Response of Rice Cultivars to Elevated Air Temperature and Soil Amendments: Implications towards Climate Change Adaptations and Mitigating Global Warming Potentials

Global mean surface air temperature is expected to increase 1.1˚C - 6.4˚C by the end of 21st century which may affect rice productivity and methane emissions in the future climate. This experiment was conducted to investigate the response of rice cultivars to elevated air temperature (+1.5˚C higher than ambient) and soil amendments in regards to rice yield, yield scaled methane emissions and global warming potentials. The experimental findings revealed that replacement of inorganic fertilizers (20% - 40% of recommended NPKS) with Vermicompost, Azolla biofertilizer, enriched sugarcane pressmud, rice husk biochar and silicate fertilization increased rice yield 13.0% - 23.0%, and 11.0% - 19.0% during wet aman and dry boro season, respectively. However, seasonal cumulative CH4 fluxes were decreased by 9.0% - 25.0% and 5.0% - 19.0% during rainfed wet aman and irrigated dry boro rice cultivation, respectively with selected soil amendments. The maximum reduction in seasonal cumulative CH4 flux (19.0% - 25.0%) was recorded with silicate fertilization and azolla biofertilizer amendments (9.0% - 13.0%), whereas maximum grain yield increment 10.0 % - 14.0% was found with Vermicompost and Sugarcane pressmud amendments compared to chemical fertilization (100% NPKS) treated soils at ambient air temperature. However, rice grain yield decreased drastically 43.0% - 50.0% at elevated air temperature (3˚C higher than ambient air temperature), eventhough accelerated the total cumulative CH4 flux as well as GWPs in all treatments. Maximum seasonal mean GWPs were calculated at 391.0 kg CO2 eq·ha−1 in rice husk biochar followed by sugarcane pressmud (mean GWP 387.0 kg CO2 eq·ha−1), while least GWPs were calculated at 285 - 305 kg CO2 eq·ha−1 with silicate fertilizer and Azolla biofertilizer amendments. Rice cultivar BRRI dhan 87 revealed comparatively higher seasonal cumulative CH4 fluxes, yield scaled CH4 flux and GWPs than BRRI dhan 71 during wet aman rice growing season;while BRRI dhan 89 showed higher cumulative CH4 flux and GWPs than BINA dhan 10 during irrigated boro rice cultivation. Conclusively, inorganic fertilizers may be partially (20% - 40% of the recommended NPKS) replaced with Vermicompost, azolla biofertilizer, silicate fertilizer and enriched sugarcane pressmud compost for sustainable rice production and decreasing GWPs under elevated air temperature condition.

Soil CH_4 fluxes response to understory removal and N-fixing species addition in four forest plantations in Southern China

CH4 is one of the most important greenhouse gases, and mainly comes from soils in forest ecosystems. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of forest management practices such as understory removal and N-fixing species （Cassia alata） addition, on soil CH4 fluxes in four forest plantations in southern China. Fluxes of CH4 were measured in Eucalyptus urophylla plantation （B1）, Acacia crassi-carpa plantation （B2）, 10-native-species-mixed plantation （B3）, and 30-native-species-mixed plantation （B4） stands using the static chamber method in Southern China. Four forest management treatments, includ-ing （1） understory removal and replacement with C. alata （UR＋CA）; （2） understory removal only （UR）; （3） C. alata addition only （CA）; and （4） control without any disturbances （CK）, were applied in the four forest plantations. The results showed that plantation types had a significant effect on soil CH4 fluxes. B1 and B2 tended to be CH4 consumers, while B3 and B4 inclined to be CH4 producers. UR decreased CH4 fluxes by providing a more optimal soil temperature and moisture regime for mi-croorganism community and increasing substrate mineralization. How-ever, CA enhanced CH4 fluxes in B1 and B2 for N-fixing function of C. alata while lowered CH4 fluxes in B3 and B4. Soil CH4 flux rate was significantly related to soil temperature and moisture conditions in the top 10-cm soil layer. Furthermore, the quality of substrates, such as Soil Organic Carbon （SOC） and mineral N might also be important driving factors for CH4 fluxes. This study improved our understanding on CH4 fluxes in plantations under different management practices such as UR and CA.

三江平原湿地土壤CO2和CH4排放的初步研究

在三江平原选择3种不同类型的湿地:永久积水的漂筏苔草沼泽、季节性积水的小叶章草甸和无积水的恢复湿地。从2002年7月到10月对漂筏苔草沼泽进行了土壤碳排放的观测,2002年8月中旬至10月对小叶章草甸和恢复湿地进行了土壤碳排放的观测。观测结果表明,不同湿地类型下土壤CO2和CH4排放具有明显的差异,同段时期内(2002年8月中旬到10月底)土壤CH4排放通量为小叶章草甸(14.3mg·m-2·h-1)>漂筏苔草沼泽(7.9mg·m-2·h-1)>恢复湿地(-0.015mg·m-2·h-1),CO2排放速率表现为小叶章草甸(384.9mg·m-2·h-1)>恢复湿地(345.6mg·m-2·h-1)>漂筏苔草沼泽(117.6mg·m-2·h-1)。温度是导致漂筏苔草沼泽和小叶章草甸土壤CO2和CH4的排放季节变化的主要驱动因子,也是恢复湿地土壤CO2排放季节变化的主要驱动因子,但对其CH4氧化吸收影响不明显。地表积水深度与漂筏苔草沼泽以及小叶章草甸土壤CO2和CH4排放均呈负相关,温度和积水深度的综合作用决定了漂筏苔草沼泽和小叶章草甸土壤CO2和CH4排放的季节变化特征。

水稻土CH4产生潜力及其影响因素

培养试验所用15种水稻土样品采自全国各主要稻米产区。15种水稻土产CH4潜力差异很大,厌氧培养CH4产生率显著大于好氧培养,整个培养期(132d)总CH4产生量的变化范围为1.18～1180μgg-1(厌氧培养)和0.41～136μgg-1(好氧培养)。土壤CH4产生量受与土壤有机质含量有关的有机碳和全氮含量的显著影响,而与活性铁锰含量、颗粒组成、阳离子交换量、土壤pH等其他土壤理化性质之间无显著相关性,表明土壤有机质含量是影响CH4产生的最重要土壤性质。与类似试验的结果比较说明,土壤有机质含量对CH4产生量的影响程度可能与土样代表的空间尺度有关。

西南喀斯特地区灌丛林土壤CO2、CH4通量研究

灌丛林生态系统是西南喀斯特地区广泛分布的生态系统类型,在区域生态系统碳循环和碳平衡中有重要作用。为估算亚热带喀斯特地区CO2和CH4源汇现状,评价灌丛林生态系统对温室效应的影响,以贵阳市开阳县灌丛林为研究对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法观测CO2和CH4通量的季节变化。对2010年12月到2012年1月的观测结果分析表明,灌丛林地土壤表现为CO2的释放源和CH4的吸收汇,CO2通量的变化范围为33.20～1106.75 mg/(m2.h),年平均通量为342.98 mg/(m2.h);CH4通量的变化范围为–206.14～–59.85μg/(m2.h),年平均通量为–103.22μg/(m2.h)。CO2排放通量和CH4吸收通量均表现出明显的季节变化规律,两者最高值均出现在夏季,不同的是CO2排放通量最低值出现在12月,而CH4吸收通量最高值则出现在11月。土壤温度和土壤湿度是影响灌丛林土壤CO2通量的主要因子,双因素模型(F=αeβTWγ)较好拟合了土壤温度和土壤湿度对土壤呼吸的影响,两者共同解释了CO2通量变化的81.4%。土壤CH4吸收通量与温度存在显著正相关关系,其中5 cm土壤温度同CH4吸收通量相关性最好,但温度超过一定阈值时,两者相关性降低。土壤CH4吸收通量与土壤湿度呈显著负相关关系表明,水分是土壤氧化CH4的重要限制因子。

麦季稻秆还田方式对后续稻季CH4排放的影响

通过田间试验研究了麦季4种稻秆还田方式(不还田、表面覆盖、均匀混施和原位焚烧)对后续稻季CH4排放的影响,以探讨稻-麦轮作系统中秸秆还田对稻田温室气体排放的后续效应。试验于2007年小麦播种期将4.8t·hm-2水稻秸秆分别以不同方式还田(不还田处理除外),利用静态箱/气相色谱法对2008年后续稻季CH4排放进行观测。结果表明,不同麦季稻秆还田方式显著影响后续稻季的CH4排放。与不施稻秆处理相比,表面覆盖和均匀混施处理后续稻季CH4排放量增加了75%和40%,且CH4排放量差异主要体现在水稻生长前期(0-60d);原位焚烧处理CH4排放量与稻秆不还田处理相比无显著差异(P>0.05);与不施稻秆处理相比,均匀混施处理显著增加稻季开始前土壤全C质量分数6%和全N质量分数12%(P<0.05);各处理水稻(Oryzasativa L.)产量无显著差异(P>0.05);稻秆麦季均匀混施与表面覆盖相比能在一定程度上抑制后续稻季CH4排放,同时避免了秸秆焚烧导致的C、N、P等元素的大量损失,是较为合理的麦季稻秆还田方式。

生活垃圾填埋场春夏季CH4释放及影响因素

采用静态箱法监测了2个生活垃圾填埋场春、夏季及昼夜的CH4释放通量,并分析了影响CH4释放的相关因素.结果表明:填埋气体(LFG)主动收集对填埋场CH4释放的影响显著.在填埋龄相近的条件(4.0～4.5年)下,无LFG主动收集的填埋场春、夏季CH4的释放通量(以CH4计)平均值〔(541±1005)mg/(m2.h)〕比有LFG主动收集的填埋场提高4.4倍.在有LFG主动收集的填埋场内,填埋龄为1.0～1.5年的非渗滤液灌溉区的CH4释放通量均值〔(324±847)mg/(m2.h)〕为灌溉区的10.0倍左右.在有LFG主动收集的填埋场内,CH4释放通量与各环境因子间无显著相关;而在无LFG主动收集的填埋场内,CH4释放通量分别与覆土温度和气温呈显著正相关,与大气压强呈显著负相关.相关性分析结果表明,CH4释放通量与填埋场覆土中含水率,w(有机碳)和w(总氮)呈显著正相关.

DCD不同施用时间对水稻生长期CH4和N2O排放的影响

硝化抑制剂传统的施用方法是在作物移栽或播种前与基肥配合施用。通过温室盆栽试验研究相同施肥条件下,硝化抑制剂双氢胺(dicyandiamide,DCD)不同施用时间(与基肥混施、分孽肥后施入、穗肥后施入)对水稻生长期CH4和N2O排放的影响。结果表明,施入DCD能同时降低CH4和N2O排放量。就整个水稻生长期而言,与基肥混施DCD分别降低21.41%的CH4排放量和8.00%的N2O排放量;调节DCD施用时间至分孽肥后显著降低30.30%的N2O排放量,同时降低5.24%的CH4排放量。就施入DCD到水稻收获的特定生长阶段而言,缓施DCD分别降低32.65%的N2O排放量和11.18%的CH4排放量;晚施DCD对CH4和N2O排放的影响不大。CK、早施DCD、缓施DCD及晚施DCD处理CH4平均排放通量分别为0.95、0.75、0.87mg/(m.2h)及0.94 mg/(m.2h),N2O平均排放通量为155.67、143.24、108.50μg/(m.2h)及153.24μg/(m2.h),缓施DCD显著降低CH4和N2O排放量(p<0.01)。土壤温度是影响N2O排放的主要因素,而CH4排放通量与土壤Eh呈显著负相关(p<0.01)。

城市河岸带绿地N2O和CH4排放对硝态氮输入的短期响应研究

为了探讨氮输入对城市河岸带绿地温室气体N2O和CH4短期排放的影响,采用静态箱-气相色谱法系统测定了不同季节上海市典型城市河岸绿化带草地输入硝酸盐(NO-3)后N2O和CH 4排放通量的短期(3-5d)时间变化特征,并同时测定了气温、光照强度、不同深度地温和土壤的理化性质.结果表明,NO-3的输入在短期内可以显著增加春夏秋季N2O、春夏季CH4的排放通量,而在其他季节变化不明显;季节是影响N2O和CH4排放的主要因素,NO-3输入对N 2O排放具有显著影响且可以降低季节影响强度的显著性.在无NO-3输入的情况下,N 2O的排放通量和气温、地温相关性不显著,但随着输入量的增加,相关性程度逐渐增强;而CH 4在较低NO-3输入量(<3.18 g N·m^-2)下其排放通量和地温不具有显著相关关系(P>0.05),而在较高输入量下,则具有显著的正相关关系(P<0.05),说明NO-3输入后短期内地温是影响河岸带绿地温室气体产生的重要的季节性因子,因此探讨氮输入对湿地温室气体排放的影响应考虑其时间变异性.

水肥管理对稻田CH4 排放及其全球增温潜势影响的评估

甲烷(CH_4)是主要温室气体之一,对全球增温的作用仅次于二氧化碳(CO_2)。稻田是CH_4的重要排放源,减少稻田CH_4排放对减缓气候变暖具有直接效应。为此,掌握稻田CH_4排放的规律和特征对控制和减少稻田CH_4排放尤为重要。为了解稻田温室气体排放的主要影响因子及影响程度,估算稻田温室气体全球增温潜势,寻求农田减排措施,我们通过收集已发表的文献建立了稻田CH_4排放的数据库,采用析因分析与回归分析方法对稻田CH_4日排放量和全球增温潜势特征和可能的影响因子进行了分析。结果表明,稻田CH_4日排放量和增温潜势均随土壤有机质背景含量的升高而增加,不同类型稻田CH_4日排放量大小依次为:双季稻晚稻>双季稻早稻>单季稻>稻麦轮作晚稻;晚稻田CH_4的增温潜势大于早稻田。不同肥料处理条件下,稻田CH_4日排放量表现为:秸秆还田>配施有机肥>化学氮肥≈生物炭。控制灌溉水量可降低稻田CH_4的综合增温潜势,表现为:持续淹水>晒田>干湿交替>控制灌溉。研究结果说明,稻田CH_4的产生与排放过程受土壤有机质含量、肥料管理和水分管理以及轮作制度等多种因素的共同影响,应依据不同土壤条件和种植制度,适当调整肥水管理,以减少稻田温室气体排放,降低其增温潜势。

石漠化治理对土壤中CO2、CH4变化特征及碳汇效应的影响

为探究石漠化治理对土壤中CO_2、CH_4变化特征及碳汇效应的影响,采用气相色谱法对重庆市南川石漠化治理示范区土壤中CO_2、CH_4浓度进行观测,结合土壤温度、土壤含水率、土壤容重和土壤有机碳对石漠化治理区(试验区)和对比区(未经过石漠化治理的荒草地)进行研究,并用溶蚀量数据估算岩溶区碳汇量。结果显示:土壤中CO2浓度随土壤深度的增加先增加后减小,变化范围为393～7 400mg·L^(-1);而土壤中CH_4浓度随土壤深度的增加先减小后增大,变化范围为1.13～3.42mg·L^(-1)。试验区土壤中CO_2浓度均值为2 131mg·L^(-1),CH4浓度均值为1.94mg·L^(-1);而对比区土壤中CO_2浓度均值为2 338mg·L^(-1),CH_4浓度均值为2.10mg·L^(-1)。土壤温度、土壤有机碳与土壤中CO_2浓度变化趋势呈显著正相关关系,而与土壤中CH_4变化趋势呈显著负相关关系,说明土壤温度和土壤有机碳是影响土壤中CO_2、CH_4浓度的主要因素;土壤温度与土壤中CO2浓度呈正相关关系且相关性随石漠化治理而变弱,说明经过石漠化治理土壤温度对土壤中CO2浓度的影响减弱。试验区岩溶试片溶蚀速率大于对比区,且经过石漠化治理,由岩溶作用产生的碳汇可提高0.66～9.42t·km^(-2)·a^(-1);说明石漠化治理对于岩溶区碳汇起到了促进作用。

Methane in soil gas and its transfer to the atmosphere in the Yakela condensed gas field in the Tarim Basin,Northwest China

In this study, by analyzing CH4 concentration and 613CCH4 in soil-gas profiles, the potentials of CH4 gas transfer from ground to atmosphere were studied at four representative sectors in the Yakela condensed gas field in the Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, China. These are： 1） the oil-gas interface sector, 2） fault sector, 3） oil-water interface sector, 4） an external area. Variation in CH4 in soil-gas profiles showed that CH4 microseepage resulted from the migration of subsurface hydrocarbon from deep-buried reservoirs to the earth＇s surface. It was found that CH4 from deep-buried reservoirs could migrate upwards to the surface through faults, fissures and permeable rocks, during which some CH4 was oxidized and the unoxidized methane remained in the soil or was emitted into the atmosphere. The lowest level of CH4 at the soil-gas profile was found at the CH4 gas-phase equilibrium point at which the CH4 migration upwards from deep-buried reservoirs and the CH4 diffusion downwards from the atmosphere met. The 613CcH4 and ethane, propane in soil gas exhibited thermogenic characteristics, suggesting the occurrence of CH4 microseepage from deep-buried reservoirs. A linear correlation analysis between CH4 concentrations in soil gas and temperature, moisture, pH, Eh, Ec and particle size of soil indicated that both soil Eh and soil temperature could affect CH4 concentration in soil gas while soil pH could indirectly influence soil methanotrophic oxidation via impacting soil Eh.

Potential methane and nitrous oxide production and respiration rates from penguin and seal colony tundra soils during freezing–thawing cycles under different water contents in coastal Antarctica

In coastal Antarctica, frequent freezing-thawing cycles （FTCs） and changes to the hydrological conditions may affect methane （CH4） and nitrous oxide （N2O） production and respiration rates in tundra soils, which are difficult to observe in situ. Tundra soils including omithogenic tundra soil （OAS）, seal colony soil （SCS） and emperor penguin colony soil （EPS） were collected. In laboratory, we investigated the effects of FTCs and water addition on potential N2O and CH4 production and respiration rates in the soils. The CH4 fluxes from OAS and SCS were much less than that from EPS. Meanwhile, the N2O fluxes from OAS and EPS were much less than that from SCS. The N2O production rates from all soils were extremely low during freezing, but rapidly increased following thawing. In all cases, FTC also induced considerably enhanced soil respiration, indicating that soil respiration response was sensitive to the FTCs. The highest cumulative rates of CH4, N2O and CO2 were 59.5 mg CH4-C·kg-1 in EPS, 6268.8μg N2O-N·kg-1 in SCS and 3522.1mg CO2-C·kg-1 in OAS. Soil water addition had no significant effects on CH4 production and respiration rates, but it could reduce N2O production in OAS and EPS, and it stimulated N2O production in SCS. Overall, CH4 and N2O production rates showed a trade-off relationship during the three FTCs. Our results indicated that FTCs greatly stimulated soil N2O and CO2 production, and water increase has an important effect on soil N2O production in coastal Antarctic tundra.

Potential methane production rates and its carbon isotopic composition from ornithogenic tundra soils in coastal Antarctic

Methane （CH4） is one of important greenhouse gases with chemical activity. The determination of isotopic compositions for CH4 emitted from the soils helps us to understand its production mechanisms. CH4 isotope measurements have been conducted for different types of global terrestrial ecosystems. However, no isotopic data of CH4 have been reported from Antarctic tundra soils. In this paper, ornithogenic soil profiles were collected from four penguin colonies, and potential CH4 production rates and its 13C ratio （δ13C） were investigated based upon laboratory incubation experiments. The mean CH4 production rates are highly variable in these soil profiles, ranging from 0.7 to 20.3μg CH4-C kg-1·h-1. These omithogenic soils had high potential production rates of CH4 under ambient air incubation or under N2 incubation, indicating the importance of potential CH4 emissions from penguin colonies. Most of the soil samples had higher δ13C-CH4 under N2 incubation （-39.28%-43.53%） than under the ambient air incubation （-42.81%-57.19%）. Highly anaerobic conditions were conducive to the production of CI-h enriched in 13C, and acetic acid reduction under N2 incubation might be a predominant source for soil CH4 production. Overall the δ13C-CH4 showed a significant negative correlation with CH4 production rates in ornithogenic tundra soils under N2 incubation （R2=0.41,p〈0.01） or under the ambient air incubation （RE=0.50,p〈0.01）. Potential CH4 production from ornithogenic soils showed a significant positive correlation with total phosphorus （TP） and NH4＋-N contents, pH and soil moisture （Mc）, but the δ13C-CH4 showed a significant negative correlation with TP and NH4＋ -N contents, pH and Me, indicating that the deposition amount of penguin guano increased potential CH4 production rates from tundra soils, but decreased the δ13C-CH4. The CH4 emissions from the ornithogenic soils affect carbon isotopic compositions of atmospheric CH4 in coastal Antarctica.

In-Field Management Practices for Mitigating Soil CO₂and CH₄Fluxes under Corn (<i>Zea mays</i>) Production System in Middle Tennessee

The United States continues to be the largest corn producer in the world. How to maximize corn yield and at the same time reduce greenhouse gas emissions, is becoming a challenging effort for growers and researchers. As a result, our understanding of the responses of soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes to agricultural practices in cornfields is still limited. We conducted a 3-yr cornfield experiment to study the responses of soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes to various agricultural practices in middle Tennessee. The agricultural practices included no-tillage + regular applications of urea ammonium nitrate (NT-URAN);no-tillage + regular applications of URAN + denitrification inhibitor (NT-inhi- bitor);no-tillage + regular applications of URAN + biochar (NT-biochar);no-tillage + 20% applications of URAN + chicken litter (NT-litter);no-tillage + split applications of URAN (NT-split);and conventional tillage + regular applications of URAN as a control (CT-URAN). A randomized complete block design was used with six replications. The same amount of fertilizer equivalent to 217 kg·N·ha-1 was applied to all of the experimental plots. The results showed that improved fertilizer and soil management, except the NT-biochar treatment significantly increased soil CO2 flux as compared to the conventional tillage (CT-URAN, 487.05 mg CO2 m-2·h-1). Soil CO2 flux increased exponentially with soil temperature (T 2 flux tended to be positively related to corn yield and/or soil moisture. Soil CH4 flux increased linearly with soil moisture in all treatments. Improved fertilizer and soil management did not alter soil CH4 flux, but significantly affected its moisture sensitivity. Our results indicated that agricultural practices enhancing corn yield may also result in a net increase in carbon emissions from soil, hence reducing the potential of carbon sequestration in croplands.

Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Tropical Soils Amended with Poultry Manure and Sugar Cane Straw Biochars

Increases in greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, upon changes in land use and agricultural management, lead to a search for techniques that enhance carbon residence time in soil. Pyrolysis increases the recalcitrance of organic materials and enhances their activities as physical, chemical and biological soil conditioners. Emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O quantified from a sandy soil that was treated with three rates (12.5, 25 e 50 Mg·ha-1) of either non-pyrolysed poultry manure and sugarcane straw or biochars, pyrolysed at two contrasting temperatures (350°C and 650°C). Subsequently, the flux of the three gases was converted and compared in a standard unit (CO2eq). The added biochars, significantly reduced GHG emissions, especially CO2, relative to the non-pyrolysed materials. The greatest differences between applied rates of poultry manure, relative sugarcane straw, both to biochar and raw material, and the positive response to the increase of pyrolysis temperture, confirm the importance of raw material choice for biochar production, with recalcitrance being an important initial characteristic. Greater emissions occurred with intermediate rate of biochars (25 Mg·ha-1) amendment to the soil. These intermediate rates had higher microbial biomass, provided by an intermediate C/N ratio derived from the original soil and the biochar, promoting combined levels of labile C and oxygen availability, leading to an optimal environment for microbiota.

Mitigation Rice Yield Scaled Methane Emission and Soil Salinity Stress with Feasible Soil Amendments

Sea level rise and saline water intrusion have been affecting land use and crop production especially rice in the coastal areas of major rice growing countries including Bangladesh. The upward trend in salinity intrusion has been hampering crop production, particularly rice cultivation in the coastal areas of Bangladesh. Therefore, an experiment was conducted on rice planted saline soils under the Nethouse at Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh to improve the properties of salt affected soils for rice cultivation as well as controlling methane (CH4) emissions with feasible soil organic amendments and recommended inorganic fertilizers. The experimental treatments were arranged under 25 mM NaCl, 50 mM NaCl and 75 mM NaCl salinity levels with different combinations of NPKSZn, biochar, phosphogypsum and Trichocompost. It was found that CH4 emission rates were suppressed with phospho-gypsum and biochar amendments within the salinity level 25 mM to 50 mM, beyond this salinity level (at 75 mM), soil amendments were not effective to control CH4 emissions. From panicle initiation to grain ripening stages treatment T4 (100% NPKSZn + 75 mM NaCl stress) showed the highest CH4 emission rate, while lower CH4 emission rate was recorded in T5 (100% NPKSZn + 25 mM NaCl stress + Phospho-gypsum) and T8 treatment (100% NPKSZn + 50 mM NaCl + Phospho-gypsum). In case of seasonal total CH4 emission, Phospho-gypsum was found most effective to mitigate total CH4 emissions followed by biochar and trichocompost amendments in all salinity levels, probably due to the improved soil redox potential status (Eh), decreased electrical conductivity (EC), increased SO42-, NO3- , Mn4+ etc. in the rice rhizosphere. Rice growth and yield components were badly affected by increasing salinity levels. Phospho-gypsum, biochar and trichocompost amendments increased plant height, panicles number/hill, shoot biomass and grain yield/hill at 25 mM NaCl stress condition. However, salinity stress 50 mM to 75 mM severely affected rice growth and yield components, eventhough phospho-gypsum, biochar and trichocompost were applied. Among the amendments, phosphogypsum and biochar significantly decreased yield scaled CH4 emission (GHGI) in salinity levels 25 mM to 75 mM. After harvesting rice, the overall soil properties such as organic matter content, available P, available S, exchangeable K+ and Ca2+, K+/Na+, Ca2+/Na+ ratios etc. were increased with the biochar, phospho-gypsum and trichocompost amendments. The highest ratios of K+/Na+ and Ca+/Na+ were found in the extract of saline soil at 25 mM with phospho-gypsum amendments followed by biochar and trichocompost amendments. Furthermore, soil SO42-, NO3- , Mn4+ and Fe3+ contents in rice root rhizosphere were increased in the amended saline soils, which caused significant reduction in seasonal methane emissions. Therefore, it could be concluded that the combined application of phospho-gypsum and biochar with the recommended NPKSZn fertilizers in saline soils may be a good practice for increasing tolerance to salinity in rice by increasing K+/Na+, Ca2+/Na+ ratios, while decreasing yield scaled CH4 emission (GHGI) in salinity levels 25 mM to 75 mM.

保护性耕作下双季稻农田甲烷排放特征及温室效应

【目的】传统耕作方式和秸秆焚烧造成土壤有机质的大量损失,使农田成为温室气体一个重要排放源,本文旨在研究保护性耕作对稻田CH4排放通量及其温室效应的影响,为评价耕作措施对土壤固碳潜力和温室气体减排影响提供依据。【方法】通过对翻耕秸秆不还田(CT)、翻耕秸秆还田(CTS)、旋耕秸秆还田(RTS)、免耕秸秆还田(NTS)处理的稻田CH4排放进行连续观测,分析稻田CH4排放特征及其温室效应。【结果】在秸秆还田情况下,早稻生长季旋耕和翻耕的CH4排放量差异不大,但显著高于免耕;晚稻生长季旋耕CH4排放量显著高于翻耕和免耕;冬闲季节各处理CH4排放量较小,翻耕CH4排放量显著高于旋耕和免耕。在翻耕情况下,秸秆还田处理和秸秆不还田处理全年CH4排放特征基本相同。秸秆还田主要增大晚稻生长季和冬闲季节的CH4排放,对早稻生长季CH4排放影响较小。全年CH4排放导致的温室效应为RTS>CTS>NTS>CT,且差异均达显著水平。各处理全年CH4排放主要来自早晚稻生长季,冬闲季节占的比重很小均不到1%。与翻耕相比,旋耕对温室效应的贡献是翻耕的1.98倍,而免耕减小温室效应,约减排15%。与秸秆还田相比,秸秆不还田减小温室效应,约减排42%。【结论】目前双季稻区推行保护性耕作的主要措施旋耕秸秆还田对温室效应的贡献最大,秸秆不还田和免耕均有利于减小温室效应。但考虑到秸秆还田有利于提升地力,且秸秆以其它方式处理导致的温室效应还有待于研究,建议在长江中下游双季稻区推广以免耕秸秆还田为主的保护性耕作。

温带针阔混交林土壤碳氮气体通量的主控因子与耦合关系

中高纬度森林地区由于气候条件变化剧烈,土壤温室气体排放量的估算存在很大的不确定性,并且不同碳氮气体通量的主控因子与耦合关系尚不明确。以长白山温带针阔混交林为研究对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法连续4a(2005—2009年)测定土壤二氧化碳(CO2)、甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N2O)净交换通量以及温度、水分等相关环境因子。研究结果表明:温带针阔混交林土壤整体上表现为CO2和N2O的排放源和CH4的吸收汇。土壤CH4、CO2和N2O通量的年均值分别为-1.3 kg CH4hm-2a-1、15102.2 kg CO2hm-2a-1和6.13 kg N2O hm-2a-1。土壤CO2通量呈现明显的季节性规律,主要受土壤温度的影响,水分次之;土壤CH4通量的季节变化不明显,与土壤水分显著正相关;土壤N2O通量季节变化与土壤CO2通量相似,与土壤水分、温度显著正相关。土壤CO2通量和CH4通量不存在任何类型的耦合关系,与N2O通量也不存在耦合关系;土壤CH4和N2O通量之间表现为消长型耦合关系。这项研究显示温带针阔混交林土壤碳氮气体通量主要受环境因子驱动,不同气体通量产生与消耗之间存在复杂的耦合关系,下一步研究需要深入探讨环境变化对其耦合关系的影响以及内在的生物驱动机制。