Soil and water loss in the Lancang River-Mekong River watershed (in Yunnan section, China) and its control measures

According to a lot of hydrological and environmental monitoring data, the condition of soil and water loss in the Lancang River Mekong River watershed (in Yunnan section, China) is described. The occurrence and development of soil and water loss is analyzed. The conclusion is that: (1) generally, the situation of soil and water loss in the Lancang River Mekong River watershed (in Yunnan section, China) is light, however, soil and water loss in some regions is serious, especially in the middle reach area of the river; (2) soil and water loss in the Lancang River Mekong River (in Yunnan section, China) watershed presents developing tendency and it is mainly caused by human beings. In accordance with these results, the control measures for soil and water loss are discussed.

A policy and technical measures for controlling soil and water loss in the Loess Plateau of China

Loess Plateau is the most serious region of soil and water loss in China and the world. The sediment carried into the Yellow River amounts to 1.6 billion tons every year. This paper reviews the factors and reasons for erosion in this area, and puts forward a comprehensive controlling policy on the basis of the principles of ecology and practise of Chinese scientists for 40 years. In conformity with the policy, a number of technical measures for controlling soil and water loss are suggested.

Model test of the influence of cyclic water level fluctuations on a landslide

Many landslides in reservoir areas continuously deform under cyclic water level fluctuations due to reservoir operations. In this paper,a landslide model, developed for a typical colluvial landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, is used to study the effect of cyclic water level fluctuations on the landslide. Five cyclic water level fluctuations were implemented in the test, and the fluctuation rate in the last two fluctuations doubled over the first three fluctuations. The pore water pressure and lateral landslide profiles were obtained during the test. A measurement of the landslide soil loss was proposed to quantitatively evaluate the influence of water level fluctuations. The test results show that the first water level rising is most negative to the landslide among the five cycles. The fourth drawdown with a higher drawdown rate caused further large landslide deformation. An increase of the water level drawdown rate is much more unfavorable to the landslide than an increase of the water level rising rate. In addition, the landslide was found to have an adaptive ability to resist subsequent water level fluctuations after undergoing large deformation during a water level fluctuation. The landslide deformation and observations in the field were found to support the test results well.

Integrated Prevention and Control System for Soil Erosion in Typical Black Soil Region of Northeast China

The black soil region of Northeast China is one of the most important food production bases and commodity grain bases in China. However, the continual loss and degradation of precious black soil resources has led to direct threats to national food security and regional sustainable development. Therefore, it is necessary to summarize integrated prevention and control experience of small watersheds in black soil region of Northeast China. Tongshuang small watershed, a typical watershed in rolling hills of typical black soil areas in Northeast China, is selected as the study area. Based on nearly 50 years' experience in prevention and control of soil and water loss, the structures and overall benefits of an integrated prevention and control system for soil and water loss are investigated. Then, the 'three defense lines' tri-dimensional protection system with reasonable allocation of different types of soil and water control measures from the hill top to gully is systematically analyzed. The first line on the top hill can weaken and block uphill runoff and sediment, hold water resources and improve soil property. The second line on the hill can truncate slope length, slow down the runoff velocity and reduce erosion energy. The third line in the gully is mainly composed of waterfall engineering, which can inhibit soil erosion and restore land resources. The 'three defense lines' system is feasible for soil and water loss control of small watersheds in the typical black soil region of Northeast China. Through the application of the in Tongshuang small watershed, There are effective improvements in ecological conditions in Tongshuang small watershed after the application of 'three defense lines' soil and water control system. Moreover, the integrated treatment paradigm for soil and water loss in typical black soil region is compared with that in loess region. The results of this study could offer references and experiences for other small watersheds in typical black soil region of Northeast China.

Simulation of Irrigation Water Loss Based on VSMB Model

The low degree of development and utilization as well as the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources in Huangshui River basin are the main restricting factors of the local agricultural development. The study on the simulation of irrigation water loss based on the VSMB model has very important significance to strengthening regional water management and improving water resource utilization efficiency. Five groundwater wells were set up to carry out the farmland irrigation water infiltration and the experimental study on groundwater dynamic effect. Two soil moisture monitoring sites were set up in two typical plots of Daxia and Guanting irrigation area at the same time and TDR300 was used to monitor four kinds of deep soil moisture( 10 cm,30 cm,50 cm and 70 cm). On this basis,the VSMB model was used to study the irrigation water loss in the irrigation area of Yellow River valley of Qinghai Province,including soil moisture content,the actual evapotranspiration,infiltration,runoff,groundwater buried depth and so on. The results showed that the water consumption caused by soil evaporation and crop transpiration accounted for 46. 4% and 24. 1% of the total precipitation plus irrigation,respectively,and the leakage accounted for 30. 3% and 60. 6% of the total precipitation plus irrigation,respectively,from March 1,2013 to April 30,and from August 1 to September 30. The actual evaporation of the GT- TR1 and GT- TR2 sites in the whole year of 2013 was 632. 6 mm and 646. 9 mm,respectively,and the leakage accounted for 2. 6% and 1. 2% of the total precipitation plus irrigation,respectively. RMSE of the simulation results of the groundwater depth in Daxia irrigation area during the two periods was 92. 3 mm and 27. 7 mm,respectively. And RMSE of the simulation results of the water content of soil profile in the two monitoring sites of Guanting irrigation area was 2. 04% and 5. 81%,respectively,indicating that the simulation results were reliable.

基于修正通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE)的蒙山区域水土流失敏感性评价

水土流失敏感性评价作为区域生态质量评价的重要内容,对判定水土流失程度、检验水土保持成效起着重要作用。本文基于修正的通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE),对降雨侵蚀力(R)、土壤可蚀性(K)、地形起伏度(LS)、植被覆盖(C)及水土保持措施(P)5个评价因子进行分级赋值并根据通用土壤流失方程进行计算。研究表明:1)蒙山区域的水土流失敏感性整体呈中部和南部高、东部和北部低的条带状空间分布特征;2)蒙山区域水土流失潜在危险程度的值较低,整体的水土流失敏感性中度偏轻。本文根据量化结果进行分区,得出蒙山区域水土流失防治重点,对推动蒙山区域可持续发展及促进区域生态修复均具有重要意义。

软土深基坑变形及环境影响分析方法与控制技术

随着基坑规模日益增大以及邻近环境设施愈加复杂,合理评估并控制基坑变形及对周边环境影响成为软土基坑工程面临的重要挑战。基于理论分析与工程应用,对软土深基坑变形与环境影响分析方法及控制技术进行了系统研究。首先,在统筹考虑安全与经济的前提下,提出了软土深基坑环境保护等级和变形控制指标,为基坑周边不同类型环境设施的保护提供了依据。其次,系统建立了便于工程应用的基坑变形影响简化分析方法,并提出了基于土体小应变特性的基坑开挖对环境影响的计算分析方法以及确定全套小应变本构模型参数的实用方法,为复杂环境下深基坑环境影响分析提供了重要手段。同时,针对承压水降水影响难以准确量化评估的难题,提出了根据群井抽水试验反演确定关键水文地质参数并评估深层承压水降水对地层和环境变形影响的计算方法,满足了复杂地层承压水降水影响分析的工程需求。此外,还提出了包括支护结构与主体地下结构相结合、数字化微扰动搅拌桩加固、混凝土支撑主动变形控制、承压水控制超深隔渗帷幕等绿色、低碳、环境低影响的基坑变形控制新技术。成果在全国大量工程中成功应用,促进了软土深基坑工程全过程变形影响精细化分析和系统化控制技术的发展,为大规模地下空间的开发利用提供了技术支撑。

点源漏损砂土侵蚀成洞模型试验

岩土体侵蚀规律对水力管线漏损与地质环境耦合作用下道路塌陷灾变预警具有重要意义。基于持续性水土流失设计理念,研制了塌陷试验地下水环境模拟系统,开展了不同密实度砂土侵蚀成洞试验。揭示了砂土点源管线漏损侵蚀-成洞-塌陷的灾变演化过程:稳定渗流、缓慢侵蚀、快速发展。研究表明:砂土密实度越大颗粒间接触越紧密,砂土流失临界浸润线面积越大;点源漏损成洞特性与砂土密实度密切相关,松散时空洞总体呈现上宽下窄的敞口型,密实时地表塌陷宽度小于地质体内空洞最大宽度;砂土流失速率曲线总体呈类“驼峰”性,超过界限点时砂土流失率急剧增大,快速侵蚀垮塌。通过对比不同密实度的侵蚀量与最终侵蚀状态,得到密实度与水土流失的规律。

太原市滨河自行车专用道工程水土流失防治对策

根据太原市滨河自行车专用道工程概况、项目区概况以及水土流失情况,分区提出了相应的水土保持防治对策,形成有效的水土流失防治体系,工程建设造成的景观破坏、水土流失得到有效治理,恢复和美化了项目区的生态环境,让市民在高楼林立的城市环境里面也能享受到如诗如画的美景。

基于Model Builder的水土流失危险性分析模型研究

文章通过结合土壤类型及土壤覆盖植被种类、坡度等背景与发生水土流失的危险性之间的空间关系,应用ArcGIS软件的Model Builder建模平台,进行植被叠加分析,建立DEM以及坡度重分类等技术来分析水土流失的危险性,从而得到分析结果。此项危险性分析方法为水土流失的预测及评估,以及对其防治的策略和未来水土保持工作的发展方向提供依据,说明该分析模型在水土保持中的重要性,并具有可视性和现实的意义。

基于水土保持率目标导向的温州市林地水土流失防治优化策略研究

水土保持率为新时期生态保护与高质量发展的一项约束性指标,林地是温州市主要用地类型,其水土流失优化治理是提升未来一段时间内温州市水土保持率的关键。参照水利部的水土保持率目标确定方法,基于GIS/RS研究温州市林地水土流失空间分布状况。结果表明:温州市现状林地水土流失中,可完全治理水土流失面积为197.03 km^(2);不可完全治理水土流失面积为919.87 km^(2)。根据坡度、植被覆盖度等因素量化林地水土流失防治目标,结合林地建设优化温州市林地水土流失防治策略。

基于CSLE模型的南、北盘江流域水土流失定量分析评价

水土流失定量评价可为防治水土流失灾害和开展生态环境建设提供科学依据。以多源遥感影像为信息源,基于ArcGIS平台的空间分析与数据管理等功能,获取南、北盘江流域土地利用、植被覆盖、地形坡度等数据,应用中国土壤流失方程(CSLE)计算土壤侵蚀模数,得到南、北盘江流域水土流失监测成果。结果表明,2021年南、北盘江流域水土流失面积共23966.97 km^(2),以轻度侵蚀强度为主,流域东北部水土流失较西南部严重;水土流失主要发生在耕地、林地和草地,占总水土流失面积比例达90%以上,各等级园、林、草植被覆盖度均以轻度和中度侵蚀水土流失为主,整个区域水土流失主要发生在6~35°的坡度等级上。整体而言南、北盘江局部区域水土流失问题仍然突出,需以预防和治理相结合的手段改善该区域水土流失状况。

水土保持率:概念内涵、阈值确定及实践应用

[目的]确定全国及不同区域水土流失防治的适宜目标,帮助社会各界了解和应用水土保持率概念及相关研究成果,为促进新时代水土保持高质量发展提供有益参考。[方法]根据2019年水利部首次提出的“水土保持率”指标及其专项研究成果,阐述了水土保持率概念的内涵及其阈值确定方法。以30 m分辨率网格为空间单元,基于土壤侵蚀分类分级、土地利用、地形地貌、植被覆盖等多源地理空间数据,分析计算了全国及各省份水土保持率阈值,并解读了水土保持率系列目标在中国水土保持目标责任考核和落实中的应用。[结果]水土保持率概念的核心是表征符合自然规律并满足经济社会发展要求的水土流失防治适宜程度,远期应当包含减量、降级、增效等多维度的阈值体系,可综合评估区域水土流失防治现状及其所能达到的适宜程度。目前的水土保持率指标主要反映水土流失面积的减量适宜目标,已被用于美丽中国建设评估,并被作为中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅《关于加强新时代水土保持工作的意见》中的核心指标。[结论]建议基于社会—生态系统范式,在全面考虑自然与社会领域综合因素影响,本地和溢出维度不同效应协同,生态和经济层面多重目标权衡的基础上,深入研究不同地区水土流失消长变化阈值及评估方法等问题。同时,围绕流域系统综合治理的有关要求,关注梯田、林草、淤地坝、坡耕地侵蚀沟等主要治理措施或重点治理对象的适宜规模与合理布局等重大问题。

城市水土保持区划及水土流失防控策略——以深圳市为例

新型城镇化是我国新时期社会经济发展的重大战略,城镇化进程带来的资源与环境需求对新时期水土保持工作提出了高质量发展的要求。深圳市作为高度城镇化地区,长期引领城市水土保持工作,但并未形成适合自身高密度经济单元、高科技产业类型、高质量环境要求的水土保持区划。以深圳市为研究对象,通过数理统计方法构建了水土保持区划指标体系;基于层次聚类分析和地理信息系统(GIS)空间叠加分析等定量手段和定性修正,划定了以最低行政层级的街道为基本单元的水土保持区划方案,并针对各分区水土流失特征与经济社会发展定位,提出了区域化水土流失防控重点和策略。区划方案与城市空间扩张、内部功能调整形成的格局一致,充分体现了深圳市城市水土保持特色,可用于指导深圳市水土保持分区审批、分类管理、分级防控,进而为实现深圳新时代的历史使命提供支撑。

十大孔兑流域水土流失分布特征及防治对策

[目的]通过分析十大孔兑水土流失面积、强度及水土流失动态变化,为流域综合治理提供参考依据。[方法]基于全国土壤侵蚀遥感调查结果和全国水土流失动态监测成果,对比分析流域水土流失及其分布、动态变化。[结果]十大孔兑流域植被面积占流域面积的63.97%,以中低覆盖和低覆盖为主,分别占植被覆盖面积的48.85%和36.54%。2021年水土流失面积为4374.98 km 2,占流域面积的40.63%;与2020年、1999年和1985年相比,2021年水土流失分别减少46.32,3664.50,4958.03 km 2,水土流失主要分布在草地、林地、耕地和其他土地4个地类上,占水土流失总面积的96.69%。[结论]十大孔兑依然是黄河流域水土流失治理的难点地区,高强度侵蚀减少与年度监测成果未考虑沟道侵蚀有关;该区应坚持以“以沙棘种植为主的植被建设,以淤地坝建设为重点的工程布局,以锁边固沙为前提的治沙方针,大力推进拦沙换水试点工程”的流域综合治理策略。

黄河中游多沙粗沙区水土流失治理面临的关键问题与发展对策

黄河中游多沙粗沙区是黄土高原乃至全国水土流失最为严重、生态环境最为脆弱的地区之一。根据黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展国家战略对水土保持的新需求,在总结黄河多沙粗沙区土壤侵蚀状况、水土流失治理现状与成效基础上,分析了目前水土流失治理面临的关键问题,提出了构建区域水土流失防治新格局、建立多沙粗沙区水土保持空间管控制度、加强水土保持重大基础科技问题及关键技术研究、创新生态治理与乡村振兴融合发展模式、加快推动水土保持体制机制创新等对策建议。

基于WEPP模型的工程建设中施工便道边坡水土流失特征——以林芝市巴宜区为例

工程建设中施工便道导致的水土流失与传统土壤侵蚀不同,施工便道改变原自然坡面形态及水文过程,致使植被破坏、地表裸露,并形成路面、挖填边坡等多个侵蚀产沙部位,结构松散的路堑及边坡对降雨的响应更强、速度更快,土质低等级道路所引起的土壤侵蚀问题占比很大,因此研究可为工程扰动中施工便道的水土流失防治提供基础依据。以林芝市巴宜区为研究对象,采用WEPP模型对工程扰动下不同降雨条件、不同坡度坡长情况下施工便道边坡径流量、土壤流失量进行模拟分析,揭示施工便道边坡水土流失特征规律和关键影响因素。结果表明:(1)开始产生径流的60 min最大雨强(I_(60))为11.16 mm/h,降雨量为12.40 mm;I_(60)处于10~17 mm/h范围内径流量低于0.50 mm,土壤流失量低于0.010 kg/m^(2),当I_(60)超过17 mm/h后,I_(60)与径流量、土壤流失量具有线性关系。(2)径流量随坡度增加呈“快速增加—增速减慢—逐渐减小”3个阶段,坡度在5°以下时产生最低径流量56.98~58.00 mm,坡度在30°~35°时产生最高径流量76.19~77.01 mm;土壤流失量随坡度增加呈“先快速增加—后趋于稳定”2个阶段,坡度在5°以下边坡土壤流失量最小,坡度在50°后趋于稳定。(3)靠山边坡径流量随坡长增加而降低,不靠山边坡径流量则随坡长变化保持稳定,坡长在50 m后靠山边坡径流量低于不靠山边坡,且差异随坡长的增加而增大;靠山边坡土壤流失量随坡长的增加呈“先快速增加—后增速减小”趋势,不靠山边坡土壤流失量随坡长的增加基本保持匀速增加。研究结果用于高寒区工程扰动后边坡水土流失驱动机制分析。

水土保持率目标实现路径探讨

中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅印发的《关于加强新时代水土保持工作的意见》,明确了新时代水土保持工作的重点任务,提出到2025年和2035年全国水土保持率分别达到73%和75%的目标,为新时代全国水土保持工作提供了根本遵循。为促进全国水土保持率目标实现和新时代水土保持高质量发展,阐释了水土保持率的内涵、定义及其阈值和阶段目标的特点与意义,并重点从管理运用、分解落地、分区防治、支撑保障等4个方面探讨了水土保持率目标的实现路径。

新疆昌吉回族自治州水土流失分布特征及其防治布局

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