Agricultural and forestry biomass can be converted to biochar through pyrolysis gasification,making it a significant carbon source for soil.Applying biochar to soil is a carbon-negative process that helps combat clima...Agricultural and forestry biomass can be converted to biochar through pyrolysis gasification,making it a significant carbon source for soil.Applying biochar to soil is a carbon-negative process that helps combat climate change,sustain soil biodiversity,and regulate water cycling.However,quantifying soil carbon content conventionally is time-consuming,labor-intensive,imprecise,and expensive,making it difficult to accurately measure in-field soil carbon’s effect on storage water and nutrients.To address this challenge,this paper for the first time,reports on extensive lab tests demonstrating non-intrusive methods for sensing soil carbon and related smart biochar applications,such as differentiating between biochar types from various biomass feedstock species,monitoring soil moisture,and biochar water retention capacity using portable microwave and millimeter wave sensors,and machine learning.These methods can be scaled up by deploying the sensor in-field on a mobility platform,either ground or aerial.The paper provides details on the materials,methods,machine learning workflow,and results of our investigations.The significance of this work lays the foundation for assessing carbon-negative technology applications,such as soil carbon content accounting.We validated our quantification method using supervised machine learning algorithms by collecting real soil mixed with known biochar contents in the field.The results show that the millimeter wave sensor achieves high sensing accuracy(up to 100%)with proper classifiers selected and outperforms the microwave sensor by approximately 10%–15%accuracy in sensing soil carbon content.展开更多
Independent observation of the effects of agricultural management practices on soil organic carbon (SOC) with soil moisture content (SMC) is essential to quantify their potential relationships for sustainable ecosyste...Independent observation of the effects of agricultural management practices on soil organic carbon (SOC) with soil moisture content (SMC) is essential to quantify their potential relationships for sustainable ecosystems. Soil water retention studies and soil carbon stocks have been mapped in some areas worldwide. However, few studies have been conducted in the southeastern US, particularly in Mississippi. The objectives of this research study were to collect soil samples from fields chosen to be representative of the watersheds they are contained within, analyze the soil samples for carbon content and soil moisture content, and evaluate the relationship between SOC and different parameters (land use, vertical distribution, temporal distribution, and soil moisture content). Field sites were chosen based on their compositional similarity shared with the watershed as a whole in the Town Creek watershed (TCW) and Upper Pearl River watershed (UPRW) in Mississippi. Monthly soil samples from different depths (6 inch, 12 inch, and 24 inch) were collected from crop, pasture, and forest field areas. Soil samples were analyzed using bench analysis, elemental analysis, and statistical analysis. This study was able to demonstrate the SOC distribution in the soil layers across all three land uses studied. It was also shown that there does seem to be an interactive effect of parameters such as land use type, vertical distribution, and time on carbon accretion within the soil. Results of this study also determined that the near surface (6-in) layer was found to contain significantly more carbon than either the 12 inch or 24 inch layers (p 0.01) across all field types. There was found to be a high degree of variability within the soil moisture data and correlation between SOC and SMC. It was found that carbon amount is not influenced by SMC but SMC could be influenced by SOC.展开更多
Moisture content is a fundamental physical index that quantifies soil property and is closely associatedwith the hydrological, ecological and engineering behaviors of soil. To measure in-situ soil moisturecontents, a ...Moisture content is a fundamental physical index that quantifies soil property and is closely associatedwith the hydrological, ecological and engineering behaviors of soil. To measure in-situ soil moisturecontents, a distributed measurement system for in-situ soil moisture content （SM-DTS） is introduced.The system is based on carbon-fiber heated cable （CFHC） technology that has been developed to enhancethe measuring accuracy of in-situ soil moisture content. Using CFHC technique, a temperature characteristicvalue （Tt） can be defined from temperatureetime curves. A relationship among Tt, soil thermalimpedance coefficient and soil moisture content is then established in laboratory. The feasibility of theSM-DTS technology to provide distributed measurements of in-situ soil moisture content is verifiedthrough field tests. The research reported herein indicates that the proposed SM-DTS is capable ofmeasuring in-situ soil moisture content over long distances and large areas.展开更多
Aiming at the shortage of sufficient continuous parameters for using models to estimate farmland soil organic carbon(SOC) content, an acquisition method of factors influencing farmland SOC and an estimation method of ...Aiming at the shortage of sufficient continuous parameters for using models to estimate farmland soil organic carbon(SOC) content, an acquisition method of factors influencing farmland SOC and an estimation method of farmland SOC content with Internet of Things(IOT) are proposed in this paper. The IOT sensing device and transmission network were established in a wheat demonstration base in Yanzhou Distict of Jining City, Shandong Province, China to acquire data in real time. Using real-time data and statistics data, the dynamic changes of SOC content between October 2012 and June 2015 was simulated in the experimental area with SOC dynamic simulation model. In order to verify the estimation results, potassium dichromate external heating method was applied for measuring the SOC content. The results show that: 1) The estimated value matches the measured value in the lab very well. So the method is feasible in this paper. 2) There is a clear dynamic variation in the SOC content at 0.2 m soil depth in different growing periods of wheat. The content reached the highest level during the sowing period, and is lowest in the flowering period. 3) The SOC content at 0.2 m soil depth varies in accordance with the amount of returned straw. The larger the amount of returned straw is, the higher the SOC content.展开更多
Soil organic carbon density and its related characteristics of 41 soil types all over China were analyzed by using data of 745 soil profiles , and size of soil carbon pool was estimated. As a result, area-weighted ave...Soil organic carbon density and its related characteristics of 41 soil types all over China were analyzed by using data of 745 soil profiles , and size of soil carbon pool was estimated. As a result, area-weighted averages of these 41 soil types for bulk density, profile depth, organic carbon content and profile carbon were 1. 24 tC/m3, 86. 2 cm, 3. 04% and 19. 7 kg C/m2 respectively. Total size of soil carbon pool was 185. 68 × 1009tC, which is 29 times of that in terrestrial biomass of China and 12. 6% of global soil carbon pools. Because of its huge carbon pool, soil of China plays an important role in global carbon cycle.展开更多
Vegetation restoration has been proposed as an effective method for increasing both plant biomass and soil carbon(C) stocks. In this study, 204 publications(733 observations) were analyzed, focusing on the effects of ...Vegetation restoration has been proposed as an effective method for increasing both plant biomass and soil carbon(C) stocks. In this study, 204 publications(733 observations) were analyzed, focusing on the effects of vegetation restoration on soil organic carbon(SOC) in China. The results showed that SOC was increased by 45.33%, 24.43%, 30.29% and 27.98% at soil depths of 0–20 cm, 20–40 cm, 40–60 cm and > 60 cm after vegetation restoration, respectively. Restoration from both cropland and non-cropland increased the SOC content. The conversion of non-cropland was more efficient in SOC accumulation than the conversion of cropland did, especially in > 40 cm layers. In addition, the conversion to planted forest led to greater SOC accumulation than that to other land use did. Conversion period and initial SOC content extended more influence on soil C accumulation as the main factors after vegetation restoration than temperature and precipitation did. The SOC content significantly increased with restoration period after long-term vegetation restoration(> 40 yr), indicating a large potential for further accumulation of carbon in the soil, which could mitigate climate change in the near future.展开更多
Film mulching system is a widely employed agricultural practice worldwide. However, the effects of different planting and mulching patterns on soil nutrient content and enzymatic activity have not been well documented...Film mulching system is a widely employed agricultural practice worldwide. However, the effects of different planting and mulching patterns on soil nutrient content and enzymatic activity have not been well documented. In this study, we examined the impact of four planting and mulching patterns（including control, flat planting without mulching; M1, flat planting with film mulching; M2, ridge-furrow planting with film mulching on both ridges and furrows; and M3, ridge-furrow planting with film mulching on continuous ridges） on the seed yield of winter oilseed rape, soil moisture, soil temperature, soil organic carbon（SOC） content, soil nutrient content, and soil enzymatic activity over three growing seasons from 2012 to 2015 in a winter oilseed rape field in the semi-arid area of Northwest China. Seed yield of winter oilseed rape, soil moisture, soil temperature, enzymatic activities, and contents of nitrate-nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium were all significantly higher in mulching treatments（M1, M2 and M3） than in control treatment over the three growing seasons, whereas SOC content was significantly lower in mulching treatments than in control treatment during 2013–2014 and 2014–2015. Among the three mulching treatments（M1, M2 and M3）, the M3 treatment showed consistently higher seed yield, SOC content, nutrient contents, and enzymatic activities than the other two treatments. Seed yield of winter oilseed rape was 41.1% and 15.0% higher in M3 than in M1 and M2, respectively. SOC content and soil enzymatic activities in the top 0–20 cm soil layers and nitrate-nitrogen content in the top 0–30 cm soil layers were all significantly higher in M3 than in M1 and M2. Therefore, we advise the ridge-furrow planting with film mulching on continuous ridges（i.e., M3） as an efficient planting and mulching pattern for sustainably improving the seed yield of winter oilseed rape and preserving soil fertility in the semi-arid area of Northwest China.展开更多
Distributed temperature sensing(DTS)using heated cables has been recently developed for distributed monitoring of in-situ soil moisture content.In this method,the thermal and electrical properties of heated cables hav...Distributed temperature sensing(DTS)using heated cables has been recently developed for distributed monitoring of in-situ soil moisture content.In this method,the thermal and electrical properties of heated cables have a significant influence on the measurement accuracy of soil moisture content.In this paper,the performances of two heated cables,i.e.the carbon-fiber heated cable(CFHC)and the metalnet heated cable(MNHC),are studied in the laboratory.Their structures,uniformity in the axial direction,measurement accuracy and suitability are evaluated.The test results indicate that the MNHC has a better uniformity in the axial direction than CFHC.Both CFHC and MNHC have high measurement accuracy.The CFHC is more suitable for short-distance measurement(500 m),while the MNHC can be used for longdistance measurement(>500 m).展开更多
为揭示水肥对三七田土壤碳氮含量、酶活性和产量调控效应,明确三七不同生育时期最适水肥调控模式,于2018—2021年在云南省红河州泸西县三七种植基地开展田间试验,设3个灌水水平(5 mm, W1;10 mm, W2;15 mm, W3)和4个不同生育时期(根增期...为揭示水肥对三七田土壤碳氮含量、酶活性和产量调控效应,明确三七不同生育时期最适水肥调控模式,于2018—2021年在云南省红河州泸西县三七种植基地开展田间试验,设3个灌水水平(5 mm, W1;10 mm, W2;15 mm, W3)和4个不同生育时期(根增期、苗期、花期、果期)施肥配比水平(25%∶25%∶25%∶25%,F1;20%∶25%∶30%∶25%,F2;15%∶30%∶30%∶25%,F3;10%∶40%∶20%∶30%,F4),以全生育期不灌溉施肥处理为对照(CK),研究不同水肥调控模式对土壤碳氮含量、酶活性、三七产量、总皂苷含量及各指标间相互关系的影响,同时采用CRITIC-VIKOR法对最适水肥调控模式综合评价。结果表明:灌水量和生育时期施肥配比对三七根增期、苗期、花期和果期土壤全氮、有机碳含量和脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性以及产量、总皂苷含量有显著影响(P<0.05),与CK相比,花期W2F3处理土壤全氮含量较其他处理显著提高7.69%~92.50%,W1F1处理土壤有机碳含量较其他处理显著提高5.11%~7.11%;根增期各灌水施肥处理土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和酸性磷酸酶活性分别平均较CK增加7.20%、19.82%和47.44%,过氧化氢酶活性降低19.16%。与CK相比,收获后水肥调控处理三七水分利用效率平均提高53.83%,肥料偏生产力平均提高66.30%,W2F4处理产量最高(2 797.25 kg·hm^(-2)),W2F3处理总皂苷含量最高(176.34 mg·g^(-1))。综合评分法结果表明,三七根增期W3F1处理Q值为0.03,苗期W2F3处理Q值为0.02,花期W2F3处理的Q值为0.01,果期W3F2处理的Q值为0.02;根增期和果期最佳灌溉施肥方案为W3F1和W3F2,苗期和花期最佳灌溉施肥方案为W2F3。展开更多
基金supported by SGC project5 entitled"Mobile Biochar Production for Methane Emission Reduction and Soil Amendment".Grant Agreement#CCR20014supported in part by NSF CBET#1856112supported in part by an F3 R&D GSR Award (Farms Food Future Innovation Initiative (or F3),as funded by US Dept.of Commerce,Economic Development Administration Build Back Better Regional Challenge).
文摘Agricultural and forestry biomass can be converted to biochar through pyrolysis gasification,making it a significant carbon source for soil.Applying biochar to soil is a carbon-negative process that helps combat climate change,sustain soil biodiversity,and regulate water cycling.However,quantifying soil carbon content conventionally is time-consuming,labor-intensive,imprecise,and expensive,making it difficult to accurately measure in-field soil carbon’s effect on storage water and nutrients.To address this challenge,this paper for the first time,reports on extensive lab tests demonstrating non-intrusive methods for sensing soil carbon and related smart biochar applications,such as differentiating between biochar types from various biomass feedstock species,monitoring soil moisture,and biochar water retention capacity using portable microwave and millimeter wave sensors,and machine learning.These methods can be scaled up by deploying the sensor in-field on a mobility platform,either ground or aerial.The paper provides details on the materials,methods,machine learning workflow,and results of our investigations.The significance of this work lays the foundation for assessing carbon-negative technology applications,such as soil carbon content accounting.We validated our quantification method using supervised machine learning algorithms by collecting real soil mixed with known biochar contents in the field.The results show that the millimeter wave sensor achieves high sensing accuracy(up to 100%)with proper classifiers selected and outperforms the microwave sensor by approximately 10%–15%accuracy in sensing soil carbon content.
文摘Independent observation of the effects of agricultural management practices on soil organic carbon (SOC) with soil moisture content (SMC) is essential to quantify their potential relationships for sustainable ecosystems. Soil water retention studies and soil carbon stocks have been mapped in some areas worldwide. However, few studies have been conducted in the southeastern US, particularly in Mississippi. The objectives of this research study were to collect soil samples from fields chosen to be representative of the watersheds they are contained within, analyze the soil samples for carbon content and soil moisture content, and evaluate the relationship between SOC and different parameters (land use, vertical distribution, temporal distribution, and soil moisture content). Field sites were chosen based on their compositional similarity shared with the watershed as a whole in the Town Creek watershed (TCW) and Upper Pearl River watershed (UPRW) in Mississippi. Monthly soil samples from different depths (6 inch, 12 inch, and 24 inch) were collected from crop, pasture, and forest field areas. Soil samples were analyzed using bench analysis, elemental analysis, and statistical analysis. This study was able to demonstrate the SOC distribution in the soil layers across all three land uses studied. It was also shown that there does seem to be an interactive effect of parameters such as land use type, vertical distribution, and time on carbon accretion within the soil. Results of this study also determined that the near surface (6-in) layer was found to contain significantly more carbon than either the 12 inch or 24 inch layers (p 0.01) across all field types. There was found to be a high degree of variability within the soil moisture data and correlation between SOC and SMC. It was found that carbon amount is not influenced by SMC but SMC could be influenced by SOC.
基金The financial supports provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41230636,41372265,41427801)National Basic Research Program of China(973 Project)(Grant No.2011CB710605)
文摘Moisture content is a fundamental physical index that quantifies soil property and is closely associatedwith the hydrological, ecological and engineering behaviors of soil. To measure in-situ soil moisturecontents, a distributed measurement system for in-situ soil moisture content （SM-DTS） is introduced.The system is based on carbon-fiber heated cable （CFHC） technology that has been developed to enhancethe measuring accuracy of in-situ soil moisture content. Using CFHC technique, a temperature characteristicvalue （Tt） can be defined from temperatureetime curves. A relationship among Tt, soil thermalimpedance coefficient and soil moisture content is then established in laboratory. The feasibility of theSM-DTS technology to provide distributed measurements of in-situ soil moisture content is verifiedthrough field tests. The research reported herein indicates that the proposed SM-DTS is capable ofmeasuring in-situ soil moisture content over long distances and large areas.
基金Under the auspices of National High-tech R&D Program of China(No.2013AA102301)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.71503148)
文摘Aiming at the shortage of sufficient continuous parameters for using models to estimate farmland soil organic carbon(SOC) content, an acquisition method of factors influencing farmland SOC and an estimation method of farmland SOC content with Internet of Things(IOT) are proposed in this paper. The IOT sensing device and transmission network were established in a wheat demonstration base in Yanzhou Distict of Jining City, Shandong Province, China to acquire data in real time. Using real-time data and statistics data, the dynamic changes of SOC content between October 2012 and June 2015 was simulated in the experimental area with SOC dynamic simulation model. In order to verify the estimation results, potassium dichromate external heating method was applied for measuring the SOC content. The results show that: 1) The estimated value matches the measured value in the lab very well. So the method is feasible in this paper. 2) There is a clear dynamic variation in the SOC content at 0.2 m soil depth in different growing periods of wheat. The content reached the highest level during the sowing period, and is lowest in the flowering period. 3) The SOC content at 0.2 m soil depth varies in accordance with the amount of returned straw. The larger the amount of returned straw is, the higher the SOC content.
文摘Soil organic carbon density and its related characteristics of 41 soil types all over China were analyzed by using data of 745 soil profiles , and size of soil carbon pool was estimated. As a result, area-weighted averages of these 41 soil types for bulk density, profile depth, organic carbon content and profile carbon were 1. 24 tC/m3, 86. 2 cm, 3. 04% and 19. 7 kg C/m2 respectively. Total size of soil carbon pool was 185. 68 × 1009tC, which is 29 times of that in terrestrial biomass of China and 12. 6% of global soil carbon pools. Because of its huge carbon pool, soil of China plays an important role in global carbon cycle.
基金Under the auspices of Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA05060104)
文摘Vegetation restoration has been proposed as an effective method for increasing both plant biomass and soil carbon(C) stocks. In this study, 204 publications(733 observations) were analyzed, focusing on the effects of vegetation restoration on soil organic carbon(SOC) in China. The results showed that SOC was increased by 45.33%, 24.43%, 30.29% and 27.98% at soil depths of 0–20 cm, 20–40 cm, 40–60 cm and > 60 cm after vegetation restoration, respectively. Restoration from both cropland and non-cropland increased the SOC content. The conversion of non-cropland was more efficient in SOC accumulation than the conversion of cropland did, especially in > 40 cm layers. In addition, the conversion to planted forest led to greater SOC accumulation than that to other land use did. Conversion period and initial SOC content extended more influence on soil C accumulation as the main factors after vegetation restoration than temperature and precipitation did. The SOC content significantly increased with restoration period after long-term vegetation restoration(> 40 yr), indicating a large potential for further accumulation of carbon in the soil, which could mitigate climate change in the near future.
基金supported by the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest,China (201503125,201503105)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (2011AA100504)
文摘Film mulching system is a widely employed agricultural practice worldwide. However, the effects of different planting and mulching patterns on soil nutrient content and enzymatic activity have not been well documented. In this study, we examined the impact of four planting and mulching patterns（including control, flat planting without mulching; M1, flat planting with film mulching; M2, ridge-furrow planting with film mulching on both ridges and furrows; and M3, ridge-furrow planting with film mulching on continuous ridges） on the seed yield of winter oilseed rape, soil moisture, soil temperature, soil organic carbon（SOC） content, soil nutrient content, and soil enzymatic activity over three growing seasons from 2012 to 2015 in a winter oilseed rape field in the semi-arid area of Northwest China. Seed yield of winter oilseed rape, soil moisture, soil temperature, enzymatic activities, and contents of nitrate-nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium were all significantly higher in mulching treatments（M1, M2 and M3） than in control treatment over the three growing seasons, whereas SOC content was significantly lower in mulching treatments than in control treatment during 2013–2014 and 2014–2015. Among the three mulching treatments（M1, M2 and M3）, the M3 treatment showed consistently higher seed yield, SOC content, nutrient contents, and enzymatic activities than the other two treatments. Seed yield of winter oilseed rape was 41.1% and 15.0% higher in M3 than in M1 and M2, respectively. SOC content and soil enzymatic activities in the top 0–20 cm soil layers and nitrate-nitrogen content in the top 0–30 cm soil layers were all significantly higher in M3 than in M1 and M2. Therefore, we advise the ridge-furrow planting with film mulching on continuous ridges（i.e., M3） as an efficient planting and mulching pattern for sustainably improving the seed yield of winter oilseed rape and preserving soil fertility in the semi-arid area of Northwest China.
基金The financial supports provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41230636,41372265,41427801)National Basic Research Program of China(973 Project)(Grant No.2011CB710605)
文摘Distributed temperature sensing(DTS)using heated cables has been recently developed for distributed monitoring of in-situ soil moisture content.In this method,the thermal and electrical properties of heated cables have a significant influence on the measurement accuracy of soil moisture content.In this paper,the performances of two heated cables,i.e.the carbon-fiber heated cable(CFHC)and the metalnet heated cable(MNHC),are studied in the laboratory.Their structures,uniformity in the axial direction,measurement accuracy and suitability are evaluated.The test results indicate that the MNHC has a better uniformity in the axial direction than CFHC.Both CFHC and MNHC have high measurement accuracy.The CFHC is more suitable for short-distance measurement(500 m),while the MNHC can be used for longdistance measurement(>500 m).
文摘为揭示水肥对三七田土壤碳氮含量、酶活性和产量调控效应,明确三七不同生育时期最适水肥调控模式,于2018—2021年在云南省红河州泸西县三七种植基地开展田间试验,设3个灌水水平(5 mm, W1;10 mm, W2;15 mm, W3)和4个不同生育时期(根增期、苗期、花期、果期)施肥配比水平(25%∶25%∶25%∶25%,F1;20%∶25%∶30%∶25%,F2;15%∶30%∶30%∶25%,F3;10%∶40%∶20%∶30%,F4),以全生育期不灌溉施肥处理为对照(CK),研究不同水肥调控模式对土壤碳氮含量、酶活性、三七产量、总皂苷含量及各指标间相互关系的影响,同时采用CRITIC-VIKOR法对最适水肥调控模式综合评价。结果表明:灌水量和生育时期施肥配比对三七根增期、苗期、花期和果期土壤全氮、有机碳含量和脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性以及产量、总皂苷含量有显著影响(P<0.05),与CK相比,花期W2F3处理土壤全氮含量较其他处理显著提高7.69%~92.50%,W1F1处理土壤有机碳含量较其他处理显著提高5.11%~7.11%;根增期各灌水施肥处理土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和酸性磷酸酶活性分别平均较CK增加7.20%、19.82%和47.44%,过氧化氢酶活性降低19.16%。与CK相比,收获后水肥调控处理三七水分利用效率平均提高53.83%,肥料偏生产力平均提高66.30%,W2F4处理产量最高(2 797.25 kg·hm^(-2)),W2F3处理总皂苷含量最高(176.34 mg·g^(-1))。综合评分法结果表明,三七根增期W3F1处理Q值为0.03,苗期W2F3处理Q值为0.02,花期W2F3处理的Q值为0.01,果期W3F2处理的Q值为0.02;根增期和果期最佳灌溉施肥方案为W3F1和W3F2,苗期和花期最佳灌溉施肥方案为W2F3。
