Typically, soil samples must be crushed into particles for laboratory research. Thus, an efficient mechanism to ensure a uniform particle size is essential. We previously developed a rod mill device that performs well...Typically, soil samples must be crushed into particles for laboratory research. Thus, an efficient mechanism to ensure a uniform particle size is essential. We previously developed a rod mill device that performs well, but video analysis indicated that the shear forces applied by the rod were more effective than the compressive forces applied by the mill. The mechanism for this phenomenon is unclear. This study focused on clarifying the relationship between compressive load and abrasion when crushing dried and hardened soil particles. Soil pellets of the same size were prepared, and model experiments were performed, where vertical compression and abrasion were applied to the pellets until they fractured. The results showed that soil pellets were fractured easily when an abrasive load was continuously applied in the circumferential direction. Additionally, the load required to fracture the soil pellets was much lower than the required vertical compressive load. The rod mill device was previously thought to fracture soil aggregates by gradually stripping soil particles away from the surface. However, our experimental results clarified that the fracture process started at the center and subsequently induced the entire pellet’s sudden failure.展开更多
Objective Improper land disposal of hazardous waste can result in leaching of hazardous constituents which may contaminate ground and surface water leading to adverse impact on human health and environment consequenc...Objective Improper land disposal of hazardous waste can result in leaching of hazardous constituents which may contaminate ground and surface water leading to adverse impact on human health and environment consequences. The present study utilized mammalian cell culture for the genotoxicity assessment of waste and its leachate. Methods Genotoxic potential and chemical analysis of pesticide derived tarry waste contaminated soil extract and its leachate was assessed using in vitro human lymphocyte cultures and GC-MS. Results The investigation revealed that the soil extract could cause significant to highly significant genotoxicity in the form of DNA strand break at 25 mL (P<0.01), 50 mL, 100 mL and 200 mL (P<0.001) and chromosomal aberration at 25 mL (P<0.01) and 50 mL and 100 mL (P<0.001). The leachate could cause significant DNA strand break and chromosomal aberration only at 100 mL and 200 mL (P<0.01) dose levels. Conclusion The genotoxicity observed is attributed to carbaril and tetra methyl naphthyl carbamate, the major ingredients of the extracts, as revealed by GC-MS.展开更多
太湖流域最近5年的研究表明:单位面积上径流迁移的土壤磷素是桑园>>菜园≥大田麦季>大田稻季;稻麦轮作田每年向水体排放的磷量为P 0.84 kg hm-2,占当年磷肥用量的2.5%,而菜园地5个月内土壤磷素流失量就达P 0.6 kg hm-2,桑园在...太湖流域最近5年的研究表明:单位面积上径流迁移的土壤磷素是桑园>>菜园≥大田麦季>大田稻季;稻麦轮作田每年向水体排放的磷量为P 0.84 kg hm-2,占当年磷肥用量的2.5%,而菜园地5个月内土壤磷素流失量就达P 0.6 kg hm-2,桑园在4个月内高达P 1.1 kg hm-2。径流迁移的土壤磷素形态主要是颗粒态磷(PP),占总流失磷的70%-80%,可溶性磷(DP)仅占20%-30%。在径流携出的可溶性磷总量中,可溶性无机磷(DIP)占30%-40%,可溶性有机磷(DOP)占60%-70%。径流产生的机制与土地利用方式有关:稻田产生的是“机会径流”,蔬菜地等旱地是“开放径流”,而桑园等则是“强化径流”,不同的产流机制决定径流的次数、流量和强度并导致不同的磷素迁移量。太湖流域水稻土磷素向水体排放的警戒值(Break point)为有效磷(P)25-30 mg kg-1,目前该地区水稻土平均的土壤有效磷水平为12-15 mg kg-1;因此常规条件下,未来5-10a内稻田不会形成严重的磷素面源污染威胁。故在城镇郊区、桑园和蔬菜基地周边建立“稻田圈”是防治磷索面源污染有效的生态措施。展开更多
文摘Typically, soil samples must be crushed into particles for laboratory research. Thus, an efficient mechanism to ensure a uniform particle size is essential. We previously developed a rod mill device that performs well, but video analysis indicated that the shear forces applied by the rod were more effective than the compressive forces applied by the mill. The mechanism for this phenomenon is unclear. This study focused on clarifying the relationship between compressive load and abrasion when crushing dried and hardened soil particles. Soil pellets of the same size were prepared, and model experiments were performed, where vertical compression and abrasion were applied to the pellets until they fractured. The results showed that soil pellets were fractured easily when an abrasive load was continuously applied in the circumferential direction. Additionally, the load required to fracture the soil pellets was much lower than the required vertical compressive load. The rod mill device was previously thought to fracture soil aggregates by gradually stripping soil particles away from the surface. However, our experimental results clarified that the fracture process started at the center and subsequently induced the entire pellet’s sudden failure.
文摘Objective Improper land disposal of hazardous waste can result in leaching of hazardous constituents which may contaminate ground and surface water leading to adverse impact on human health and environment consequences. The present study utilized mammalian cell culture for the genotoxicity assessment of waste and its leachate. Methods Genotoxic potential and chemical analysis of pesticide derived tarry waste contaminated soil extract and its leachate was assessed using in vitro human lymphocyte cultures and GC-MS. Results The investigation revealed that the soil extract could cause significant to highly significant genotoxicity in the form of DNA strand break at 25 mL (P<0.01), 50 mL, 100 mL and 200 mL (P<0.001) and chromosomal aberration at 25 mL (P<0.01) and 50 mL and 100 mL (P<0.001). The leachate could cause significant DNA strand break and chromosomal aberration only at 100 mL and 200 mL (P<0.01) dose levels. Conclusion The genotoxicity observed is attributed to carbaril and tetra methyl naphthyl carbamate, the major ingredients of the extracts, as revealed by GC-MS.
文摘太湖流域最近5年的研究表明:单位面积上径流迁移的土壤磷素是桑园>>菜园≥大田麦季>大田稻季;稻麦轮作田每年向水体排放的磷量为P 0.84 kg hm-2,占当年磷肥用量的2.5%,而菜园地5个月内土壤磷素流失量就达P 0.6 kg hm-2,桑园在4个月内高达P 1.1 kg hm-2。径流迁移的土壤磷素形态主要是颗粒态磷(PP),占总流失磷的70%-80%,可溶性磷(DP)仅占20%-30%。在径流携出的可溶性磷总量中,可溶性无机磷(DIP)占30%-40%,可溶性有机磷(DOP)占60%-70%。径流产生的机制与土地利用方式有关:稻田产生的是“机会径流”,蔬菜地等旱地是“开放径流”,而桑园等则是“强化径流”,不同的产流机制决定径流的次数、流量和强度并导致不同的磷素迁移量。太湖流域水稻土磷素向水体排放的警戒值(Break point)为有效磷(P)25-30 mg kg-1,目前该地区水稻土平均的土壤有效磷水平为12-15 mg kg-1;因此常规条件下,未来5-10a内稻田不会形成严重的磷素面源污染威胁。故在城镇郊区、桑园和蔬菜基地周边建立“稻田圈”是防治磷索面源污染有效的生态措施。
