Deep bed filtration model for cake filtration and erosion

Many phenomena in nature and technology are associated with the filtration of suspensions and colloids in porous media. Two main types of particle deposition,namely, cake filtration at the inlet and deep bed filtration throughout the entire porous medium, are studied by different models. A unified approach for the transport and deposition of particles based on the deep bed filtration model is proposed. A variable suspension flow rate, proportional to the number of free pores at the inlet of the porous medium, is considered. To model cake filtration, this flow rate is introduced into the mass balance equation of deep bed filtration. For the cake filtration without deposit erosion,the suspension flow rate decreases to zero, and the suspension does not penetrate deep into the porous medium. In the case of the cake filtration with erosion, the suspension flow rate is nonzero, and the deposit is distributed throughout the entire porous medium. An exact solution is obtained for a constant filtration function. The method of characteristics is used to construct the asymptotics of the concentration front of suspended and retained particles for a filtration function in a general form. Explicit formulae are obtained for a linear filtration function. The properties of these solutions are studied in detail.

Down-regulation of tyrosinase,TRP-1,TRP-2 and MITF expressions by citrus press-cakes in murine B16 F10 melanoma

Objective:To investigate the suitability of citrus-press cakes,by-products of the juice industry as a source for the whitening agents for cosmetic industry.Methods:Ethylacetate extracts of citrus-press cakes(CCE)were examined for their anti-melanogenic potentials in terms of the inhibition of melanin production and mechanisim of melanogenesis by using Western Blot analysis with tyrosinese,tyrosinase-related protein-1(TRP-1),TRP2,and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor(MITF)proteins.To apply the topical agents,citrus-press cakes was investigated the safety in human skin cell line.Finally flavonoid analysis of CCE was also determined by HPLC analysis.Results:Results indicated that CCE were shown to down-regulate melanin content in a dose-dependent pattern.The CCE inhibited tyrosinase,TRP-2,and MITF expressions in a dose-dependent manner.To test the applicability of CCE to human skin,we used MTT assay to assess the cytotoxic effects of CCE on human keratinocyte HaCaT cells.The CCE exhibited low cytotoxicity at 50μg/mL.Characterization of the citrus-press cakes for flavonoid contents using HPLC showed varied quantity of rutin,narirutin,and hesperidin.Conclusions:Considering the anti-melanogenic activity and human safety,CCE is considered as a potential anti-melanogenic agent and may be effective for topical application for treating hyperpigmentation disorders.

Effects and Mechanisms of Oil Cakes on the Growth of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Under Continuous Cropping System

Fxperiments on the effect of soil amendment with rape (Brassica chinensis L.) seed cake, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seed or sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seed cake on the growth of cucumber seedlings under a continuous cropping system were conducted in a greenhouse environment. The results indicated that two applications of sesame seed cake (0.1 and 0.5 %, w/w) increased the growth of cucumber, but the rape oil cake showed a negative effect at a rate of 1.5% (w/w). The sesame seed cake was separated into four fractions (Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ) according to the polarity, and all four fractions had a positive effect on the growth of cucumbers under a continuous cropping system. Fraction number Ⅲ was isolated into 25 proportions by silicon column, and only oleic acid, palmitic acid and octadecanoic acid were identified in proportion 10 by GC-MS in which 93.3% was oleic acid and palmitic acid. The oleic acid had a significant and positive effect on cucumber growth under salt stress at the level 30 mmol and showed slight resistance to several pathogenic fungi.

Rheological, Organoleptical and Quality Characteristics of Gluten-Free Rice Cakes Formulated with Sorghum and Germinated Chickpea Flours

Gluten-free bakery products are produced for people suffering from celiac disease due to sensitivity to gluten. So, the aim of this work was to study the effect of partial substitution of rice flour at 20%, 30% and 40% with sorghum and germinated chickpea flours on rheological, physical, sensory properties and staling rate of prepared gluten-free cake. Obtained results showed that germinated chickpea flour had the highest contents of crude protein (23.62%), lipids (4.89%) and crude fibers (5.76%) as compared to other grain flours. Gradual increase in gelatinization temperature and decrease in maximum viscosity and setback were fond of cake batters with increasing the substituting levels of rice flour from 20% to 40% with sorghum or germinated chickpea flours in comparison to rice flour batter. No significant difference was observed in specific volume between rice cake and cake containing 20% of germinated chickpea and sorghum flours which given 2.71, 2.62 and 2.56 cm3/g, respectively. Data also revealed that gluten-free cake lightness (L*) and total intensity significantly increased with 40% of sorghum flour followed by 30 and 20% of sorghum flour. Substitution of 40% rice flour with germinated chickpea flour resulted in significant high in redness (a*), yellowness (b*) and chroma of gluten-free cake being 11.95, 33.72 and 35.77, respectively followed by substituted levels 30% and 20% which attributed to their natural yellow pigments compared with other investigated samples. Overall acceptability of gluten-free cakes was improved after adding 20, 30% of sorghum flour and 20% of germinated chickpea flour which being 90.7, 88.6 and 87.5, respectively compared to rice flour cake (88.4). Rice flour cake was more freshness than wheat flour cake and other treatments during storage duration. After 6 days, rice cake had significant high freshness (306.2%) followed by gluten-free cake samples with 20% of sorghum or germinated chickpea flours which given 294.5% and 289.4%, respectively. Generally, it could be concluded that the quality and nutritional properties of gluten-free rice cakes could be improved when using 20%, 30% of sorghum flour and 20% of germinated chickpea flour as substitution levels of rice flour.

Physiological responses in vitamin C system during hibernation in juvenile Chinese soft-shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis

Vitamin C (Vc) is an important antioxidant that helps turtles tolerating stressful environment. This work quantified changes in tissue Vc levels during winter hibernation in the soft-shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis , to reveal the stress response pattern of tissue Vc during hibernation and contribute basic data for turtle culture. We sampled juvenile soft-shelled turtles at pre-hibernation (17.0°C mud temperature;MT), during hibernation (5.8°C MT) and after arousal (20.1°C MT) in the field. The transcript levels of the gene encoding L-gulonolactone oxidase (GLO), the key enzyme for Vc synthesis, decreased significantly during hibernation. However, GLO activity did not match the GLO transcription patterns and remained stable during hibernation, and showed temperature-dependent kinetic characteristics. Vitamin C levels in the brain, liver, kidney, and spleen (but not muscle) all decreased significantly during hibernation, but recovered to pre-hibernation levels or even higher levels after arousal. The soft-shelled turtle endured 5 months of hibernation with no significant oxidative damage in most tissues, except in the spleen. Splenic Vc was nearly exhausted during hibernation, accompanied by a significantly elevated malonaldehyde (MDA) level. Although the high level of oxidative damage quickly decreased after arousal, the potential tissue damage in the spleen during hibernation might account for the weakened immune capacity of turtles after hibernation.

Effects of Dietary Soy Protein Concentrate on Growth, Digestive Enzymes Activities and Target of Rapamycin Signaling Pathway Regulation in Juvenile Soft-Shelled Turtle, <i>Pelodiscus sinensis</i>

Soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis is important aquatic species in China, and searching for alternatives protein resources to fish meal (FM)-based feeds in feed has become urgent and important for its sustainability development. The present study was conducted to assess the effects of dietary soy protein concentrate (SPC) on growth, digestive enzymes and target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway of juvenile P. sinensis (4.56 ± 0.09 g). SPC was applied to replace FM protein at 0%, 15%, 30% and 60% (designated as T0, T15, T30 and T60, respectively), and each diet was fed to triplicate groups. The results showed that there was no significant difference in growth performance and feed utilization except of the turtles fed with T60 diet, of which showed poorer daily weight gain and feed conversion rate. The pepsin/trypsin and Na+-K+ ATP-ase activities decreased dramatically when SPC level increased, and lipase activities in liver and intestinal tract also showed decline tendency. However, amylase activities were unaffected. No significant differences were observed in TOR, S6K1 and 4E-BP1 genes mRNA expression level of TOR signaling pathway among the treatments. However, the relative phosphorylated level of these proteins decreased significantly when SPC level increased. The present study indicated that high SPC substitution level would suppress digestive enzymes and TOR signaling pathway proteins phosphorylated level and eventually result in growth reduction of P. sinensis.

Microbiological Quality of Surface Water Treated with <i>Moringa oleifera</i>Seeds or Cakes during the Storage: Case Study of Water Reservoirs of Loumbila, Ziga and Ouaga 3 Dams in Burkina Faso

Water purification with Moringa oleifera seeds has received a lot of attention because it reduces water turbidity and pathogenic microorganisms. However, it is important to define the optimum conditions of storage to preserve the treated water quality. The study aims to investigate microbial quality of water treated with Moringa oleifera seeds or cake coagulants in relation to the storage temperature and shelf life in order to define the optimum conditions of storage. A total of 45 water samples from 3 water reservoirs of Loumbila, Ziga and Ouaga 3 dams were collected in sterile glass bottles and treated in triplicate with Moringa oleifera seeds or defatted cakes coagulants. Treated water samples obtained at optimum conditions were stored at room temperature (25°C - 30°C) and at 4°C. Fecal bacteria pollution indicators (Escherichia coli, fecal coliforms and fecal streptococcus) and parasites were monitored every 24 hours during three (3) days based on laboratory standard methods. Data were analyzed using the Student’s t-test and XLSTAT 7.5.2 statistical software. From the results obtained, bacterial indicators increased significantly with storage temperature (p and shelf life (p . However, for all water samples, bacterial growth was more important in samples treated with Moringa oleifera cakes than seeds (p . For water samples treated with Moringa oleifera seeds and stored at room temperature, bacterial increase after 72 hours was 57 - 80, 42 - 50 and 22 - 47 CFU/100 ml for fecal coliforms, E. coli and fecal streptococcus, respectively. With Moringa oleifera cake’s treatment, the increase was 63 - 104, 57 - 82 and 28 - 52 for the same indicators, respectively. Bacterial growth was also more important at room temperature than at 4°C. Thus, microbiological quality of water treated with Moringa oleifera seeds was better than cakes whatever storage temperature and shelf life. Overall, water treated with Moringa oleifera seeds should be stored at low temperature and consumed within 24 hours.

The Influence of Surface Energy on the Washing Quality of Filter Cakes

The washing of filter cakes, especially the displacement washing, represents an important aspect in science researches and industrial applications. A lot of ongoing researches are focussed on impurities, which are dissolved in the mother liquid (e.g. sodium chloride) and washed out with the identical pure liquid without impurities. The project flushing focuses on systems with two chemically different liquids. The main aim is to exchange an organic solvent by water. This article focuses on the adsorption effects during a washing process with solid systems of different wetting behaviours.

Effects of Incorporating Coconut Cake or Palm Kernel Cake in Piglet Fattening

In C&#244te d’Ivoire, coconut and palm cultivation are very developed. Industrial utilization of these crops fruits is generated some under products that can be used in breeding. The aim of this study was to test the potentialities in the breeding of cattle-cake of coconut and cattle-cake of palm kernel when they are incorporated in diets of piglet fattening. 18 piglets teamed up into three homogenous groups (three males castrate and three females) were used. The control group was fed a diet made with 55% of maize + 10% of bran maize + 25% fish powder + 4% of ash + 3% of salt. The test 1 group called diet ESSAI 1 was fed a mixture of 70% of the control diet and 30% of cattle-cake of coconut. The test 2 group called diet ESSAI 2 was fed with a mixture of 70% of the control diet and 30% of cattle-cake of palm kernel. The analysis made showed that the two cattle-cake are nutritiously rich and their incorporation in diets at degree of 30% of the total diet induced growth performance similar to that obtained with the control diet. Animals of each group were in good health and diets EASSAI 1 and ESSAI 2 were cheaper than the control diet. Then, cattle-cake of coconut and cattle-cake of palm kernel can be recommended as part of the diet of piglet (about 30%) in order to enhance profit with the same growth performance.

隔附子饼灸联合生物反馈刺激对脊髓损伤后尿潴留病人膀胱功能、膀胱压力及尿路感染的影响

目的探究隔附子饼灸联合生物反馈刺激对脊髓损伤后尿潴留病人膀胱功能、膀胱压力及尿路感染的影响。方法选取河北省沧州中西医结合医院2020年6月至2022年6月收治的76例脊髓损伤后尿潴留病人进行研究,按照随机数字表法分为对照组(38例)和联合组(38例)。其中对照组给予生物反馈刺激,联合组给予隔附子饼灸联合生物反馈刺激。比较两组尿流动力学(最大膀胱压力、膀胱功能、最大膀胱测量容量),膀胱残余尿量,临床疗效,尿路感染发生率及生活自理能力。结果两组干预前、干预4周、8周后MHU评分、膀胱残余尿量依次降低(P<0.05),且干预4周、8周后,联合组[(2.45±0.26)分、(216.46±23.72)mL、(1.87±0.19)分、(114.37±11.58)mL]均明显低于对照组[(2.79±0.28)分、(242.75±26.84)mL、(2.14±0.22)分、(162.75±16.49)mL](P<0.05);两组干预前、干预4周、8周MBI评分、膀胱压力依次升高(P<0.05),且干预4周、8周后,联合组[(38.57±3.46)分、(12.67±1.27)分、(46.57±4.72)分、(14.02±1.45)分]明显高于对照组[(34.14±3.25)分、(10.96±1.14)分、(40.62±4.15)分、(12.57±1.31)分](P<0.05);联合组总有效率(89.47%)明显高于对照组(68.42%)(P<0.05),尿路感染发生率(7.89%)明显低于对照组(28.95%)(P<0.05)。结论隔附子饼灸联合生物反馈刺激对脊髓损伤后尿潴留可有效提高膀胱功能及膀胱压力,降低尿路感染及膀胱残余尿量,提升自理能力,效果较好。

TG酶耦合糖基化改性花生饼蛋白质功能特性及其在面包中应用研究

采用谷氨酰胺转氨酶(TG酶)耦合糖基化改性花生饼蛋白质,并研究改性花生饼蛋白质的功能特性及其在面包中的应用。结果表明:B组(花生饼蛋白质与葡萄糖质量比4:1)与未改性花生饼蛋白质相比,面包感官评分最高。改性后花生饼蛋白质的乳化活性和起泡性显著提高。与空白组相比,B组制作的面包的比体积、含水量、弹性显著增加,硬度显著降低。B组面包室温储存10d的霉菌数量略高于A组(花生饼蛋白质与葡萄糖质量比3:2)。

22个芍药品种种籽功能性成分分析

以22个芍药品种为试验材料,探究其出仁率、出油率以及种籽中籽油、籽粕和种皮中的功能性成分和含量。结果表明,通过超临界流体萃取仪提取芍药籽油,测得参试品种出油率为15.96%~26.62%,平均为22.12%;经气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析表明,参试芍药籽油中的脂肪酸主要为油酸、亚麻酸、亚油酸、硬脂酸、棕榈酸等,籽油中的总不饱和脂肪酸超过85%,营养价值和保健功能较高,具有开发利用的潜力;芍药籽油榨取后副产物籽粕中总黄酮、芍药苷和粗蛋白的含量分别为7.78 mg/g、24.85 mg/g和16.92%,种皮中总黄酮和白藜芦醇的含量分别为107.30和3.11 mg/g。综上所述,籽粕和种皮既可作为功能性营养保健品的原料开发利用,也可作为新型高营养饲料使用,表明芍药具有较高的综合利用潜力,能够为相关产业的发展提供重要参考。

不同热处理方式对小麦粉特性及其蒸饼品质的影响

目前蒸饼的制作大多采用传统的半烫面工艺,工序较为复杂,为解决这一问题,该研究采用不同热处理方式(蒸汽处理、微波处理、干热处理)对小麦粉进行热处理,研究了不同处理方式对小麦粉的糊化特性、热机械学特性、微观结构等的影响,并将处理后的小麦粉添加到未处理的小麦粉中制成蒸饼,考察了所制得的蒸饼的水分分布、质构特性及感官品质。结果表明:3种热处理的适当处理时间都可以提高小麦粉的黏度和回生值;经干热处理和微波处理后的小麦粉的破损淀粉含量高于经蒸汽处理的小麦粉。3种热处理小麦粉的添加均可以提高面团的吸水率,蒸汽处理小麦粉的添加使面团耐揉性降低、蒸煮稳定性提高,微波和干热处理小麦粉的添加使面团的耐揉性和内部结构稳定性提高。适当处理时间的热处理小麦粉的添加可以提高蒸饼的结合水含量、硬度、弹性和咀嚼性等。其中,经蒸汽处理40 min、微波处理2 min和干热处理30 min后的小麦粉的添加制得的蒸饼有相对适中的强韧性、较高的结合水含量和感官评分。该研究结果表明添加热处理后的小麦粉代替传统的烫面工艺制作高品质蒸饼具有可行性,同时能够为蒸饼的工业化生产提供相应的基础数据和一定的理论指导。

基于混凝预处理的超滤净水工艺研究进展

膜污染是超滤工艺大规模运用的主要限制性因素,介绍超滤膜净水工艺膜污染的原理及其污染物。详述基于混凝预处理的三种超滤膜工艺:传统超滤工艺、短流程超滤工艺、一体式絮体-超滤工艺。以短流程超滤工艺为重点,阐述近年来以混凝预处理工艺来缓解超滤净水工艺膜污染的研究成果。总结了滤饼层结构对膜污染的影响,以及混凝预处理缓解超滤膜污染的作用原理,为膜法水处理工艺技术工程应用提供参考。

混凝土粗糙面几何特征采集的压饼拓模法试验研究

提出适用于粗糙面几何特征采集的压饼拓模法,并介绍了压饼仪构造及使用方法,使用此方法进行了5种不同预置时长的超轻黏土物理性能和拓印精度试验。结果表明:当黏土开封预置2h左右时,可获得最优拓模精度;塑性沉陷值比含水率更适宜作为界面粗糙度拓模精度控制的黏土物理性质评价指标,当黏土塑性沉陷值不小于1.5mm时,对应点平均误差在0.3mm以内;回弹值对拓模精度影响不大。同时采取增大按压压力、二次按揉、附加刚性背板等措施进行拓模精度影响研究。结果表明:按压压力不应小于50N;二次按揉可提高模印精度;采用刚开封黏土时,附加刚性背板措施可实现高精度即时脱模,其对应点平均误差在0.12mm以内。

基于煤岩显微组分分选与重构的海石湾矿煤黏结特性研究

为提升海石湾矿煤的利用价值,基于工业分析、元素分析以及煤岩显微组分的检测结果,通过高密度脱灰、按密度分选和煤岩显微组分重构等方法,研究了煤岩显微组分的分选方式与重构煤的黏结特性。结果表明:海石湾矿煤品质优良,但其中情质组含量较高是限制其应用范围和高价值利用的主要因素;将原煤煤样的粒度破碎至6mm以下,可使煤与杂质解离充分,当分选密度为1.6g/cm²时,精煤理论产率为85.50%,理论灰分为5.09%,可选性等级为易选;以1.6g/cm²为分选密度对破碎后(<6mm)原煤进行脱灰处理,并将脱灰后轻产物磨细至0.125mm,按密度1.28g/cm²进行分选,可得到产率为42.00%、镜质组含量为85.92%的浮物;煤岩显微组分重构后,当其中镜质组含量大于75%时,重构煤的黏结性有了明显提高,达到了气煤标准,可有效提升产品的利用价值。研究结果不仅可推动海石湾矿煤基于显微组分的分质利用,也对“双碳”背景下煤炭清洁高效利用具有重要意义。

根皮素对5-羟甲基糠醛的消减机理以及在广式月饼中的应用

多酚化合物可有效降低5-羟甲基糠醛(5-hydroxymethylfurfural,HMF)的含量,并产生新的物质。为探究多酚消减HMF的机理,研究其在月饼加工中的应用,该研究采用液相色谱法对比10种多酚对HMF的消减效果;分别在模拟体系、焦糖化反应体系和广式月饼中研究消减率最高的根皮素(phloretin,Phl)对HMF和3-脱氧奥苏糖(3-deoxyglucosone,3-DG)的消减作用,进而采用液相色谱/质谱联用法探究根皮素消减HMF的机理;评价了根皮素的添加量对月饼感官特性和色度的影响。结果表明,10 mmol/L根皮素在模拟体系中对HMF消减率达39.73%,其在葡萄糖反应体系中对HMF和3-DG的消减率分别为57.78%和37.33%;在月饼中添加0.6%的根皮素时,饼皮中HMF和3-DG消减率分别为57.84%和6.34%,且对月饼感官特性无显著影响。进一步结果表明,根皮素可与HMF形成分子质量为656 amu的加合物(HMF-Di-Phl)。可见,根皮素可通过直接捕获生成的HMF和抑制3-DG的形成而消减体系中的HMF。研究为提升焙烤食品安全提供了参考。

姜制半夏传统制作工艺考证

姜半夏传统制作工艺:完整半夏姜制法多在前期生半夏汤洗的基础上进行,亦有直接用姜汤洗的记载。半夏片为汤洗后切片,再用姜汁浸、炒、煮、蒸等,以炒法为优。半夏粉为半夏汤洗切片研细粉,再用姜汤浸澄,多用于制作糊丸或包衣。半夏饼为汤洗后半夏研粉与生姜汁或去皮生姜混合制成的饼状物,再经炙、煨、炒等法而成。半夏曲始于宋代,当时半夏曲有制饼与发酵两种,均以生姜为辅料。制饼者并没有发酵的过程,实为半夏饼。半夏曲的配方众多,生姜必不可少。地方炮制经验中将生半夏水浸泡,生姜煮取汁,再共同煮制为主流。地方炮制规范中多为生半夏水浸透,姜汤矾水共煮。现代学者的研究方向主要集中在炮制工艺优选与炮制原理两方面。建议恢复姜半夏的传统汤洗姜制工艺。

半夏曲传统制作工艺沿革探讨

该文对半夏曲传统制作工艺的沿革进行了探讨。宋代半夏曲的制作方法包括半夏姜汁制饼与制饼后发酵两种,以半夏姜汁制饼为主流。金元时沿袭宋代工艺,半夏曲的应用具有一定的局限性。明代医家对半夏曲的炮制机理进行了阐发,认为“片则刀峻,曲则力柔。”明代李时珍对半夏饼与半夏曲的混淆问题进行了澄清,韩懋的《韩氏医通》收载了5首半夏曲方,对半夏曲配方的扩充具有划时代的意义。清代医家在继承《韩氏医通》半夏曲方的基础上,总结为韩飞霞制曲十法;当时的半夏曲与神曲的制作工艺相互影响。建国后,半夏曲的地方炮制经验深受清代影响,地方炮制规范逐渐趋同。该文同时对半夏曲炮制工艺中的“半夏”与“曲”孰重孰轻、半夏的前期处理、半夏饼与半夏曲的概念区分、面粉用量与添加时机、神曲粉的加入、白矾在半夏曲中的作用等问题进行了思考。