Model test of the influence of cyclic water level fluctuations on a landslide

Many landslides in reservoir areas continuously deform under cyclic water level fluctuations due to reservoir operations. In this paper,a landslide model, developed for a typical colluvial landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, is used to study the effect of cyclic water level fluctuations on the landslide. Five cyclic water level fluctuations were implemented in the test, and the fluctuation rate in the last two fluctuations doubled over the first three fluctuations. The pore water pressure and lateral landslide profiles were obtained during the test. A measurement of the landslide soil loss was proposed to quantitatively evaluate the influence of water level fluctuations. The test results show that the first water level rising is most negative to the landslide among the five cycles. The fourth drawdown with a higher drawdown rate caused further large landslide deformation. An increase of the water level drawdown rate is much more unfavorable to the landslide than an increase of the water level rising rate. In addition, the landslide was found to have an adaptive ability to resist subsequent water level fluctuations after undergoing large deformation during a water level fluctuation. The landslide deformation and observations in the field were found to support the test results well.

Simulation of Irrigation Water Loss Based on VSMB Model

The low degree of development and utilization as well as the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources in Huangshui River basin are the main restricting factors of the local agricultural development. The study on the simulation of irrigation water loss based on the VSMB model has very important significance to strengthening regional water management and improving water resource utilization efficiency. Five groundwater wells were set up to carry out the farmland irrigation water infiltration and the experimental study on groundwater dynamic effect. Two soil moisture monitoring sites were set up in two typical plots of Daxia and Guanting irrigation area at the same time and TDR300 was used to monitor four kinds of deep soil moisture( 10 cm,30 cm,50 cm and 70 cm). On this basis,the VSMB model was used to study the irrigation water loss in the irrigation area of Yellow River valley of Qinghai Province,including soil moisture content,the actual evapotranspiration,infiltration,runoff,groundwater buried depth and so on. The results showed that the water consumption caused by soil evaporation and crop transpiration accounted for 46. 4% and 24. 1% of the total precipitation plus irrigation,respectively,and the leakage accounted for 30. 3% and 60. 6% of the total precipitation plus irrigation,respectively,from March 1,2013 to April 30,and from August 1 to September 30. The actual evaporation of the GT- TR1 and GT- TR2 sites in the whole year of 2013 was 632. 6 mm and 646. 9 mm,respectively,and the leakage accounted for 2. 6% and 1. 2% of the total precipitation plus irrigation,respectively. RMSE of the simulation results of the groundwater depth in Daxia irrigation area during the two periods was 92. 3 mm and 27. 7 mm,respectively. And RMSE of the simulation results of the water content of soil profile in the two monitoring sites of Guanting irrigation area was 2. 04% and 5. 81%,respectively,indicating that the simulation results were reliable.

基于Model Builder的水土流失危险性分析模型研究

文章通过结合土壤类型及土壤覆盖植被种类、坡度等背景与发生水土流失的危险性之间的空间关系,应用ArcGIS软件的Model Builder建模平台,进行植被叠加分析,建立DEM以及坡度重分类等技术来分析水土流失的危险性,从而得到分析结果。此项危险性分析方法为水土流失的预测及评估,以及对其防治的策略和未来水土保持工作的发展方向提供依据,说明该分析模型在水土保持中的重要性,并具有可视性和现实的意义。

基于修正通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE)的蒙山区域水土流失敏感性评价

水土流失敏感性评价作为区域生态质量评价的重要内容,对判定水土流失程度、检验水土保持成效起着重要作用。本文基于修正的通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE),对降雨侵蚀力(R)、土壤可蚀性(K)、地形起伏度(LS)、植被覆盖(C)及水土保持措施(P)5个评价因子进行分级赋值并根据通用土壤流失方程进行计算。研究表明:1)蒙山区域的水土流失敏感性整体呈中部和南部高、东部和北部低的条带状空间分布特征;2)蒙山区域水土流失潜在危险程度的值较低,整体的水土流失敏感性中度偏轻。本文根据量化结果进行分区,得出蒙山区域水土流失防治重点,对推动蒙山区域可持续发展及促进区域生态修复均具有重要意义。

Using the USLE: Chances, challenges and limitations of soil erosion modelling

To give soils and soil degradation,which are among the most crucial threats to ecosystem stability,social and political visibility,small and large scale modelling and mapping of soil erosion is inevitable.The most widely used approaches during an 80year history of erosion modelling are Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)-type based algorithms which have been applied in 109 countries.Addressing soil erosion by water (excluding gully erosion and land sliding),we start this review with a statistical evaluation of nearly 2,000 publications).We discuss model developments which use USLE-type equations as basis or side modules,but we also address recent development of the single USLE parameters (R,K,LS,C,P).Importance,aim and limitations of model validation as well as a comparison of USLE-type models with other erosion assessment tools are discussed.Model comparisons demonstrate that the application of process-based physical models (e.g.,WEPP or PESERA) does not necessarily result in lower uncertainties compared to more simple structured empirical models such as USLE-type algorithms.We identified four key areas for future research:(i) overcoming the principally different nature of modelled (gross) versus measured (net) erosion rates,in coupling on-site erosion risk to runoff patterns,and depositional regime,(ii) using the recent increase in spatial resolution of remote sensing data to develop process based models for large scale applications,(iii) strengthen and extend measurement and monitoring programs to build up validation data sets,and (iv) rigorous uncertainty assessment and the application of objective evaluation criteria to soil erosion modelling.

点源漏损砂土侵蚀成洞模型试验

岩土体侵蚀规律对水力管线漏损与地质环境耦合作用下道路塌陷灾变预警具有重要意义。基于持续性水土流失设计理念,研制了塌陷试验地下水环境模拟系统,开展了不同密实度砂土侵蚀成洞试验。揭示了砂土点源管线漏损侵蚀-成洞-塌陷的灾变演化过程:稳定渗流、缓慢侵蚀、快速发展。研究表明:砂土密实度越大颗粒间接触越紧密,砂土流失临界浸润线面积越大;点源漏损成洞特性与砂土密实度密切相关,松散时空洞总体呈现上宽下窄的敞口型,密实时地表塌陷宽度小于地质体内空洞最大宽度;砂土流失速率曲线总体呈类“驼峰”性,超过界限点时砂土流失率急剧增大,快速侵蚀垮塌。通过对比不同密实度的侵蚀量与最终侵蚀状态,得到密实度与水土流失的规律。

A Model of Debris Flow Forecast Based on the Water-Soil Coupling Mechanism

Debris flow forecast is an important means of disaster mitigation. However, the accuracy of the statistics-based debris flow forecast is unsatisfied while the mechanism-based forecast is unavailable at the watershed scale because most of existing researches on the initiation mechanism of debris flow took a single slope as the main object. In order to solve this problem, this paper developed a model of debris flow forecast based on the water-soil coupling mechanism at the watershed scale. In this model, the runoff and the instable soil caused by the rainfall in a watershed is estimated by the distrib- uted hydrological model （GBHM） and an instable identification model of the unsaturated soil. Because the debris flow is a special fluid composed of soil and water and has a bigger density, the density esti- mated by the runoff and instable soil mass in a watershed under the action of a rainfall is employed as a key factor to identify the formation probability of debris flow in the forecast model. The Jiangjia Gulley, a typical debris flow valley with a several debris flow events each year, is selected as a case study watershed to test this forecast model of debris flow. According the observation data of Dongchuan Debris Flow Observation and Research Station, CAS located in Jiangjia Gulley, there were 4 debris flow events in 2006. The test results show that the accuracy of the model is satisfied.

A hillslope version of the revised Morgan,Morgan and Finney water erosion model

The revised Morgan,Morgan and Finney(rMMF)water erosion model calculates annual surface runoff and soil loss from field-sized areas.The original version of the rMMF is neither suited to calculate water erosion along irregular hillslopes,nor capable to allow infiltration of once generated surface runoff at places where the runoff speed slows down,and infiltration could occur under natural conditions.The aim of this article is to describe a new hillslope version of the rMMF model that allows infiltration of surface runoff,and to show examples of soil erosion modelling along real and hypothetical hillslopes.The new hillslope version(hMMF)splits the entire hillslope into a number of sections that have individual properties,such as slope angle,slope length,soil properties and vegetation characteristics.The surface runoff along the slope is calculated by summing the volume of surface runoff generated in a particular section with the surface runoff coming from the immediate upsiope section.The related sediment transport is calculated for each section using the calculated detachment for the section,the sediment coming from the upsiope section and the transport capacity.A new variable is introduced to account for infiltration of surface runoff and allows simulating the effects of soil and water conservation structures on water erosion.The model was tested using measured data from plots in Africa,Asia,the US and Europe,as well as for a surveyed hillslope in Tunisia(Barbara watershed).Overall,the performance of the hMMF was reasonable for surface runoff and poor for soil loss when recommended input variable values are used.Calibration of the model resulted in a good performance,which shows the capability of the hMMF model to reproduce measured surface runoff and erosion amounts.In addition,realistic water erosion patterns on hillslopes with soil and water conservation can be simulated.

基于CSLE模型的南、北盘江流域水土流失定量分析评价

水土流失定量评价可为防治水土流失灾害和开展生态环境建设提供科学依据。以多源遥感影像为信息源,基于ArcGIS平台的空间分析与数据管理等功能,获取南、北盘江流域土地利用、植被覆盖、地形坡度等数据,应用中国土壤流失方程(CSLE)计算土壤侵蚀模数,得到南、北盘江流域水土流失监测成果。结果表明,2021年南、北盘江流域水土流失面积共23966.97 km^(2),以轻度侵蚀强度为主,流域东北部水土流失较西南部严重;水土流失主要发生在耕地、林地和草地,占总水土流失面积比例达90%以上,各等级园、林、草植被覆盖度均以轻度和中度侵蚀水土流失为主,整个区域水土流失主要发生在6~35°的坡度等级上。整体而言南、北盘江局部区域水土流失问题仍然突出,需以预防和治理相结合的手段改善该区域水土流失状况。

紫色土坡地果草种植模式的水土流失特征研究

紫色土坡耕地是三峡库区重要的土地资源。以研究降雨强度对紫色土坡地产流产沙的影响为基础,以紫色土坡地示范推广的果草模式为研究对象,对其水土流失特征进行了野外定点监测研究。研究结果表明:(1)短历时、高强度降雨对紫色土坡地的产流产沙影响最强烈,降雨历时与产流产沙存在明显的负相关,而雨强参数与产流产沙则存在明显的正相关;(2 )在降雨特征参数中,平均雨强是反映紫色土坡地径流系数、泥沙量和径流含沙量的最好特征参数,I3 0 则能最好的反映紫色土坡地径流量的变化;(3)在不同降雨强度下,果草模式对产流量、径流系数、产沙量和径流含沙量都有非常明显的减少或降低作用,特别在低强度降雨时,其减水减沙效应更明显,种植年限对其效应也有影响;(4)在短历时、高强度典型次降雨情况下,果草模式具有明显延迟产流时间和延缓产流过程的作用;(5 )果草模式降低了紫色土降雨前后表土养分的衰减,减少了表土养分的流失;(6 )果草模式对速效养分的流失具有较好的减弱作用,因而其对保持地力。

黄土丘陵小流域土地利用变化对水土流失的影响

在土壤侵蚀模型LISEM(Limburg Soil Erosion Model)校正的基础上,模拟了陕北黄土丘 陵沟壑区大南沟小流域5种土地利用方案的水土流失效应,旨在探讨土地利用变化对流域出口水土流失的影响.研究结果表明:流域出口的洪峰流速、径流总量和侵蚀总量的大小顺序为: 1975年＞1998年＞25度退耕＞20度退耕＞15度退耕.1975年和1998年25度以上的陡坡耕地和休闲地均退耕还林还草,这2种土地利用格局的径流和侵蚀模拟值都显著大于3种退耕方案.在3种退耕方案中,20度和15度以上的陡坡耕地和休闲地逐步转变为果园/经济林地,3种退耕方案之间的水土流失差异不显著.相对于1975年土地利用来说,1998年土地利用能降低洪峰流速、径流量和侵蚀量约5%～10%;3种退耕方案的减流减沙效益更加显著,可以降低洪峰流速、径流量和侵蚀量约40%～50%.

基于GIS的区域水土流失评价模型

区域水土流失评价对于水土流失区域治理的宏观决策、规划等具有十分重要的意义 .本文以黄土高原地区为例 ,结合影响水土流失的各个因子 ,分析了该区的自然特征 ,确定了进行区域水土流失评价的各项指标 (模型参数 ) ,并运用 GIS,集成了多种来源、多种比尺和多种类型的数据 。

长武地区土壤导气率及其与导水率的关系

为了寻求快速、直接、耗资低并且可用于评估野外饱和导水率的量级和其空间变异性的方法,利用PL-300土壤导气率测量仪对长武小麦试验田不同含水率、体积质量、土层、取样方向、根系密度下的导气率,以及室内原状土壤样本(248cm3)在田间持水率情况下的导气率及饱和导水率进行了研究。发现在不同的影响因素下导气率具有一定的变化规律;含水率接近田间持水率时的土壤导气率和饱和导水率之间存在对数线性关系。土壤导气率与饱和导水率的这种预测关系在早期的试验研究中也有所反映。将本试验结果与Loll、Iverson等人的研究成果进行对比论证,验证了通过测量土壤导气率预测田间饱和导水率的方法是可行的。

土壤水分预测神经网络模型和时间序列模型比较研究

土壤水分运动是一个复杂的时间序列系统 ,其变化与区域气候条件和生态环境密切相关 ,具有明显的随机性波动。建立土壤水分动态变化模型可以使田间土壤水分的适时适量调节方便可行 ,有利于农田水利工程的规划和管理。该文利用人工神经网络方法和时间序列自回归 (AR)模型进行了土壤水分预测建模研究 ,试验结果表明 :在数据量较少的情况下 ,AR模型具有较好的预测效果 ;在数据量较多的情况下 ,神经网络模型能够获得较好的预测效果。

普定岩溶区水土流失与土壤漏失模式研究

普定县是贵州省水土流失比较严重的地区之一,水土流失面积占全县总面积的60.8%,土壤年侵蚀模数高达4422.3 t/(km2.a)。通过现场调查,对该地区地形特征、岩性特点和水文条件进行综合分析。结果表明,岩溶裂隙、落水洞及地下暗河发育是造成水土流失的主要因素。对岩溶区水土流失与土壤漏失模式进行了概化,探讨了水土流失过程中雨滴溅蚀、坡面侵蚀、落水洞漏失及地下暗河运移之间的关系,从理论上分析了岩溶区水土流失的作用机理,对该地区水土流失防治具有一定的指导意义。

AR模型在土壤水分动态模拟中的应用

土壤水分运动是一个复杂的时间序列系统,其变化与区域气候条件和生态环境密切相关,具有明显的随机性波动。建立土壤水分动态变化模型可以使田间土壤水分的适时适量调节方便可行,对于农田水利工程的规划和管理也有利。利用时间序列分析方法进行丘陵地区紫色土土壤水分含量变化的预测建模研究,应用AR时间序列模型进行土壤水分含量的预测,结果表明AR模型能够较好地拟和及预测土壤水分时间序列。

土水特征曲线在滑坡预测中的应用性探讨

通过模型试验与数值分析方法的结果对比,研究土水特征曲线中的主要增湿路径与主要减湿路径对降雨型滑坡预测的影响。研究结果表明,采用不同状态路径的土水特征曲线来进行降雨条件下边坡的有限元渗流分析,会得到不同的基质吸力和孔压变化趋势,进而影响强度折减有限元法的计算结果;而对于相同的基质吸力条件下,采用主要增湿路径所预测的非饱和渗透系数会低于主要减湿路径的预测值,使得主要减湿路径预测滑坡破坏时间较主要增湿路径快。此外,若边坡产生滑动型破坏,则实际滑坡发生时间在主要减湿路径与主要增湿路径的预测值之间。研究成果说明,采用作为界限的主要增湿和主要减湿路径作为土水特征曲线的滞后模型,对降雨型滑坡灾害的防灾预警具有一定的实用价值,可利用主要增湿与减湿路径预测滑坡发生的时间差,规划与建立合适的滑坡雨量预警基准。

干旱半干旱区坡面覆被格局的水土流失效应研究进展

植被恢复与建设是控制水土流失的重要措施。在干旱半干旱地区,植被在空间上的分布呈现离散特征,在坡面上形成的裸地-植被镶嵌和植被条带分布等覆被格局对水土流失过程具有重要影响。覆被格局与水土流失关系研究是景观生态学格局与过程研究的重要内容。从植被斑块、坡面覆被格局对水土流失的影响与耦合覆被格局与水土流失的手段和方法三个方面对国内外相关研究进行总结分析。从中发现,植被类型、层次结构和形态特征是植被斑块尺度上影响径流泥沙的关键因素;不同覆被类型的产流产沙特征与覆被格局的准确描述是研究覆被格局水土流失效应的重要基础;坡面覆被格局对水土流失的影响关键在于其改变了径流泥沙运移和汇集的连续性,应重点关注径流泥沙源汇区的连通性和空间分布在水土流失中的作用;以坡面的精确覆被制图为基础,建立基于水土流失过程的覆被格局指数和耦合格局信息的径流与侵蚀模型是定量研究覆被格局影响的有效手段。今后应加强以下研究:以动态系统的观点研究覆被格局的变化对水土流失的影响,系统理解覆被格局与水土流失之间的相互联系与反馈机制,探讨两者间动态关系随尺度变化的规律性并发展尺度上推方法;构建过程意义明确且简单实用的格局指数,将覆被格局与水土流失过程有机联系起来;发展覆被格局的动态信息与产流产沙过程相结合的水文模型,加强对格局与径流泥沙反馈系统的耦合,建立真正意义上的覆被格局-水土流失过程耦合模型。

江汉平原地区潮土水稻田面水磷素流失风险研究

通过监测田面水磷素含量和形态的动态变化来研究稻田磷素流失风险.结果表明:从环境角度、经济效益和水稻生长出发,用线性+平台施肥模型得到该地区水稻的最佳施磷量为66 kg P2O5/hm2;施磷后田面水各形态磷浓度呈现急剧下降-缓慢下降-平稳的过程,但在施磷后7天内田面水磷素浓度仍然较高,是磷素流失的高危险期;用对数模型模拟田面水中各形态磷素含量与施肥时间的关系(可溶性有机磷SOP除外),其相关系数r为0.715 1～0.963 9,在P＜0.05水平下达到极显著水平,应用模型预测常规施肥下田面水的安全排放期时为施肥后24天;除P0处理外,其余各处理中田面水磷的形态以可溶性无机磷SIP为主,随着施磷量的增加,颗粒态磷PP在田面水中的浓度呈现增大的趋势,因此,在评价田面水排放或者稻田径流对水体富营养化的贡献时,颗粒态磷PP的影响也不容忽视.

黄土高原不同植被类型与降水因子对土壤侵蚀的影响研究

根据辛店沟 195 5年到 195 9年坡面径流小区的观测资料 ,分析了不同植被 (高粱豇豆、苜蓿、草木樨 )被覆度与降水 (包括雨量 (P)、雨强 (I)以及 PI乘积 (PI30 ) )与侵蚀速率的关系。结果表明土壤侵蚀速率随雨量 ,雨强及PI乘积的增加呈幂函数增加 ,但随被覆度的增加呈下降趋势。在 PI30 相同时 ,不同植被对土壤侵蚀速率的影响也不同。应用 U SL E(The U niversal Soil L oess Equation)分别模拟了三种不同植被被覆度与降水因子对土壤侵蚀的关系方程和辛店沟全流域的水土流失方程 ;