了松软煤层综放开采中液压支架受力状态、两巷单体支柱受力特征和顶底板的采动应力分布规律,结果表明液压支架在工作面不同位置受力状态不同,处于中部位置的支架受力最大,同一支架前立柱受力大于后立柱;风巷围岩应力大于机巷围岩应力,两巷的超前采动应力峰值位置在工作面前3～11m;顶板岩层同一层位中采动应力分布随工作面的距离不同而不同;不同层位应力分布也不同,离煤层越近的岩层中应力集中系数越大;底板岩层在工作面前方6m左右处应力达到最大,在工作面处应力为零。该研究结果有效地指导了该矿井同一煤层综放面巷道布置、两巷支护及工作面顶板管理。

皮肤软组织扩张器手术常见并发症及其对策

目的探讨皮肤软组织扩张术常见并发症的种类、发生原因、预防措施及处理方法。方法回顾性分析我科2005年至今各部位软组织扩张术68例76个扩张器手术的并发症种类、常见原因及预防处理措施。结果血肿12例(15.78%),I期术后部分表皮坏死5例(6.57%),切口延迟愈合及周围瘢痕溃疡感染3例(3.9 4%),转移皮瓣尖端部分表皮坏死7例(9.2 1%),扩张器及注射壶外露2例(2.63%),切口处部分毛发脱失2例(2.63%),未发生明显扩张器渗漏、扩张器不扩张及感染等严重并发症。结论本组软组织扩张术治疗体表瘢痕及瘢痕性秃发并发症少,无严重并发症发生,安全性高、效果好。

Effect of particle size on the preparation and microwave absorption properties of FeSiAl magnetically soft alloy hollow microspheres

FeSiAl magnetically soft alloy hollow microspheres(MSAHMs) were prepared by self-reactive quenching technology based on Fe + Si + AI + KNO_3 reactive systems, in order to obtain absorbents with light weight, low frequency and high efficiency. Firstly, twice-balling adhesive precursor method was used to obtain FeSiAl magnetically soft alloy agglomerate powders. Then agglomerate powders with the mesh number of 150-240, 240-325 and 325-400 were sprayed through the flame field into the quenching water. At last, FeSiAl MSAHMs with coarse(average at 86.97 μm), medium(average at 52.16 μm) and fine particles(average at 31.80 μm) were got. Effect of particle size on the phases and microwave absorption properties in low frequency band was studied by XRD and vector network analyzer. The results show that,Fe_3 Si_(0.7)Al_(0.3) and Fe_3 Si_(0.5)Al_(0.5) appear in the phase components of FeSiAl MSAHMs,which is important to improve the microwave absorption properties in low frequency. In addition, the real part(ε′) and imaginary part(ε″) of complex permittivity, the real part(μ′) and imaginary part(μ″) of complex permeability of FeSiAl MSAHMs all present the trend of fine particles > medium particles > coarse particles. The microwave absorption properties in low frequency are improved with the increasing of particle size, and the absorption peak moves to lower frequency range. The properties of fine particles are the best. Their matching thickness of samples is at 5 mm, and the minimum reflectivity is-43 dB at this thickness. The absorption frequency band lower than-10 dB is 4.6-7.6 GHz with a bandwidth of 3 GHz.

BER Performance of Soft Decision Modulations Based on PCSS System

Recently,soft decision modulations become the highlight of parallel combinatory spread spectrum ( PCSS) system. Existing soft decision BPSK and APK modulations are given and compared in the thesis. In order to apply soft decision QPSK modulation based on PCSS system,the correlation of superposition PN sequences is discussed. A weighted summation algorithm is adopted in QPSK demodulation to recover the whole orthogonal correlation of the superposition sequences; meanwhile the bit error rate of weighting soft decision QPSK modulation is simulated. The simulation results show that the bit error rate performance of proposed soft decision QPSK modulation based on PCSS system is better than that of hard decision modulation. The method proposed can be widely adopted in engineering application.

聚氨酯弹性体耐酸碱性能的影响因素

讨论了软硬段结构和配合剂对聚氨酯弹性体耐酸碱腐蚀性能的影响,认为软段采用多官能度的聚烯烃结构,并引入卤素原子作侧链时,聚氨酯弹性体具有最佳的耐酸碱性能;硬段宜采用对称的芳香族异氰酸酯,以增加链段的刚性和结晶,并适量采用多官能度小分子醇类扩链剂,提高交联密度;在强酸强碱介质中,不宜使用配合剂。同时,综述了聚氨酯弹性体耐酸碱性能的研究进展。

The Loading Curve of Spherical Indentions Is Not a Parabola and Flat Punch Is Linear

The purpose of this paper is the physical deduction of the loading curves for spherical and flat punch indentations, in particular as the parabola assumption for not self-similar spherical impressions appears impossible. These deductions avoid the still common first energy law violations of ISO 14577 by consideration of the work done by elastic and plastic pressure work. The hitherto generally accepted “parabolas’” exponents on the depth h (“2 for cone, 3/2 for spheres, and 1 for flat punches”) are still the unchanged basis of ISO 14577 standards that also enforce the up to 3 + 8 free iteration parameters for ISO hardness and ISO elastic indentation modulus. Almost all of these common practices are now challenged by physical mathematical proof of exponent 3/2 for cones by removing the misconceptions with indentation against a projected surface (contact) area with violation of the first energy law, because the elastic and inelastic pressure work cannot be obtained from nothing. Physically correct is the impression of a volume that is coupled with pressure formation that creates elastic deformation and numerous types of plastic deformations. It follows the exponent 3/2 only for the cones/pyramids/wedges loading parabola. It appears impossible that the geometrically not self-similar sphere loading curve is an h3/2 parabola. Hertz did only deduce the touching of the sphere and Sneddon did not get a parabola for the sphere. The radius over depth ratio is not constant with the sphere. The apparently good correlation of such parabola plots at large R/h ratios and low h-values does not withstand against the deduced physical equation for the spherical indentation loading curve. Such plots are unphysical for the sphere and so tried regression results indicate data-treatments. The closed physical deduction result consists of the exponential factor h and a dimensionless correction factor that is depth dependent. The non-parabola against force plot using published data is concavely bent even for large radius/depth-ratios at the shallow indents. The capabilities of conical/pyramidal/wedged indentations are thus lost. These facts are outlined for experimental nano- and micro-indentations. Spherical indentations reveal that linear data regression is suspicious and worthless if it does not correspond with physical reality. This stresses the necessity of the straightforward deductions of the correct relations on the basis of iteration-less and fitting-less undeniable calculation rules on a undeniable basic physical understanding. The straightforward physical deduction of the flat punch indentation is therefore also presented, together with formulas for the physical indentation hardness, indentation work, and applied work for these geometrically self-similar indentations. It is exemplified with a macroindentation.