Numerical modeling of large deformation and nonlinear frictional contact of excavation boundary of deep soft rock tunnel

Roadways excavated in soft rocks at great depth are difficult to be maintained due to large deformation of surrounding rocks, which greatly influences the safety and efficiency of deep resources exploitation. During the excavation process of a deep soft rock tunnel, the rock wall may be compacted due to large deformation. In this paper, the technique to address this problem by a two-dimensional (2D) finite element software, large deformation engineering analyses software (LDEAS 1.0), is provided. By using the Lagrange multiplier method, the kinematic constraint of non-penetrating condition and static constraint of Coulomb friction are introduced to the governing equations in the form of incremental displacement. The numerical example demonstrates the efficiency of this technology. Deformations of a transportation tunnel in inclined soft rock strata at the depth of 1 000 m in Qishan coal mine and a tunnel excavated to three different depths are analyzed by two models, i.e. the additive decomposition model and polar decomposition model. It can be found that the deformation of the transportation tunnel is asymmetrical due to the inclination of rock strata. For extremely soft rock, large deformation can converge only for the additive decomposition model. The deformation of surrounding rocks increases with the increase in the tunnel depth for both models. At the same depth, the deformation calculated by the additive decomposition model is smaller than that by the polar decomposition model.

Study on the Deformation Mechanism of a Soft Rock Tunnel

The large deformation of soft rock tunnel is one of the key problems to be overcome in the tunnel construction stage.In the present study,the deformation mechanism of a representative tunnel and some related countermeasures are investigated using field tests and engineering geological analysis.Owing to the scarce performances of methods based on other criteria such as small pipe spacing,anchor bolt length and steel frame spacing,a new support scheme is implemented and optimized.Results show that shear failure and bedding sliding are produced under high horizontal stress conditions.The low strength of the surrounding rock results in the uneven convergence of both sides of the tunnel.With the aforementioned new support scheme,however,most of such problems can be mitigated leading to good stability properties and ensuing economic advantages.

Optimization of construction scheme and supporting technology for HJS soft rock tunnel

For a soft rock tunnel under high stress in jointed and swell soft rock(HJS), two construction schemes pilot-tunneling enlarging excavation and step-by-step excavation were optimized using FLAC2 D, and the deformation effects of the two construction schemes were verified by field tests. Based on engineering geological investigation and mechanical analysis of large deformations, the complex deformation mechanisms of stress expansion and structural deformation of the soft rock tunnel were confirmed,and support countermeasures from the complex deformation mechanism converted to a single type were proposed, and the support parameters were optimized by field tests. These technologies were proved by engineering practice, which produced significant technical and economic benefits.

Development of a new type of foam concrete and its application on stability analysis of large-span soft rock tunnel

The long-term stability of large-span soft rock tunnel is influenced greatly by the creep effect of surrounding rock.The development of a new type of foam concrete which has the property of high compressibility and low ductility was introduced.And it was made as filling material of reserved deformation layer between the first lining and the second lining used in large-span soft rock tunnel.The effect of the new type of foam concrete was simulated as filling material of reserved deformation layer using numerical simulation.Through the comparison with the common large-span soft rock tunnel,the vault settlement and surrounding convergence are reduced by about 61% and 45%,respectively,after creep of 100 a.And in the second lining,the plastic zone reduces apparently and the maximum equivalent plastic strain decreases relatively.So,it can be found that the application of the new type of foam concrete as the filling material of reserved deformation layer can relieve the excessive force in second lining induced by rock creep,reduce its deformation and improve the stability of tunnel.

Research on sustenance of soft rock tunnel in Hongmiao Mine of Pingzhuang Mine Area

The return airway tunnel of bank 6 is an important tunnel for air return and auxiliary transportation.While under construction,the tunnel was seriously deformed, and the bottom was heavily squeezed.When completed,the bottom was smoothed out several times and a lot of maintenance were done.But about half year later,the tunnel collapsed.To counter the problems mentioned above,we systematically expounded our ideas and designed for solving the problem of the sustenance of the return airway tunnel of section 6.

Study on the new shell bolting and shotcrete support and its application in soft rock tunnels

A new kind of tunnel support was put forward on the basis of the anchor spraysupport principle. The mechanics of the new three-dimensional steel bar shotcrete liningsupport was studied and the structure's internal forces were analyzed. The model experiment was done relying on the industrial test. The conclusion of numerical calculationsproved that the ANSYS program is reasonable and creditable. It was compared to otherkinds of support that are commonly used in soft rock tunnels. The technique and economiccontrasts of the typical tunnel with support three-dimensional steel bar were completed.

Time-dependent squeezing deformation mechanism of tunnels in layered soft-rock stratum under high geo-stress

Large squeezing deformation of layered soft rock tunnel under high geo-stress has a significant time-dependent deformation behavior.In this paper,we studied the deformation mechanism during the construction period of deep-buried softrock tunnel by means of a combination of field observations and a numerical method.First,a new classification criterion for large deformations based on the power exponent variation law between the deformation and the strength-stress ratio is proposed.Then,the initial damage tensor reflecting the bedding plane(joint)distribution and an equivalent damage evolution equation derived from the viscoplastic strain are introduced based on the geometric research method,i.e.,a new rheological damage model(RDL model)of layered soft rock is established consisting of elastic,viscous,viscoelastic,viscoplastic and plastic elements.A field test was conducted on the Maoxian tunnel in Sichuan province,southwestern China,which is in broken phyllite(layered soft rock)under high geo-stress.The tunnel has experienced large deformation due to serious squeezing pressure,thus we adopted double primary support method to overcome the supporting structure failure problems.The rheological parameters of phyllite in the Maoxian tunnel were recognized by using SA-PSO optimization,and the RDL model does a good job in describing the time-dependent deformation behavior of a layered soft-rock tunnel under high geo-stress.Thus,the RDL model was used to investigate the supporting effect and bearing mechanism of the double primary support method.Compared with the single primary support method,the surrounding rock pressure,secondary lining force,surrounding rock deformation,and the depth of the damage to the rock mass was reduced by 40%-60%after the double primary support method was used.

Analysis of mechanical behavior of soft rocks and stability control in deep tunnels

Due to the weakness in mechanical properties of chlorite schist and the high in situ stress in Jinping II hydropower station, the rock mass surrounding the diversion tunnels located in chlorite schist was observed with extremely large deformations. This may significantly increase the risk of tunnel instability during excavation. In order to assess the stability of the diversion tunnels laboratory tests were carried out in association with the petrophysical properties, mechanical behaviors and waterlweakening properties of chlorite schist. The continuous deformation of surrounding rock mass, the destruction of the support structure and a large-scale collapse induced by the weak chlorite schist and high in situ stress were analyzed. The distributions of compressive deformation in the excavation zone with large deformations were also studied. In this regard, two reinforcement schemes for the excavation of diversion tunnel bottom section were proposed accordingly. This study could offer theoretical basis for deed tunnel construction in similar geological condition~

NEW THEORY IN TUNNEL STABLILITY CONTROL OF SOFT ROCK──MECHANICS OF SOFT ROCK ENGINEERING

Tunnel stability control is a world-wide difficult problem. For the sake of solving it,the new theory of soft rock engineering mechanics has been estabilished. Some key points,such as the definition and classification of soft rock, mechanical deformation mechanism of a soft rock tunnel, the critical support technique of soft rock tunnel and the new theory of the soft rock tunnel stability control are proposed in this paper.

Soft rocks in Argentina

Soft rocks are a still fairly unexplored chapter in rock mechanics. Within this category are the clastic sedimentary rocks and pyroclastic volcanic rocks, of low to moderate lithification(consolidation, cementation, new formed minerals), chemical sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks formed by minerals with Mohs hardness less than 3.5, such as limestone, gypsum, halite, sylvite, between the first and phyllites, graphitic schist, chloritic shale, talc, etc., among the latter. They also include any type of rock that suffered alteration processes(hydrothermal or weathering). In Argentina the study of low-strength rocks has not received much attention despite having extensive outcrops in the Andes and great impact in the design criteria. Correlation between geomechanical properties(UCS, deformability) to physical index(porosity, density, etc.) has shown promising results to be better studied. There are many studies and engineering projects in Argentina in soft rock geological environments, some cited in the text(Chihuído dam, N. Kirchner dam, J. Cepernic Dam, etc.) and others such as International Tunnel in the Province of Mendoza(Corredor Bioceánico), which will require the valuable contribution from rock mechanics.The lack of consistency between some of the physical and mechanical parameters explored from studies in the country may be due to an insufficient amount of information and/or non-standardization of criteria for testing materials. It is understood that more and better academic and professional efforts in improving techniques will result in benefits to the better understanding of the geomechanics of weak rocks.

极高地应力软岩隧道非对称变形机理及支护优化研究

针对极大断面公路隧道施工中出现的非对称大变形问题,考虑高地应力第一主应力与隧道轴线关系、层状软岩夹层与互层状态、掌子面软岩空间不对称、地下水等因素,基于对工程地质条件、围岩与支护结构失效及破坏特征的分析,结合岩样物理力学特性室内试验研究及地应力实测情况,探究了非对称大变形形成机理并提出针对性的支护结果优化方案。结果表明:高地应力层状软岩隧道围岩不对称变形是在岩层倾角α、最大水平主应力与隧道轴线夹角β和岩层夹角γ、围岩岩性和地下水综合作用下的大变形,围岩不对称部位由以上几种因素共同决定;当主应力σ1与隧道轴线既不垂直也不平行时,会产生挤压性偏压构造水平地应力,使隧道横断面侧向受力不对称,发生偏压性非对称大变形;通过改变锚杆的布设方式、提高超前注浆小导管的长度和刚度、喷射临时封闭、在防水板与喷射砼间增加高密度橡塑海绵板缓冲层等措施,可以有效的减少变形量,防止围岩因开挖扰动而松动和坍塌。

施工期铁路隧道软岩大变形快速分级方法研究

研究目的:西南复杂艰险山区等典型构造活跃区的构造地质环境复杂,断裂、褶皱发育,构造应力显著,铁路隧道围岩大变形问题突出,随着构造活跃区铁路隧道工程日益增加,将面临更严峻的大变形问题。在隧道施工开挖过程中,快速判别可能发生的大变形等级,有利于施工工法的调整和支护措施的制定。研究结论:(1)深入分析构造软岩大变形工程案例,以施工期掌子面开挖揭示围岩分级数据为基准,结合区域地应力、岩层厚度、岩性等大变形关键控制因素,快速判定大变形等级,提出了施工期铁路隧道围岩大变形快速分级方法,并结合典型工程案例对分级方法的有效性和准确性进行了验证;(2)本研究成果可应用于施工期间铁路隧道开挖围岩大变形的快速分级,适用于工程地质勘察领域。

考虑湿度应力的深部软岩隧道大变形控制研究

为探明深部高地应力软岩隧道大变形产生机理,制定适应大变形控制措施,以月直山隧道为工程依托,首先明确求解围岩形变压力与松动压力的Kastner与Caquot公式,基于岩体弹塑性力学与连续介质理论建立围岩湿度应力解析解,采用收敛-约束法绘制出3种围岩应力作用下围岩与初期支护特征曲线,分析断面变形过程中围岩与支护结构相互作用规律及3种应力占比演化规律。分别以混凝土与型钢钢架作为二衬支护结构对月直山隧道围岩稳定性进行计算分析,明确考虑湿度应力与松动压力条件下隧道二衬最优支护时机与支护参数,以支护结构安全系数FS评判出最优支护方案并对隧道软岩大变形进行治理。结果表明:当围岩径向位移达到550 mm时,仅考虑形变压力Pi时围岩对支护结构的压力P仅为0.813 MPa,考虑湿度应力Pw与松动压力Pa时P增大为1.372 MPa,湿度应力与松动应力总占比达40.7%,仅考虑形变压力而设计的支护结构不满足围岩稳定性要求;根据“卸压支护”理念,确定以“位移释放峰值upeak=0.325 m”与“间距d=0.7 m”作为增设第二层钢架的最佳支护时机与支护参数,现场二次钢架设置24天后使围岩变形收敛于50.8 mm,围岩大变形得到控制,研究成果可为今后相关隧道工程设计与施工提供参考。

西(宁)成(都)铁路高地应力节理发育软岩地层隧道支护体系研究

为保证西成铁路高地应力节理发育软岩大变形隧道安全修建,采用现场勘察、室内试验、地应力测试、工程类比、数值模拟等方法展开研究,结果表明,西成铁路与毗邻兰渝线地质条件类似,均以二叠系、三叠系板岩与砂岩为主,层理清晰、节理裂隙发育,地应力以水平主应力为主导,水平主应力在10~30 MPa之间,竖直主应力在4~13 MPa之间,有较强水平构造应力作用,兰渝线控制围岩变形主要采用增加预留变形量、自进式长锚杆、钢花管加固、增加初支及衬砌刚度、钢纤维喷射混凝土等技术措施。在此基础上针对西成铁路节理发育软岩大变形主要发生在垂直节理倾角方向上的特点,提出首先增大矢跨比,然后增大钢拱架刚度,对于Ⅲ级大变形在垂直节理方向设置预应力锚索的非对称大变形隧道支护体系,该支护体系相比传统支护体系能够减小13.8%~21.2%软岩变形,对于控制节理发育软岩变形效果良好。

软岩隧道NPR锚索主动控制关键技术

为解决横断山区软岩隧道的大变形问题,本文以云南省昌宁至保山高速公路昌宁隧道为工程背景,采用理论分析、现场试验等方法,从作用机理、支护方案、施工工艺等方面对软岩隧道开展了高预紧力恒阻大变形(NPR)锚索主动支护及关键技术研究。结果表明:被动支护下,隧道围岩节理裂隙发育、黏土矿物含量高、围岩强度低、微观结构存在细小溶蚀孔、结构疏松等是昌宁隧道围岩发生变形破坏的主因;提出了“NPR锚索+PR锚索+“W”钢带+高强柔性网”主动支护技术,并通过现场松动圈测试等试验,确定了NPR锚索、PR锚索等的支护参数;针对极破碎围岩及含水软岩的特殊环境,提出了“先喷后支+复喷”和“锚固端下缘封堵+钢绞线端头加丝”NPR锚索主动支护优化技术;现场试验结果表明,NPR锚索主动控制技术能够有效控制软岩隧道围岩大变形,最大变形量由原来的2125 mm控制到300 mm以内,保障了隧道支护结构的安全。

基于变形控制的某深埋软岩水工隧洞初期支护参数的选择与验证

大变形下围岩的稳定控制一直是水利水电、公路、铁路等行业的传统难题,尚未形成一套验证软岩大变形等级下初期支护型式及参数选取的经验方法。依据某深埋水工隧洞工程地质情况,选择典型洞段预测挤压变形风险,利用控制变形估算所需支护力,依据规范和相关工程经验确定支护类型与参数的同时,考虑实际开挖过程利用数值仿真分析验算支护的合理性。结果表明,该隧洞具有极大的大变形风险,采用支护力的方法所确定的支护类型和参数基本合理,可将围岩变形有效控制在规范要求的1.0%~3.0%范围,且锚杆长度及支护应力等均未超过极限强度。

小断面膨胀性软岩隧洞一次支护及二次衬砌承载能力分析

我国在引调水及灌区工程建设过程中,各类软弱围岩隧洞已屡见不鲜。因膨胀性软弱围岩工程性质的特殊性,隧洞施工中经常面对支护结构破坏甚至失稳、大变形等难题。软弱性围岩隧洞以整体变形破坏为主,建立了一次支护数值模型,拟定了不同围岩支护时机及支护措施,通过模拟计算,隧洞围岩收敛变形在规范允许范围内,一次支护措施承载能力满足施工期安全要求,为施工期各类围岩支护时机及支护措施提供了理论依据。建立二次衬砌数值模型,考虑隧洞运行期内水外渗引起的围岩吸水膨胀,剖析不同工况下二次衬砌的力学响应特征,结果表明二次衬砌底板是受力最不利位置,可通过提高底板的厚度或配筋量,提高衬砌整体承载力。本研究可为膨胀性软岩隧洞支护衬砌结构设计提供理论指导,为同类工程设计及施工提供参考。

工作面平巷支护参数设计及数值模拟研究

为进一步提升软岩巷道的掘进效率和安全性,实现对软岩巷道的高效支护尤为重要。以某矿1121综采工作面为例在对其地质条件及其支护现状综合分析的基础上,采用锚杆动态信息法结合现场条件对锚杆、锚索以及顶网片的支护参数进行优化设计;基于FLAC3D软件对优化前后的支护效果进行对比,达到了预期效果。

软岩大变形隧道施工技术研究

为了提升隧道工程施工水平,总结了软岩隧道的变形机制和分类,分析了CRD法、双侧壁法、留核心土开挖法等在软岩隧道施工中的应用特点。随后,依托扎务隧道,利用MIDAS/GTS软件建立计算模型,计算了不同开挖方法对软岩隧道变形的影响。同时,从技术方案、监控量测和施工管理3方面提出了软岩大变形隧道的施工质量控制措施。