Aims Resource allocation in plants can be strongly affected by competition.Besides plant–plant interactions,terrestrial plants compete with the soil bacterial community over nutrients.Since the bacterial communities ...Aims Resource allocation in plants can be strongly affected by competition.Besides plant–plant interactions,terrestrial plants compete with the soil bacterial community over nutrients.Since the bacterial communities cannot synthesize their own energy sources,they are dependent on external carbon sources.Unlike the effect of overall amounts of carbon(added to the soil)on plant performance,the effect of fine scale temporal variation in soil carbon inputs on the bacterial biomass and its cascading effects on plant growth are largely unknown.We hypothesize that continuous carbon supply(small temporal variance)will result in a relatively constant bacterial biomass that will effectively compete with plants for nutrients.On the other hand,carbon pulses(large temporal variance)are expected to cause oscillations in bacterial biomass,enabling plants temporal escape from competition and possibly enabling increased growth.We thus predicted that continuous carbon supply would increase root allocation at the expense of decreased reproductive output.We also expected this effect to be noticeable only when sufficient nutrients were present in the soil.Methods Wheat plants were grown for 64 days in pots containing either sterilized or inoculated soils,with or without slow-release fertilizer,subjected to one of the following six carbon treatments:daily(1.5mg glucose),every other day(3mg glucose),4 days(6mg glucose),8 days(12mg glucose),16 days(24mg glucose)and no carbon control.Important Findings Remarkably,carbon pulses(every 2–16 days)led to increased reproductive allocation at the expense of decreased root allocation in plants growing in inoculated soils.Consistent with our prediction,these effects were noticeable only when sufficient nutrients were present in the soil.Furthermore,soil inoculation in plants subjected to low nutrient availability resulted in decreased total plant biomass.We interpret this to mean that when the amount of available nutrients is low,these nutrients are mainly used by the bacterial community.Our results show that temporal variation in soil carbon inputs may play an important role in aboveground–belowground interactions,affecting plant resource allocation.展开更多
A long-term fertilization experiment was set up in northern Xinjiang, China to evaluate the dynamics of crop production and soil organic carbon （SOC） from 1990 to 2012 with seven fertilization treatments. The seven ...A long-term fertilization experiment was set up in northern Xinjiang, China to evaluate the dynamics of crop production and soil organic carbon （SOC） from 1990 to 2012 with seven fertilization treatments. The seven treatments included an unfertilized control （CK） and six different combinations of phosphorus （P）, potassium （K）, nitrogen （N）, straw （S） and animal manure （M）. The balanced fertilization treatments had significantly （P〈0.05） higher average yields than the unbalanced ones. The treatment with 2/3 N from potassium sulfate （NPK） and 1/3 N from farmyard manure （NPKM） had a higher average yield than the other treatments. The average yields （over the 23 years） in the treatments of NPK, and urea, calcium superphosphate （NP） did not differ significantly （P〉0.05） but were higher than that in the treatment with urea and potassium sulfate （NK; P〈0.05）. The results also show that the highest increases in SOC （P〈0.05） occurred in NPKM with a potential increase of 1.2 t C/（hm2.a）. The increase in SOC was only 0.31, 0.30 and 0.12 t C/（hm2.a） for NPKS （9/10 N from NPK and 1/10 N from straw）, NPK and NP, respectively; and the SOC in the NP, NK and CK treatments were approaching equilibrium and so did not rise or fall significantly over the 23-year experiment. A complete NPK plus manure fertilization program is recommended for this extremely arid region to maximize both yields and carbon sequestration.展开更多
Soil organic carbon （SOC）, soil microbial biomass carbon （SMBC） and SMBC quotient （SMBC/SOC, qSMBC） are key indexes of soil biological fertility because of the relationship to soil nutrition supply capacity. Yet...Soil organic carbon （SOC）, soil microbial biomass carbon （SMBC） and SMBC quotient （SMBC/SOC, qSMBC） are key indexes of soil biological fertility because of the relationship to soil nutrition supply capacity. Yet it remains unknown how these three indexes change, which limits our understanding about how soil respond to different fertilization practices. Based on a 22-yr （1990-2011） long-term fertilization experiment in northwest China, we investigated the dynamics of SMBC and qSMBC during the growing period of winter wheat, the relationships between the SMBC, qSMBC, soil organic carbon （SOC） concentrations, the carbon input and grain yield of wheat as well. Fertilization treatments were 1） nonfertilization （control）; 2） chemical nitrogen plus phosphate plus potassium （NPK）; 3） NPK plus animal manure （NPKM）; 4） double NPKM （hNPKM） and 5） NPK plus straw （NPKS）. Results showed that the SMBC and qSMBC were significantly different among returning, jointing, flowering and harvest stages of wheat under long-term fertilization. And the largest values were observed in the flowering stage. Values for SMBC and qSMBC ranged from 37.5 to 106.0 mg kg1 and 0.41 to 0.61%, respectively. The mean value rank of SMBC during the whole growing period of wheat was hNPKM〉NPK_M〉NPKS〉CK〉NPK. But there were no statistically significant differences between hNPKM and NPKM, or between CK and NPK. The order for qSMBC was NPKS〉NPKM〉CK〉hNPKM〉NPK. These results indicated that NPKS significantly increased the ratio of SMBC to SOC, i.e., qSMBC, compared with NPK fertilizer or other two NPKM fertilizations. Significant linear relationships were observed between the annual carbon input and SOC （P〈0.01） or SMBC （P〈0.05）, and between the relative grain yield of wheat and the SOC content as well （P〈0.05）. But the qSMBC was not correlated with the annual carbon input. It is thus obvious that the combination of manure, straw with mineral fertilizer may be benefit to increase SOC and improve soil quality than using only mineral fertilizer.展开更多
农田土壤碳库对缓解气候变化、保证粮食安全具有重要作用。日益加剧的气候变化对农田土壤有机碳库演变的潜在影响受到广泛关注。全球气候变化所带来的温度、降雨和大气二氧化碳(CO2)浓度的改变,会通过影响净初级生产力(NPP)、外源碳投...农田土壤碳库对缓解气候变化、保证粮食安全具有重要作用。日益加剧的气候变化对农田土壤有机碳库演变的潜在影响受到广泛关注。全球气候变化所带来的温度、降雨和大气二氧化碳(CO2)浓度的改变,会通过影响净初级生产力(NPP)、外源碳投入和有机碳分解速率等因素改变生态系统碳循环过程。另外,气候变化也会通过改变土地利用方式和种植制度等农业措施改变生态系统碳循环。综述国内外农田土壤碳库演变对气候变化影响的研究成果表明,到21世纪末,中国气温将会升高3.9—6.0℃,降水有望增加9%—11%。至2050年,气温和降水的变化会造成中国农田系统碳投入相比1980年降低2.3%—10%(小麦、玉米和水稻平均值)。相反,在综合考虑CO2浓度升高的协同作用后,2050年中国农田系统碳投入相比1990年前将会增加13%—22%(平均年增长率0.2%—0.4%)。模型预测显示,至2020、2050和2080年,中国旱地0—30 cm土层有机碳在CO2低排放情景下分别会损失2.7、6.0和7.8 t C·hm-2,在CO2高排放情景下分别会损失2.9、6.8和8.2 t C·hm-2,大概占1980年农田土壤碳的4.5%、10.5%和12.7%。综合碳投入和排放对农田土壤碳库的整体影响来看,21世纪末期中国农田土壤有机碳库含量较1980年会下降10%左右,但如果采取相应的管理措施,可有效抑制农田土壤碳库的降低甚至提高,如农田系统碳投入以每年1%的速度增加时,土壤碳库会在21世纪末增加两倍。目前的研究结果显示,气候变化是否会强烈影响农田土壤碳库依然有很大的不确定因素,其对固碳效应正面和负面影响相互抵消后成为碳源还是碳汇说法不一。因此,在采取缓解气候变化、增加农田土壤固碳的措施的同时,还需加强农田土壤碳库未来变化趋势的研究和探索,为中国政策框架的决定以及未来气候变化谈判提供可靠的科学依据。展开更多
基金Sol Leshin UCLA-BGU Program,grant number 8721991.
文摘Aims Resource allocation in plants can be strongly affected by competition.Besides plant–plant interactions,terrestrial plants compete with the soil bacterial community over nutrients.Since the bacterial communities cannot synthesize their own energy sources,they are dependent on external carbon sources.Unlike the effect of overall amounts of carbon(added to the soil)on plant performance,the effect of fine scale temporal variation in soil carbon inputs on the bacterial biomass and its cascading effects on plant growth are largely unknown.We hypothesize that continuous carbon supply(small temporal variance)will result in a relatively constant bacterial biomass that will effectively compete with plants for nutrients.On the other hand,carbon pulses(large temporal variance)are expected to cause oscillations in bacterial biomass,enabling plants temporal escape from competition and possibly enabling increased growth.We thus predicted that continuous carbon supply would increase root allocation at the expense of decreased reproductive output.We also expected this effect to be noticeable only when sufficient nutrients were present in the soil.Methods Wheat plants were grown for 64 days in pots containing either sterilized or inoculated soils,with or without slow-release fertilizer,subjected to one of the following six carbon treatments:daily(1.5mg glucose),every other day(3mg glucose),4 days(6mg glucose),8 days(12mg glucose),16 days(24mg glucose)and no carbon control.Important Findings Remarkably,carbon pulses(every 2–16 days)led to increased reproductive allocation at the expense of decreased root allocation in plants growing in inoculated soils.Consistent with our prediction,these effects were noticeable only when sufficient nutrients were present in the soil.Furthermore,soil inoculation in plants subjected to low nutrient availability resulted in decreased total plant biomass.We interpret this to mean that when the amount of available nutrients is low,these nutrients are mainly used by the bacterial community.Our results show that temporal variation in soil carbon inputs may play an important role in aboveground–belowground interactions,affecting plant resource allocation.
基金funded by the National Basic Research Program of China(2014CB954200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41425007,41005001)the National Gray Desert Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Efficiency Monitoring Station of China
文摘A long-term fertilization experiment was set up in northern Xinjiang, China to evaluate the dynamics of crop production and soil organic carbon （SOC） from 1990 to 2012 with seven fertilization treatments. The seven treatments included an unfertilized control （CK） and six different combinations of phosphorus （P）, potassium （K）, nitrogen （N）, straw （S） and animal manure （M）. The balanced fertilization treatments had significantly （P〈0.05） higher average yields than the unbalanced ones. The treatment with 2/3 N from potassium sulfate （NPK） and 1/3 N from farmyard manure （NPKM） had a higher average yield than the other treatments. The average yields （over the 23 years） in the treatments of NPK, and urea, calcium superphosphate （NP） did not differ significantly （P〉0.05） but were higher than that in the treatment with urea and potassium sulfate （NK; P〈0.05）. The results also show that the highest increases in SOC （P〈0.05） occurred in NPKM with a potential increase of 1.2 t C/（hm2.a）. The increase in SOC was only 0.31, 0.30 and 0.12 t C/（hm2.a） for NPKS （9/10 N from NPK and 1/10 N from straw）, NPK and NP, respectively; and the SOC in the NP, NK and CK treatments were approaching equilibrium and so did not rise or fall significantly over the 23-year experiment. A complete NPK plus manure fertilization program is recommended for this extremely arid region to maximize both yields and carbon sequestration.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41061035, 41371247)the Project of Aid of Science and Technology in Xinjiang, China (201191140) for providing funding for this work
文摘Soil organic carbon （SOC）, soil microbial biomass carbon （SMBC） and SMBC quotient （SMBC/SOC, qSMBC） are key indexes of soil biological fertility because of the relationship to soil nutrition supply capacity. Yet it remains unknown how these three indexes change, which limits our understanding about how soil respond to different fertilization practices. Based on a 22-yr （1990-2011） long-term fertilization experiment in northwest China, we investigated the dynamics of SMBC and qSMBC during the growing period of winter wheat, the relationships between the SMBC, qSMBC, soil organic carbon （SOC） concentrations, the carbon input and grain yield of wheat as well. Fertilization treatments were 1） nonfertilization （control）; 2） chemical nitrogen plus phosphate plus potassium （NPK）; 3） NPK plus animal manure （NPKM）; 4） double NPKM （hNPKM） and 5） NPK plus straw （NPKS）. Results showed that the SMBC and qSMBC were significantly different among returning, jointing, flowering and harvest stages of wheat under long-term fertilization. And the largest values were observed in the flowering stage. Values for SMBC and qSMBC ranged from 37.5 to 106.0 mg kg1 and 0.41 to 0.61%, respectively. The mean value rank of SMBC during the whole growing period of wheat was hNPKM〉NPK_M〉NPKS〉CK〉NPK. But there were no statistically significant differences between hNPKM and NPKM, or between CK and NPK. The order for qSMBC was NPKS〉NPKM〉CK〉hNPKM〉NPK. These results indicated that NPKS significantly increased the ratio of SMBC to SOC, i.e., qSMBC, compared with NPK fertilizer or other two NPKM fertilizations. Significant linear relationships were observed between the annual carbon input and SOC （P〈0.01） or SMBC （P〈0.05）, and between the relative grain yield of wheat and the SOC content as well （P〈0.05）. But the qSMBC was not correlated with the annual carbon input. It is thus obvious that the combination of manure, straw with mineral fertilizer may be benefit to increase SOC and improve soil quality than using only mineral fertilizer.
文摘农田土壤碳库对缓解气候变化、保证粮食安全具有重要作用。日益加剧的气候变化对农田土壤有机碳库演变的潜在影响受到广泛关注。全球气候变化所带来的温度、降雨和大气二氧化碳(CO2)浓度的改变,会通过影响净初级生产力(NPP)、外源碳投入和有机碳分解速率等因素改变生态系统碳循环过程。另外,气候变化也会通过改变土地利用方式和种植制度等农业措施改变生态系统碳循环。综述国内外农田土壤碳库演变对气候变化影响的研究成果表明,到21世纪末,中国气温将会升高3.9—6.0℃,降水有望增加9%—11%。至2050年,气温和降水的变化会造成中国农田系统碳投入相比1980年降低2.3%—10%(小麦、玉米和水稻平均值)。相反,在综合考虑CO2浓度升高的协同作用后,2050年中国农田系统碳投入相比1990年前将会增加13%—22%(平均年增长率0.2%—0.4%)。模型预测显示,至2020、2050和2080年,中国旱地0—30 cm土层有机碳在CO2低排放情景下分别会损失2.7、6.0和7.8 t C·hm-2,在CO2高排放情景下分别会损失2.9、6.8和8.2 t C·hm-2,大概占1980年农田土壤碳的4.5%、10.5%和12.7%。综合碳投入和排放对农田土壤碳库的整体影响来看,21世纪末期中国农田土壤有机碳库含量较1980年会下降10%左右,但如果采取相应的管理措施,可有效抑制农田土壤碳库的降低甚至提高,如农田系统碳投入以每年1%的速度增加时,土壤碳库会在21世纪末增加两倍。目前的研究结果显示,气候变化是否会强烈影响农田土壤碳库依然有很大的不确定因素,其对固碳效应正面和负面影响相互抵消后成为碳源还是碳汇说法不一。因此,在采取缓解气候变化、增加农田土壤固碳的措施的同时,还需加强农田土壤碳库未来变化趋势的研究和探索,为中国政策框架的决定以及未来气候变化谈判提供可靠的科学依据。
