Exact simulation for direction-dependent large elastic strain responses of soft fibre-reinforced composites

An explicit form of the elastic strain-energy function for direction-dependent large elastic strain behaviors of soft fiber-reinforced composites is first presented based upon a decoupled approach for simulating complex nonlinear coupling effects.From this form,the exact closed-form solutions are then obtained for the uniaxial tension responses in the fiber and cross-fiber directions.With such exact solutions,the issue of simultaneously simulating strongly coupling nonlinear responses in the fiber and cross-fiber directions may be reduced to the issue of separately treating each decoupled uniaxial stress-strain response,thus bypassing usual complexities and uncertainties involved in identifying a large number of strongly coupled adjustable parameters.The numerical examples given are in good agreement with the experimental data for large strain responses.

Emerging Trends in Social Networking Systems and Generation Gap with Neutrosophic Crisp Soft Mapping

This paper aims to introduce the novel concept of neutrosophic crisp soft set(NCSS),including various types of neutrosophic crisp soft sets(NCSSs)and their fundamental operations.We define NCS-mapping and its inverse NCS-mapping between two NCS-classes.We develop a robust mathematical modeling with the help of NCS-mapping to analyze the emerging trends in social networking systems(SNSs)for our various generations.We investigate the advantages,disadvantages,and natural aspects of SNSs for five generations.With the changing of the generations,it is analyzed that emerging trends and the benefits of SNSs are increasing day by day.The suggested modeling with NCS-mapping is applicable in solving various decision-making problems.

A spin-based magnetic scanning microscope for in-situ strain tuning of soft matter

We present a magnetic scanning microscope equipped with a nitrogen-vacancy(NV) center scanning probe that has the ability to mechanically tune the strain of soft matter in-situ. The construction of the microscope and a continuous straintuning sample holder are discussed. An optically detected magnetic resonance protocol utilized in the imaging is described.In order to show the reliability of this microscope, the strain conduction is estimated with finite element simulation, and xray diffraction is required for calibration when freestanding crystal films are under consideration. A magnetic imaging result is displayed to demonstrate the nano-scale imaging capability. The microscope presented in this work is helpful in studying strain-coupled magnetic physics such as magnetic phase transition under strain and strain-tuned cycloidal orientation tilting.

A Normalized Stress-Strain Model for Soft Clays

-A nonlinear model for the stress-strain behaviour of normally consolidated clays is presented based on the experimental results. It is indicated that the volume strain under pure shear is a power function of stress ratio and the normalized stress-strain curve is a standard hyperbola. According to the model, the coefficient of pore pressure induced by shear stress and the critical stress ratio which governs the influence of the negative dilatancy are suggested. It is shown by some triaxial tests that the proposed model can be used to study the negative dilatancy and to describe the stress-strain-pore pressure adequately for soft clays.

Rockburst mechanism in soft coal seam within deep coal mines

A number of rockburst accidents occurring in soft coal seams have shown that the rockburst mechanism involved in soft coal seams is significantly different from that involved in hard coal seams. Therefore, the method used to evaluate rockburst in hard coal seams is not applicable to soft coal seams. This paper established an energy integral model for the rockburst-inducing area and a friction work calculation model for the plastic area. If the remaining energy after the coal seam is broken in the rockburstinducing area is greater than the friction work required for the coal to burst out, then a rockburst accident will occur. Mechanisms of ‘‘quaking without bursting" and ‘‘quaking and bursting" are clarified for soft coal seams and corresponding control measures are proposed as the optimization of roadway layouts and use of ‘‘three strong systems"(strong de-stressing, strong supporting, and strong monitoring).

Settlement and Stability Analysis on Soft Clay Under Cyclic Loading

The results of undrained cyclic triaxial tests on three types of clays are collected and a relationship among the accumulated strain, the initial stress state, cyclic stress in the soil, as well as the number of cycles is established based on the experimental data. With this relationship, a procedure is proposed for subsidence and stability analysis on soft clay under the action of cyclic loads.

Prediction of Settlements of Soft Clay Subjected to Long-Term Dynamic Load

Presented is the numerical analysis of settlements of soft soil by a 2-D dynamic effective stress FEM method. The model based on the results of cyclic triaxial tests on the reconstituted soft Ariake clay is used to predict the wave induced excess pore water pressure and residual strain of soft clay. The settlements of two types of breakwaters on the soft clay under ocean wave load, a low embankment subjected to traffic load and the tunnel surrounded by soft clay in Shanghai subjected to locomotive load are calculated as examples.

Theoretical analysis of a new segmented anchoring style in weakly cemented soft surrounding rock

According to the tensile failure of rock bolt in weakly cemented soft rock, this paper presents a new segmented anchoring style in order to weaken the cumulative effect of anchoring force associated with the large deformation. Firstly, a segmented mechanical model was established in which free and anchoring section of rock bolt were respectively arranged in different deformation zones. Then, stress and displacement in elastic non-anchoring zone, elastic anchoring zone, elastic sticking zone, softening sticking zone and broken zone were derived respectively based on neural theory and tri-linear strain softening constitutive model of soft rock. Results show that the anchoring effect can be characterized by a supporting parameter b. With its increase, the peak value of tangential stress gradually moves to the roadway wall, and the radial stress significantly increases, which means the decrease of equivalent plastic zone and improvement of confining effect provided by anchorage body. When b increases to 0.72, the equivalent plastic zone disappears, and stresses tend to be the elastic solutions. In addition, the anchoring effect on the displacement of surrounding rock can be quantified by a normalization factor δ.

Strain Rate Effect on the Tensile Behavior of Fibers and Its Application to Ballistic Perforation of Multi-layered Fabrics

Rate-dependent property of material is very important in analysis of ballistic impact. The tensile property of Twaron(R) filaments at strain rate range from 0.01/s to1 000/s was obtained by MTS materials testing and split Hopkinson tension bar. Rate sensitivity of Twaron(R) filaments is discussed. Application of high strain rate property to ballistic perforation of multi- layered fabrics conforms to the actual situation than that of quasi-static property. The revised analytical model can be used to calculate the process of ballistic penetration and perforation on soft armour, such as fabric target plate,at intuitive approach and simple algorithm with a little computer process time. Predictions of the residual velocities and energy absorbed by the multi- layered fabric show good agreement with experimental data.

Viscosity Transient Phenomenon in Drop Impact Testing of Soft Material

The authors carried out drop impact tests for several soft materials under a flat frontal impact condition in which a drop hammer with a flat bottom surface strikes a plate-like soft material in the normal direction. The experimental results indicated that the impact force waveforms of soft materials consisted of a thorn-shaped waveform and a subsequent mountain-shaped waveform. The thorn-shaped waveform was strongly affected by the strain rate. In the present study, the occurrence mechanism of this distinctive waveform was discussed from the viewpoint of the viscosity transient phenomenon. A standard linear solid (SLS) model in which the viscosity transient phenomenon was considered was applied to the simulation. Some features of the impact force waveform of soft materials could be explained by the SLS model. Furthermore, the thorn-shape waveform could also be observed in the impact force waveforms of human skin and free-falling hollow balls.

Intact soft clay’s critical response to dynamic stress paths on different combinations of principal stress orientation

Comprehensive tests on Hangzhou intact soft clay were performed, which were used to obtain the soils' critical response to undrained dynamic stress paths under different combinations of principal stress orientation. The different combinations included cyclic principal stress rotation (CPSR for short), cyclic shear with abrupt change of principal stress orientation (CAPSO for short) and cyclic shear with fixed principal stress orientation (CFPSO for short). On one side, under all these stress paths, samples have obvious strain inflection points and shear bands, and the excess pore water pressure is far from the level of initial effective confining pressure at failure. Stress paths of major principal stress orientation (α) alternating from negative and positive have quite different influence on soil's properties with those in which α is kept negative or positive. On the other side, due to the soil's strongly initial anisotropy, samples under double-amplitudes CPSR and CAPSO (or single-amplitude CPSR and CFPSO) have similar properties on dynamic shear strength and pore water pressure development tendency when α is kept within ±45°, while have quite different properties when α oversteps ±45°.

Thorn-Shape Waveform and Double-Strike Phenomenon Seen in the Impact Force of Soft Materials

In the impact tests of soft materials, we sometimes observe a thorn shape in the rising segment of the impact force waveform. However, the reason for the occurrence of the thorn shape has not been made clear. In this study, thorn-shape waveforms of several soft materials are measured using compact drop test equipment under the condition of a flat frontal impact. A flat frontal impact is the condition where a drop hammer with a flat bottom surface strikes a plate-like soft material in the normal direction. Synchronized impact forces are measured using two sensors installed on both the drop hammer side and the floor side. The examined soft materials are a sponge sheet, sponge rubber sheet, gel sheet, rubber sheet, flat oil clay, low-rebound urethane foam, cork sheet, sliced ham, pork ham steak, and pork. Based on the test results, the features of the thorn-shape waveforms are discussed from a bird’s-eye view. Furthermore, the occurrence mechanism of the thorn-shape waveforms is discussed from the viewpoint of viscosity discontinuity and the double-strike phenomenon.

Numerical Comparative Study on the Effective Replacement Thickness of Traditional Stone Coarse Aggregate or Steel-Slag Aggregate Mixtures in Improved Soft Fine Soils

This study uses Steel Slag Coarse Aggregate (SSCA) as a mixture replacement, preamble material to improve soft soils, which is economic, and has good effect environment. Recently, the development and utilization of by-product, waste and recycle materials must be studied and investigated as a source of improved material for soft soils as, an economic and good effect environmental. The study analyzes effects of both replaced mixtures, (SSCA) or (TSCA) on improved soil bearing capacity and expected settlement after verifying the model. Numerical modeling of the one of real store loaded strip using, PLAXIS, 2D, strain deformation behavior to achieve field visible and measured deformations of untreated soft soil. Numerical studies were devolved to investigate geomechanics parameters improved to compare between using (SSCA) or (TSCA) as, replacement mixture. Results demonstrate that using (SSCA) improved compressibility and strength of shallow soft soil layer significantly than using (TCSA) mixture, while (SSCA) improved strip footing ultimate bearing capacity, (UBC), by 84.4% compared with increase of 20.5% when using (TCSA) mixture at the same thickness. In addition, the study highlights the effective (SSCA) replacement thickness ranges between (0.65 ~ 0.80) footing width.

模拟软岩蠕变特性相似材料的研制及试验分析

为快速、有效地反映软岩介质的蠕变特性,根据模型试验的相似原理,通过配比和力学试验,研制出一种具有快速蠕变特性的软岩相似材料,它由沥青、河砂、铁粉和橡胶粉按一定配比搅拌压实而成。瞬时抗压强度测定、弹性模量测定,以及分级加载下的单轴蠕变试验表明:相似材料的物理参数变化范围大,具有瞬时弹性特征;轴向蠕变过程具有衰减、等速和加速蠕变三个阶段特性;相似材料能在短时间内模拟软岩蠕变特性。有望为软岩工程提供一种短期、高效、准确的软岩蠕变新模型。

武汉软土小应变硬化模型参数试验研究

小应变硬化(HSS)模型考虑了土体在非常小的应变条件下刚度的高度非线性,在深基坑工程变形分析中得到广泛应用,其中如何确定土体的各个模型参数是应用该模型的关键。针对武汉软土地区,结合国内外文献中对HSS模型的研究成果,总结了HSS模型中各个参数的确定方法,并以武汉市两个软土深基坑工程为背景,利用三轴固结剪切仪和GDS动三轴仪进行了三轴固结排水剪切试验和动三轴试验研究,获得了HSS模型所需的土体强度、小应变刚度等参数。在此基础上,构建了HSS模型中各个参数的经验关系,并根据国内外学者的研究成果,结合本文室内试验的结果,提出了一套完整的武汉市软土深基坑工程HSS模型参数的获取方法。研究成果可为武汉市类似工程地质条件下的深基坑工程变形分析提供参数和技术支撑。

考虑双对数模型下非达西渗流的软土一维大应变固结分析

鉴于目前半对数模型难以较好地描述大应变软土的非线性压缩和渗透关系的现状,引入适用于软土大应变的双对数压缩渗透模型,建立了考虑非达西渗流的饱和软土地基一维大应变固结方程,并给出了有限差分数值解,通过与室内试验和解析解对比,验证了解答的可靠性。在此基础上,分析了渗流参数、双对数压缩和渗流非线性关系参数和外荷载对固结性状的影响。结果表明:压缩指数I_(c)一定时,渗透参数越大,土层固结越慢;渗透参数一定时,压缩指数I_(c)越大,土层固结越慢;外荷载q_(u)越大,土层的沉降量就越大,超静孔隙水压力消散越快,土层的固结速率也越快;最后,对大、小应变固结理论下差分解对比分析,发现土体发生较大应变时,小应变固结理论将不再适用,此时应采用大应变固结理论开展计算。

不同排水条件间歇循环荷载作用下软黏土变形特性试验研究

以往研究中通常采用间歇加载循环三轴试验来研究交通荷载作用下软黏土的变形特性。但交通荷载引起的土单元应力场中,水平应力和轴向应力循环变化。而且在循环加载阶段和间歇停振阶段,土体孔隙水均可以排出。因此,通过对软黏土开展两类循环三轴试验,即不排水和部分排水条件下的间歇加载循环三轴试验,研究了间歇循环荷载作用下软黏土变形特性,分析了循环围压和排水条件对软黏土累积轴向变形的影响。试验结果表明,累积轴向应变受循环围压和排水条件影响显著。累积应变增量随加载阶段的增加而减小,但不同循环围压下应变增量的衰减程度不同;在部分排水条件下,应变增量随循环围压增加而增大,而在不排水条件下则下降;另一方面,相较于不排水条件,部分排水条件下应变增量的衰减程度更为显著;同时,不同试验条件下应变增量的差异性在第一个加载阶段中较为明显,而在后续加载阶段中则可以忽略。基于上述试验结果,提出了一个考虑循环围压和排水条件影响的预测间歇循环荷载作用下软黏土累积应变的表达式,预测结果与实测值较为吻合。上述研究成果有助于加深对间歇循环荷载作用下软黏土力学性质的认识。

软弹流状态下“脊-膜”织构化PDMS表面增摩特性的研究

润滑条件下,增加软质材料(如橡胶、凝胶等)表面摩擦效应是柔性电子、皮肤传感器和智能抓取等功能器件设计制造的1个重大需求.本文中采用激光加工与多次覆膜相结合工艺,在PDMS(Polydimethylsiloxane,聚二甲基硅氧烷)表面加工出不同间距的“脊-膜”织构,研究其在流体润滑状态下接触界面的摩擦学特性,并原位考察了接触界面内润滑介质的流动特征.结果表明:“脊-膜”织构在滑动界面内产生周期性弹性迟滞,引起润滑界面的能量耗散,从而显著提高了PDMS表面在软弹流状态下的滑动摩擦效应;当“脊”间距为3 mm时,织构化表面的平均摩擦力可达100.23 mN,与光滑表面相比,其摩擦效应提高了49.6倍.此外,PDMS表面摩擦效应随法向载荷的增加而增加,但在不同滑动速度下基本保持不变.

胎—路接触应力传感器的信号去噪方法研究

为了解决应变传感器在测量胎—路接触应力信号时的噪声干扰问题,提出一种基于自适应噪声完备集合经验模态分解(CEEMDAN)和小波软阈值的胎—路接触应力传感器的信号去噪方法。首先,将胎—路接触应力信号CEEMDAN分解为一系列从高频到低频排列的本征模态函数(IMF)分量;再根据能量值法判定出噪声主导IMF分量和信号主导IMF分量,并对噪声主导IMF分量进行小波软阈值去噪;最后,将去噪后的IMF分量和信号主导IMF分量进行重构,得到去噪后的胎—路接触应力信号。将所提方法分别与CEEMDAN去噪方法、小波软阈值去噪方法进行比较,结果表明:所提方法去噪后信号的信噪比(SNR)分别提高了33%和343%,均方根误差(RMSE)分别降低了64%和252%,说明所提方法的去噪效果更佳。

软土深基坑变形及环境影响分析方法与控制技术

随着基坑规模日益增大以及邻近环境设施愈加复杂,合理评估并控制基坑变形及对周边环境影响成为软土基坑工程面临的重要挑战。基于理论分析与工程应用,对软土深基坑变形与环境影响分析方法及控制技术进行了系统研究。首先,在统筹考虑安全与经济的前提下,提出了软土深基坑环境保护等级和变形控制指标,为基坑周边不同类型环境设施的保护提供了依据。其次,系统建立了便于工程应用的基坑变形影响简化分析方法,并提出了基于土体小应变特性的基坑开挖对环境影响的计算分析方法以及确定全套小应变本构模型参数的实用方法,为复杂环境下深基坑环境影响分析提供了重要手段。同时,针对承压水降水影响难以准确量化评估的难题,提出了根据群井抽水试验反演确定关键水文地质参数并评估深层承压水降水对地层和环境变形影响的计算方法,满足了复杂地层承压水降水影响分析的工程需求。此外,还提出了包括支护结构与主体地下结构相结合、数字化微扰动搅拌桩加固、混凝土支撑主动变形控制、承压水控制超深隔渗帷幕等绿色、低碳、环境低影响的基坑变形控制新技术。成果在全国大量工程中成功应用,促进了软土深基坑工程全过程变形影响精细化分析和系统化控制技术的发展,为大规模地下空间的开发利用提供了技术支撑。