Spatial Variability of Soil Cation Exchange Capacity in Hilly Tea Plantation Soils Under Different Sampling Scales

Studies on the spatial variability of the soil cation exchange capacity （CEC） were made to provide a theoretical basis for an ecological tea plantation and management of soil fertilizer in the tea plantation. Geostatistics were used to analyze the spatial variability of soil CEC in the tea plantation site on Mengding Mountain in Sichuan Province of China on two sampling scales. It was found that, （1） on the small scale, the soil CEC was intensively spatially correlative, the rate of nugget to sill was 18.84% and the spatially dependent range was 1 818 m, and structural factors were the main factors that affected the spatial variability of the soil CEC; （2） on the microscale, the soil CEC was also consumingly spatially dependent, and the rate of nugget to sill was 16.52%, the spatially dependent range was 311 m, and the main factors affecting the spatial variability were just the same as mentioned earlier. On the small scale, soil CEC had a stronger anisotropic structure on the slope aspect, and a weaker one on the lateral side. According to the ordinary Kriging method, the equivalence of soil CEC distributed along the lateral aspect of the slope from northeast to southwest, and the soil CEC reduced as the elevation went down. On the microscale, the anisotropic structure was different from that measured on the small scale. It had a stronger anisotropic structure on the aspect that was near the aspect of the slope, and a weaker one near the lateral aspect of the slope. The soil CEC distributed along the lateral aspect of the slope and some distributed in the form of plots. From the top to the bottom of the slope, the soil CEC increased initially, and then reduced, and finally increased.

Cokriging of Soil Cation Exchange Capacity Using the First Principal Component Derived from Soil Physico-Chemical Properties

As soil cation exchange capacity （CEC） is a vital indicator of soil quality and pollutant sequestration capacity,a study was conducted to evaluate cokriging of CEC with the principal components derived from soil physico-chemical properties.In Qingdao,China,107 soil samples were collected.Soil CEC was estimated by using 86 soil samples for prediction and 21 soil samples for test.The first two principal components （PC1 and PC2） together explained 60.2% of the total variance of soil physico-chemical properties.The PC1 was highly correlated with CEC （r=0.76,P0.01）,whereas there was no significant correlation between CEC and PC2 （r=0.03）.The PC1 was then used as an auxiliary variable for the prediction of soil CEC.Mean error （ME） and root mean square error （RMSE） of kriging for the test dataset were-1.76 and 3.67 cmolc kg-1,and ME and RMSE of cokriging for the test dataset were-1.47 and 2.95 cmolc kg-1,respectively.The cross-validation R2 for the prediction dataset was 0.24 for kriging and 0.39 for cokriging.The results show that cokriging with PC1 is more reliable than kriging for spatial interpolation.In addition,principal components have the highest potential for cokriging predictions when the principal components have good correlations with the primary variables.

A statistical reappraisal of the relationship between liquid limit and specific surface area, cation exchange capacity and activity of clays

More than 500 datasets from the literature have been used to evaluate the relationships of specific surface area (SSA),cation exchange capacity (CEC) and activity versus the liquid limit (LL).The correlations gave R^2 values ranging between 0.71 and 0.92.Independent data were also used to validate the correlations.Estimated SSA values slightly overestimate the measured SSA up to 100 m^2/g.Regarding the estimated CEC values,they overestimated the measured CEC values up to 20 meq/(100 g).A probabilistic approach was performed for the correlations of SSA,CEC and activity versus LL.The analysis shows that the relations of SSA,CEC and activity with LL are robust.Using the LL values,it is possible to assess other basic engineering properties of clays.

Soil exchangeable base cations along a chronosequence of Caragana microphylla plantation in a semi-arid sandy land,China

As a pioneer leguminous shrub species for vegetation re-establishment, Caragana microphylla is widely distributed in the semi-fixed and fixed sandy lands of the Horqin region, North China. C. microphylla planta- tions modify organic carbon （SOC）, nitrogen （N） and phosphorus dynamics, bulk density and water-holding capacity and biological activities in soils, but little is known with regard to soil exchange properties. Variation in soil ex- changeable base cations was examined under C. microphylla plantations with an age sequence of 0, 5, 10, and 22 years in the Horqin Sandy Land, and at the depth of 0-10, 10-20, and 20-30 cm, respectively. C. microphylla has been planted on the non-vegetated sand dunes with similar physical-chemical soil properties. The results showed that exchangeable calcium （Ca）, magnesium （Mg）, and potassium （K）, and cation exchange capacity （CEC） were significantly increased, and Ca saturation tended to decrease, while Mg and K saturations were increased with the plantation years. No difference was observed for exchangeable sodium （Na） neither with plantation years nor at soil depths. Of all the base cations and soil layers, exchangeable K at the depth of 0-10 cm accumulated most quickly, and it increased by 1.76, 3.16, and 4.25 times, respectively after C. microphylla was planted for 5, 10, and 22 years. Exchangeable Ca, Mg, and K, and CEC were significantly （P〈0.001） and positively correlated with SOC, total N, pH and electrical conductivity （EC）. Soil pH and SOC are regarded as the main factors influencing the variation in ex- changeable cations, and the preferential absorption of cations by plants and different leaching rates of base cations that modify cation saturations under C. microphylla plantation. It is concluded that as a nitrogen-fixation species, C. microphylla plantation is beneficial to increasing exchangeable base cations and CEC in soils, and therefore can improve soil fertility and create favorable microenvironments for plants and creatures in the semi-arid sandy land ecosystems.

旋转振荡法优化土壤CEC测定的研究

使用旋转振荡代替手工搅拌对样品进行前处理,分别研究了振荡转速(r)、振荡时间(t)以及振荡次数(n)对阳离子交换量测定结果的影响。结果表明:当振荡条件控制在r=250 r·min^(-1)、t=10 min、n=2次时,可以有效地提高分析检测效率,节约化学试剂的消耗量,达到降低时间成本、节约人力的目的。该方法通过使用国家标准物质进行验证,测定的精密度和准确度均符合要求,综上,新方法操作性较强、效率高,适用于大批量土壤样品的分析测定。

CEC前处理系统-凯氏定氮仪快速测定土壤中的阳离子交换量

土壤阳离子交换量是指土壤胶体能够吸附的各种阳离子的总量,是反映土壤缓冲能力和保肥能力的重要指标,也是土壤环境评价等工作中必须分析的指标。传统的乙酸铵交换法(林业标准(LY/T 1243—1999))因其稳定性好、缓冲性强、重复性好而在我国土壤和农化实验室应用较为广泛,但在大批量土壤分析时仍然存在步骤繁琐、耗时长、效率低等不足。为了克服这些不足,本文结合前人的研究,分别从离心、蒸馏、滴定3大步骤对标准方法进行优化,利用CEC前处理系统对样品进行EDTA-乙酸铵溶液置换、乙醇清洗,通过全自动凯氏定氮仪对置换的铵根离子进行测定,从而计算CEC值;详细探讨了测定过程中乙酸铵搅拌时间、乙醇用量、凯氏定氮仪蒸馏时间对测定结果的影响,综合建立并优化了CEC前处理系统—凯氏定氮仪测定土壤中的阳离子交换量的分析方法。实验结果表明,在最佳的置换时间、乙醇用量及蒸馏时间等条件下,一批样品(100件)的测定时间仅需8 h,极大地提高了工作效率,与传统方法相比时间缩短了近85%。方法经国家一级土壤成分分析标准物质验证,测定值与认定值相符,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)均小于2%。该方法分析效率高、操作简单,极大地减少了人工操作可能带来的误差,提高了测定结果的准确度,适用于大批量土壤的阳离子交换量的测定。

基于CEC前处理系统-凯氏定氮仪测定土壤阳离子交换量的改进方法

测定土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)的行业传统方法乙酸铵交换法(林业标准LY/T 1243—1999),在农业化学分析中有广泛应用,但应用于大批量土壤分析和检测时,存在步骤繁琐、耗时长、效率低等不足。为提高检测效率,分别从离心、煮沸前处理、淋洗3个步骤对标准方法进行优化,利用CEC前处理系统对样品进行EDTA-乙酸铵溶液置换、乙醇淋洗,通过全自动凯氏定氮仪对置换的铵根离子进行测定,计算土壤CEC。结果表明,0.005 mol/L EDTA-1 mol/L乙酸铵溶液搅拌8 min,石灰性土壤无需进行淋洗前的1 mol/L氯化铵煮沸处理,乙醇淋洗4次。该条件下,通过对国家土壤有证标准物质进行测试,得出分析方法的准确度符合要求。该分析方法操作简便,提高了检测效率和准确度,适用于大批量土壤CEC的测定。

乙二胺四乙酸-乙酸铵盐交换法测定阳离子交换量方法优化

针对乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)-乙酸铵交换法测定土壤阳离子交换量耗时长的问题,对方法的搅拌方式、搅拌时间、蒸馏时间进行优化。优化后分析条件为:用磁力搅拌器代替人工橡皮头玻璃棒搅拌,确定搅拌时间为90 s,确定蒸馏时间为6 min。选择4个不同地区不同阳离子交换量的土壤标准物质用优化前、后的方法分别进行7次测定,其检测结果相对标准偏差为1.53%~5.32%;28个实际样品进行成对二样本均值分析,优化前、优化后测定的土壤阳离子交换量结果无显著性差异;对优化前、后28个土壤样品阳离子交换量测定结果进行相关性分析,线性相关显著,相关系数r=0.998。结果表明,EDTA-乙酸铵交换法优化前、后均具有较好的精密度和准确度,结果无显著性差异,EDTA乙酸铵交换法优化后的方法检测时间(1人测定8个样品)由280 min缩短到130 min,提高了检测效率,适合批量石灰性土壤阳离子代换量的测定。

内蒙古平原灌区土壤固碳与养分吸附特征及秸秆还田调控

为内蒙古平原灌区春玉米连续高产稳产过程中秸秆培肥高产田和改良盐碱田提供理论依据。设置了玉米秸秆还田1~4 a(HT1~HT4)定位试验,以秸秆不还田作为对照(CK),测定了春播前和收获期土壤有机碳含量、全氮含量、有效氮含量、有效磷含量、阳离子交换量、pH值和酸碱缓冲曲线。结果表明,HT1~HT4收获期与春播前相比土壤有机碳含量、全氮含量、有效氮含量、有效磷含量、阳离子交换量的相对变化率为1.34%~3.62%,0.20%~1.51%,-0.11%~0.78%,0.89%~6.36%,0.09%~0.41%,CK收获期与春播前相比土壤有机碳含量、全氮含量、有效氮含量、有效磷含量、阳离子交换量的相对变化率为1.57%,-0.02%,-0.45%,-0.15%,-0.05%;HT2、HT3、HT4比CK的土壤pH值显著降低;土壤对碱的缓冲能力依次为HT4>HT3>HT2>HT1>CK。综上所述,随秸秆还田年限的增加,土壤固碳能力、保肥能力和缓冲性能增大,有效抵御因施化肥等因素导致土壤pH值剧烈变化的能力增强,秸秆还田培肥改土措施显著提升了土壤质量。

大春河小流域土壤有效硼和阳离子交换量变化特征研究

为提高土壤保肥能力和构建合理耕层结构,以云南省昆明市大春河小流域林地、园地、草地、耕地和裸地为研究对象,采用固定深度法和等效质量法2种方法共同计算土壤有效硼(EB)储量,Franzluebbers法计算EB和阳离子交换量(CEC)层化率,分析土壤有效硼和阳离子交换量随深度的变化特征及影响因素。结果表明:EB含量和储量随深度变化差异显著(P <0.05),林地和园地随深度的增加而降低,草地、耕地和裸地随深度的增加而增加;林地EB和CEC层化率SR2大于SR1;土壤CEC含量随土壤深度增加显著增加或降低;阳离子附着于土壤而流失,土壤CEC含量随土壤深度的增加而递减;有机质(OM)、总氮(TN)、含水率(MC)和容重(BD)对EB和CEC具有显著相关性(P <0.05),不同土地利用类型的OM、TN和MC与EB和CEC呈正相关关系,BD与土壤EB和CEC呈负相关关系;林地和园地保肥能力高于草地、耕地和裸地,0~20cm保肥能力最好;草地、耕地和裸地40~60 cm保肥能力最好。植被覆盖率和土壤侵蚀是影响EB和CEC变化的主要物理因素,OM、TN、MC和BD是影响EB和CEC变化的主要化学因素,需构建合理耕作层,提高保水保肥能力。

区域土壤CEC与相关控制因子的空间非平稳关系评估

土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)对土壤的保肥能力具有重要影响。了解土壤CEC的空间分布及相关控制因子的影响有助于区域土壤肥力的精准调控。以往多采用传统的最小二乘(OLS)回归模型探索相关因子对土壤CEC的影响。然而,该类模型是一种总体回归方法,不能反映局部空间区域内相关因子对土壤CEC的影响。采用一种局部空间回归技术——地理加权回归(GWR)探索表层和亚表层土壤中CEC与相关控制因子(土壤黏粒、土壤有机质和土壤pH)之间的空间非平稳关系。结果表明,各控制因子在不同的子区域和深度对土壤CEC的影响均有明显差异;同时,GWR模型有效地揭示了土壤CEC与相关土壤控制因子的空间非平稳关系。所得的空间非平稳关系图可以为更精确地调控区域土壤肥力提供依据。

绵羊日粮CEC值与其纤维物质消化特性研究

采用 12头绵羊作为试验动物 ,随机分成 4组 ,研究了以稻秆、小麦秸、玉米秸和花生藤 4种不同的阳离子交换量 (CEC值 )的粗饲料为主的绵羊日粮对纤维物质消化动力学参数的影响 .结果表明 :日粮 CEC值与粗蛋白 (CP)呈极显著正相关 (r=0 .748) ,与中性洗涤纤维 (NDF)呈极显著负相关 (r=- 0 .5 19) ,而与酸性洗涤纤维 (ADF) (r=- 0 .46 0 )和纤维素 (CEL ) (r=- 0 .46 5 )呈显著负相关 ,与其它化学成分没有相关性 .随着日粮 CEC值升高 ,各种营养物质在绵羊十二指肠和直肠中的流通量呈逐渐下降的趋势 。

不同立地条件下杜仲林土壤理化特性比较研究

为探究杜仲种植对不同地形土壤的影响,本文以微地形坝地、阳坡、阴坡和坡顶为研究对象,采集并测定试验区0-20 cm层、20-40 cm层和40-60 cm层的土壤温度、湿度、pH值及土壤化学计量。结果表明:7、8月的土壤温度变化范围为23.4~40.67℃,其中坝地的土壤温度显著最高(P<0.05)。9月土壤温度的变化范围为19.43~24.27℃,坝地和阳坡的土壤温度显著低于阴坡和坡顶的土壤温度,10月土壤温度的变化范围为9.63~21.60℃,坝地的土壤温度显著低于其余地形(P<0.05)。土壤温度受季节变化影响显著。试验区土壤pH值的变化范围为6.21~7.00,属中性土和酸性土,适宜杜仲生长。土壤N、P、K含量与阳离子交换量间呈显著正相关关系,其中N含量<P含量<K含量。研究表明,地形对土壤表征及化学计量具显著影响,该结论为杜仲种植提供理论依据。

珠三角赤红壤常年菜地土壤肥力质量评价

赤红壤是广东省地带性土壤,研究位于该地带性土壤的菜地肥力变化特征,以客观评价耕作施肥管理的科学性,助力耕地质量保护与提升。在广东省珠三角地区广州市、江门市、肇庆市、惠州市惠阳区选取了89个蔬菜常年种植菜地,测定了耕层(0~20 cm)土壤理化指标,利用第二次全国土壤普查养分分级标准和内梅罗综合指数法分析评价土壤肥力状况。珠三角赤红壤常年菜地土壤质地以壤土、砂质壤土、粉壤土为主,分别占比46.1%、23.6%和19.1%;pH 5.83,呈微酸性;有机质含量23.83 g·kg-1,为中等水平;阳离子交换量8.67 cmol(+)·kg-1,为中等偏下水平;全氮(N)、全磷(P)、全钾(K)含量分别为1.19、1.47、12.53 g·kg-1,其中全氮和全磷含量均属中等水平,全钾含量为中等偏下水平;有效态养分中碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量分别为135.24、120.24、222.48 mg·kg-1,属于丰富(碱解氮和速效钾)和极丰富水平(有效磷)。内梅罗综合指数法评价结果显示,珠三角赤红壤常年菜地土壤综合肥力指数为1.69,属良好等级。相比第二次全国土壤普查广东省赤红壤普查结果,土壤全钾含量不同程度降低,pH值、有机质、全氮、碱解氮含量均不同程度提高,增幅分别为16.6%、23.5%、38.4%和62.5%;阳离子交换量、全磷、有效磷和速效钾含量大幅增加,增幅分别达1.29、6.00、65.80和3.07倍,其中土壤有效磷累积较为普遍。全氮和全磷的年均累积量分别为8.46、32.31 mg·kg-1,碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾年均累积量分别为1.20、3.04、4.30 mg·kg-1。总体上,经过近40年耕种,珠三角赤红壤常年菜地肥力水平不同程度改善,土壤pH由酸性改善为微酸性,阳离子交换性能、有机质、全氮含量提升1个等级,碱解氮和有效钾含量提升2个等级,全磷和有效磷含量分别提升3和5个等级。各肥力指标总体上由原来的极度缺乏至中等偏下状态改善为目前的中等偏下至极丰富水平,总体肥力状况良好。在实施蔬菜有机无机肥配施技术基础上,合理施用氮、钾肥,降低磷肥投入量,可以进一步提升珠三角赤红壤区菜地地力水平,维持土壤资源的可持续利用。

酸性土壤阳离子交换量和交换性钙、镁、钾、钠的方法探讨

为了提高土壤中阳离子交换量检测的准确度和效率,针对国家标准方法的不足,在原理不变的条件下对空白、浸提、离心等实验步骤进行优化。结果表明:通过实验测试对试验进行重新定义,将国家标准方法中的浸提时间由120 min优化为30 min,大大缩减了一个样品的测试时间,离心时间由5 min优化为10 min。本方法效率高、准确度和精密性良好,适用于大批量土壤中阳离子交换量的测定。

宁波地区长期非粮化生产对耕层土壤理化性质的影响

本研究旨在探究宁波地区长期非粮化生产对耕层土壤理化性质的影响,为非粮化耕地的恢复利用提供参考依据。通过比较采集的全市130个非粮化耕地和53个对照样地的土壤样品,并结合地貌类型(水网平原、滨海平原、丘陵山区、河谷平原)和非粮化种植类型(苗木、果树)进行了系统分析。结果表明:非粮化耕地的土壤pH、有机质含量、土壤容重分别为5.74±0.83、24.72±8.01 g/kg和1.28±0.05 g/cm^(3),分别显著低于或高于周边水田的6.17±1.02、30.07±10.68 g/kg和1.18±0.05 g/cm^(3)(P<0.05)。不同地貌类型条件下,非粮化生产对耕层土壤理化性质的影响存在差异,其中对丘陵山区和河谷平原的耕地产生影响较大,导致土壤EC值、有机质和全氮含量均下降10%以上,土壤pH下降至酸性水平(pH<5.5)。2种非粮化生产方式(苗木和果树种植)均会不同程度导致土壤pH、EC值、CEC值、有机质和全氮含量下降与土壤容重上升,但苗木种植的影响程度均要大于果树种植,其中非粮化苗木地的有机质含量为22.90±7.18 g/kg,显著低于非粮化果园和对照样地的30.07±10.68 g/kg和26.87±8.44 g/kg(P<0.05)。研究表明,宁波地区长期非粮化生产导致土壤酸化、地力下降和土壤紧实度提高等问题,同时非粮化耕地的恢复利用应充分考虑地貌类型和非粮化种植类型等因素差异。

分光光度法测定土壤阳离子交换量的影响因素及方法优化

样品空白、土壤pH值、浸提方法、有机质含量等是影响三氯化六氨合钴浸提-分光光度法测定土壤阳离子交换量的重要因素。本文通过影响因素的方法比对,得出测定结果的差异,优化检测过程,为土壤中阳离子交换量的检测提供方法依据。

Geotechnical Characterization of Termite Mound Soils of Congo

This study is to determine the activities and correlations in the fundamental properties of the termite mounds soils Cubitermes spp and Macrotermes sp. The Intrinsic properties depend on the mineralogy, organic composition and texture of soil. Grain size, Atterberg limits and soil blue values are geotechnical properties that were used to characterize the two soils. On the basis of the geotechnical properties, specific surface area, cation exchange capacity, relative activity, surface activity and soil activity were determined. The correlations obtained in the intrinsic soil properties are linear and polynomial fits. Indeed, the relationship between the plasticity index and the blue value of a soil on the one hand and between the specific surface area and the cation exchange capacity on the other hand, is a linear fit for all soils in general. The relationship between plasticity index and specific surface area is a linear fit for the soils (C, M). Correlations in intrinsic soil properties that have a coefficient of determination close to 1 can be used in geotechnical engineering to predict one of the two desired parameters.

Al-Pillared Ghassoulite Clay as a New Green Catalyst for the Synthesis of Benzothiazoles and Benzimidazoles: Effect of Amine/CEC Ratio

The following article has been retracted due to the investigation of complaints received against it. The Editorial Board found that substantial portions of the text came from other published papers. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter, and the International Journal of Organic Chemistry treats all unethical behavior such as plagiarism seriously. This paper published in Vol.3 No.2, 151-157 (pages), 2013, has been removed from this site. Title: Al-Pillared Ghassoulite Clay as a New Green Catalyst for the Synthesis of Benzothiazoles and Benzimidazoles: Effect of Amine/CEC Ratio Authors: Rachid Azzallou,?Rachid Mamouni,?Kimberly Stieglitz,?Nabil Saffaj, Mohammadine Said

Levels of Selected Essential and Non-Essential Metals in the Soil and Ginger (<i>Zingiber officinale</i>) Cultivated in Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is an important spice and medicinal plant used in different parts of the world. The objective of current study was to determine the level of essential and non-essential metals in ginger and its correlation with concentration of metals in the supporting soil. The level of K, Na, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Co, Cd and Pb in soil and ginger cultivated in the selected districts of Wolaita zone, Southern Ethiopia were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. A 0.5 g ginger sample was digested using a mixture of 4 ml HNO3 and 1.5 ml HClO4 at 210°C for 150 minutes, and a 0.5 g soil sample was digested employing a mixture of 6 ml aqua-regia and 1 ml H2O2 at 280°C for 150 minutes. The metal concentrations range in dry weight basis for ginger samples is decreasing in the order: K (1691 - 3487 mg/kg) > Mg (701 - 1583 mg/kg) > Ca (862 - 1476 mg/kg) > Na (398 - 776 mg/kg) > Mn (325 - 672 mg/kg) > Fe (6.14 - 11.92 mg/kg) > Zn (5.30 - 10.09 mg/kg) > (0.12 - 0.23 mg/kg) for Pb. The concentration of Cd, Cu and Co in ginger samples were below the limit of detection. The results revealed that ginger has the ability to accumulate relatively higher amounts of K and Mg among the determined essential metals. The soil samples have been found to be acidic pH, sandy clay loam in texture, a very low electrical conductivity and moderate level of (CEC, organic carbon, available phosphorus and total nitrogen). Although, a positive correlation between the levels of K, Mg, Zn, Mn in ginger and soil samples were observed. All the non-essential metals analyzed in this study were below the permissible ranges set by FAO/WHO.