Cr^(Ⅵ) adsorption on four typical soil colloids: equilibrium and kinetics

It is observed that the adsorption of chromium are greater on kaolinite minerals, red soil (R) and laterite (L) colloids than that on montmorillonite, indicotic black (IB) and yellow brown (YB) soil colloids. The adsorption process of Cr Ⅵ on these media can be further described by Langmuir or Freundlich equation quite well. The adsorption reaction of Cr Ⅵ is fast, and the adsorption equilibrium can be reached within the first two hours in moderate temperature. The adsorption quantity of Cr Ⅵ to kaolinite mineral increased with the increasing pH in the range of 2.0 to 7.0, then decreased at higher pH. But it showed some consistence among the four soil colloids. The lower the pH, the stronger the adsorption. The possible mechanisms are further discussed here. Meanwhile the influence of temperature on Cr Ⅵ adsorption on different soil colloid and clay minerals are also investigated.

Adsorption of Cadmium by Soil Colloids and Minerals in Presence of Rhizobia

Experiments were conducted to study the adsorption of Cd on two soil colloids (red soil and yellow- brown soil) and three variable-charge minerals (goethite, noncrystalline Fe oxide and kaolin) in the absence and presence of rhizobia. The tested strain Rhizobium fredii C6, tolerant to 0.8 mmol L-1 Cd, was selected from 30 rhizobial strains. Results showed that the isotherms for the adsorption of Cd by examined soil colloids and minerals in the presence of rhizobia could be described by Langmuir equation. Within the range of the numbers of rhizobial cells studied, the amount of Cd adsorbed by each system increased with increasing rhizobial cells. Greater increases for the adsorption of Cd were found in red soil and kaolin systems. Rhizobia influence on the adsorption of Cd by examined soil colloids and minerals was different from that on the adsorption of Cu. The presence of rhizobia increased the adsorption sanity of soil colloids and minerals for Cd, particularly for the goethite and kaolin systems. The discrepancies in the influence of rhizobia on the adsorbability and affinity of selected soil colloids and minerals for Cd suggested the different interactions of rhizobia with various soil components. It is assumed that bacterial biomass plays an important role in controlling the mobility and bioavailability of Cd in soils with kaolinite and goethite as the major colloidal components, such as in variable-charge soil.

Effect of Cr(Ⅵ) and p-Chloroaniline Interaction on Their Reaction Behaviors on Soil Colloids

Adsorption of Cr(Ⅵ) and p-chloroaniline on three typical soil colloids and pH influence were studied using batch equilibrium method. Both of Cr(Ⅵ) and p-chloroaniline adsorption on the colloids could be well described by general adsorption simulation equations. The adsorption processes changed with media pH. When Cr(Ⅵ) and p-chloroaniline coexisted on soil colloids, their interactions could be observed in a certain pH range to be accompanied with Cr(Ⅵ) reduction, which clearly suggested that a surface catalytic reaction occurred in this system. Soil colloid acted as an efficient catalyst for the interaction of Cr(Ⅵ) and p-chloroaniline. The pH values at which no interaction was observed were 4.0, 4.5 and 5.0 for the colloids of indigotic black soil, yellow-brown soil and latosol, respectively. Capillary electrophoresis used to analyze p-chloroaniline provided a high separation efficiency and short separation time, and needed no more extensive pretreatment of samples.

Adsorption of Acid Phosphatase on Minerals and Soil Colloids in Presence of Citrate and Phosphate

The aim of this work was to study the influence of phosphate and citrate, which are common inorganic and organic anions in soils, on the adsorption of acid phosphatase by kaolin, goethite and the colloids separated from yellow-brown soil (YBS) and latosol (LS) in central-south China. The YBS colloid has the major clay mineral composition of 1.4 nm mineral, illite and kaolinite while the LS colloid mainly contains kaolinite and oxides. The adsorption isotherm of acid phosphatase on the examined soil colloids and minerals fitted to the Langmuir model. The amount of enzyme adsorbed in the absence of ligands was in the order of YBS colloid > LS colloid > kaolin ≈ goethite. In the presence of phosphate or citrate, the amounts of the enzyme adsorbed followed the sequence YBS colloid > kaolin > LS colloid > goethite. The presence of ligands also decreased the binding energy between the enzyme and soil colloids or minerals. With the increase of ligand concentration from 10 mmol L-1 to 400 m mol L-1, different behaviors for the adsorption of enzyme were found in the colloid and mineral systems studied. A sharp decrease in enzyme adsorption was observed on goethite while gradual decreases of enzyme adsorption were recorded in the two soil colloid systems. However, no any decrease was found for the amount of enzyme adsorbed on kaolin at higher ligand concentrations. When phosphate or citrate was introduced to the system before the addition of enzyme, the ligands usually enhanced the adsorption of enzyme. The results obtained in this study suggested the important role of kaolinite mineral in the adsorption of enzyme molecules in acidic soils in the presence of various ligands.

Amplification of plasmid DNA bound on soil colloidal particles and clay minerals by the polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction （PCR） was used to amplify a 600-base pair （bp） sequence of plasmid pGEX-2T DNA bound on soil colloidal particles from Brown soil （Alfisol） and Red soil （Ultisol）, and three different minerals （goethite, kaolinite, montmorillonite）. DNA bound on soil colloids, kaolinite, and montmorillonite was not amplified when the complexes were used directly but amplification occurred when the soil colloid or kaolinite-DNA complex was diluted, 10- and 20-fold. The montmorillonite-DNA complex required at least 100-fold dilution before amplification could be detected. DNA bound on goethite was amplified irrespective of whether the complex was used directly, or diluted 10- and 20-fold. The amplification of mineral-bound plasmid DNA by PCR is, therefore, markedly influenced by the type and concentration of minerals used. This information is of fundamental importance to soil molecular microbial ecology with particular reference to monitoring the fate of genetically engineered microorganisms and their recombinant DNA in soil environments.

INFLUENCES OF SEVERAL SOIL COLLOIDS ON THE ADSORPTION AND PROPERTIES OF UREASE ENZYME

The present experiment was designed to elucidate the effects of the sterilized colloids separated from red soil,latosol and yellow brown soil,which are the typical zonal soils in central-south China, on the adsorption,activity,kinetic parameters and thermal stability of urease enzyme which plays significant role in the transformation of soil nitrogen compounds. Results show that the amount of enzyme adsorbed on the examined soil colloids followed the order: yellow brown soil>red soil=latosol. The residual activities of enzyme in different colloid systems are in the following sequence:red soil>latosol> yellow brown soil. The thermal stability of adsorbed enzyme is higher than that of free enzyme. The enzyme immobilized on yellow brown soil colloid had the highest stability at elevated temperature from 60 to 80℃. Both of the free and immobilized urease obey Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The Km values of immobilized urease (13. 5-20. 8 mM) on different soil colloids examined were in the same order of magnitude as that of free urease (9. 3mM). The kinetic constant of immobilized enzyme suggests that urease adsorbed on yellow brown soil colloid has a greater affinity for substrate. The Ku and Vmax values also indicate a mixed type of enzyme inhibition for the examined soil colloids. These results provide basic evidences for the understanding of the properties and kinetics of soil enzymes in tropic and subtropic regions.

Surface Chemical Properties of Colloids in Main Soils of China

Surface chemical properties of soil colloids are the important factor affecting soil fertility and genesis. To provide scientific basis for soil genetic classification, promotion of soil fertility and reasonable fertilization, the specific surface area and electric charge of soil colloids in relation to clay minerals and organic matter are further discussed on the basis of the results obtained from the studies on surface chemical properties of soil colloids in five main soils of China. Results from the studies show that the effect of clay minerals and organic matter on the surface chemical properties of soil colloids is very complicated because the siloxane surface, hydrated oxide surface and organic matter surface do not exist separately, but they are always mixed together and influenced each other. The understanding of the relationship among clay minerals, organic matter and surface chemical properties of soil colloids depends upon further study of the relevant disciplines of soil science, especially the study on the mechanisms of organo-mineral complexes.

Tracing Water Flow and Colloidal Particles Transfer in an Unsaturated Soil

In recent years, many studies have been carried out on colloidal particle transfer in the unsaturated zone because they can be a risk to the environment either directly or as a vector of pollutants. A study was conducted on the influence of porous media structure in unsaturated conditions on colloidal particle transport. Three granular materials were set up in columns to replicate a fluvio-glacial soil from the unsaturated zone in the Lyon area (France). It is a sand, a bimodal mixture in equal proportion by weight of sand and gravel, and a fraction of bimodal mixture. Nanoparticles of silica (SiO2-Au-FluoNPs), having a hydrodynamic diameter between 50 and 60 nm, labeled by organic fluorescent molecules were used to simulate the transport of colloidal particles. A nonreactive tracer, bromide ion (Br-) at a concentration of C0,s = 10-2 M was used to determine the hydrodispersive properties of porous media. The tests were carried out first, with a solution of nanoparticles (C0,p = 0.2 g/L) and secondly, with a solution of nanoparticles and bromine. The transfer model based on fractionation of water into two phases, mobile and immobile, MIM, correctly fits the elution curves. The retention of colloidal particles is greater in the two media of bimodal particle size than that in the sand, which clearly demonstrates the role of textural heterogeneity in the retention mechanism. The increase in ionic strength produced by alimenting the columns with colloidal particle suspension in the presence of bromide, increases retention up to 25% in the sand. The total concentration profile of nanoparticles collected at the end of the experiment shows that the colloidal particles are retained primarily at the entrance of the columns. Hydrodispersive calculated parameters indicate that flow is more heterogeneous in bimodal media compared to sand.

Effects of different concentrations of super-absorbent polymers on soil structure and hydro-physical properties following continuous wetting and drying cycles

Super-absorbent polymers(SAPs)are widely used chemical water-saving materials,which play an active role in the accumulation of soil water and the improvement of soil structure.Little is known about their performance with repeated usage or about factors influencing their efficiency under alternate wetting and drying cycles.In this study,various concentrations of SAP(0,0.1,0.2 and 0.3%)in soil following three continuous wetting and drying cycles(T1,T2 and T3),were studied to determine effects on soil structure stability and hydro-physical properties.The results indicated that the SAP improved soil water supply capacity under conditions of mild drought(T2)and sufficient irrigation(T3)at concentrations of 0.2 and 0.3%,but a reduction was observed under severe drought conditions(T1),which was negatively correlated with the SAP concentration.The physical adsorption of the SAP by soil and the chemical connection between the SAP and soil mineral colloids as Si-O-Si bonds,-OH bonds and different crystalline silica were the important factors that directly lead to the reduction of water retention capacities of the SAP with alternating wet and dry conditions.Compared with the control,the soil liquid phase ratios of the SAP treatments were increased by8.8-202.7%in the T1 and T2 cycles,which would have led to a decrease in the soil air phase ratios.After repeated wetting and drying cycles,the SAP treatments increased the amount of>0.25 mm soil aggregates and the contents of water-stable macro-aggregate(R_(0.25)),and decreased the amount of<0.053 mm soil aggregates,especially with higher concentrations of the SAP.Increases in mean weight diameter(MWD)and geometric mean diameter(GMD),and declines in fractal dimension(D)and unstable aggregates index(E_(LT))were all observed with the SAP treatments,which indicated an improvement in soil stability and structure.It was concluded that the distribution and stability of soil aggregates and soil water supply capacity was closely related to SAP concentration,soil moisture condition and the interaction between the SAP and soil particles.

基于Web of Science对土壤胶体影响重金属行为研究的计量分析

为全面了解土壤胶体影响重金属行为方向的研究现状和前沿动态,基于Web of Science(WoS)核心合集数据库,利用WoS自带分析工具、HistCite引文图谱分析软件、VOSviewer和Citespace可视化分析软件对1990—2021年间土壤胶体影响重金属行为的文献进行了计量分析。结果表明,在世界范围内该方向的发文量逐年稳步增长,我国相关研究起步较晚,但近些年呈现迅猛发展的势头。目前土壤胶体影响重金属行为研究发文量最多的国家和研究机构分别是美国和中国科学院,发文量最高的期刊为Environmental Science&Technology,主要研究学科为环境科学与生态学的交叉学科。关键词聚类分析显示“土壤胶体颗粒粒径分级与重金属的形态分布”、“土壤胶体的释放、沉积及对重金属的吸附作用”和“土壤胶体颗粒的迁移机制与迁移模型研究”为主要的研究主题,人工纳米颗粒在土壤中的行为、迁移转化以及生物有效性是现阶段的研究热点。利用场流分离技术结合单粒子电感耦合等离子体质谱等技术,探讨土壤胶体与人工纳米颗粒之间发生的复杂相互作用及其对人工纳米颗粒迁移归趋与环境命运的影响,是未来的主要研究方向。

外源秸秆对污染土壤氧化还原过程水分散性胶体态重金属的影响

土壤胶体尤其是水分散性胶体,作为一种重要的污染物载体,在重金属吸附、迁移以及生物吸收过程起着重要作用。通过土壤培养试验探讨了外源添加水稻秸秆在氧化还原波动条件下如何影响土壤液相中及水分散性胶体中重金属的分布。结果表明,外源秸秆增加厌氧过程液相中溶解性有机碳(DOC)、砷(As)、铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)、钙(Ca)、钾(K)、硅(Si)、铝(Al)、镁(Mg)等浓度,降低了厌氧过程氧化还原电位(Eh)及铜(Cu)、铅(Pb)等浓度,提高了好氧过程Pb浓度。利用非对称流场流分馏-紫外可见-电感耦合等离子体-质谱联用技术(AF4-UV-ICP-MS),测得水分散性胶体颗粒主要分布在0.3~3 kDa、3~40 kDa和130 kDa~450 nm三个粒径范围,各粒径颗粒的组成有所差异,主要含有机质、无机黏土矿物和铁矿物等。外源秸秆促进液相中Fe和As由胶体态向溶解态转化,促进镉(Cd)和Cu由溶解态向胶体态转化。本研究有助于揭示农业活动影响重金属迁移转化及有效性的界面机制。

塿土胶体对氮磷钾吸附性能的尺寸效应

为明确尺寸效应对塿土胶体吸附氮、磷、钾行为的影响过程及机理,采用高速离心法提取直径<2000、<1000、<500、<200 nm和<100 nm的塿土胶体组分,测定其粒径分布、元素含量和zeta电位,进而通过批量吸附试验研究其对铵根离子(NH_(4)^(+))、磷酸根离子(PO_(4)^(3-))和钾离子(K^(+))的吸附行为。结果表明:直径<2000 nm和<1000 nm的塿土粗胶体颗粒呈双峰分布模式,直径<500、<200 nm和<100 nm的细胶体组分呈单峰分布。随着平均直径减小,塿土胶体的全碳和有机碳含量增加。不同直径塿土胶体在高pH下的zeta电位绝对值增大,电荷密度和电荷可变性也随颗粒直径增大而增加。各直径塿土胶体对NH_(4)^(+)、PO_(4)^(3-)、K^(+)的吸附过程符合准一级动力学和Freundlich模型,吸附过程以物理扩散为主,且表现为多分子层吸附特征。不同直径塿土胶体对NH_(4)^(+)、PO_(4)^(3-)、K^(+)的的吸附性能受胶体直径大小的影响,塿土粗胶粒(<2000 nm)吸附能力最大,表明塿土胶体对养分元素的吸附差异主要受电荷密度调控。

土壤胶体磷环境效应及其影响因素

胶体是磷素在环境中迁移转化的重要载体,土壤胶体磷对磷素生物地球化学循环具有重要作用,其活化迁移对土壤、水环境具有十分重要的影响。本文介绍了国内外土壤胶体磷的分类、分离和分析技术。重点阐述了土壤胶体磷活化、土壤基础理化性质(矿物组成、其他胶体元素、土壤孔隙结构、pH、氧化还原电位)、肥料及土壤改良剂应用对土壤胶体磷环境效应的影响。并针对目前土壤胶体磷流失存在的问题,提出相关对策及展望,以期为后续胶体磷研究和胶体磷污染的治理提供参考。

钚(Ⅳ)-胶体-不动介质(花岗岩)间的作用机制:实验,表面配位和DLVO作用力

为了准确模拟钚在地下水中的大尺度迁移行为,需要掌握地下水三相体系中钚(Ⅳ)-天然胶体-不动介质(花岗岩)间的作用机制。实验结果表明,钚(Ⅳ)吸附在土壤胶体表面生成的钚(假)胶体有很强的运动能力(钚(假)胶体在装有孔隙介质的柱体中传输后钚的回收率R反映其运动能力),其运动能力R随土壤胶体质量浓度ρ的增大而增大(0≤ρ≤375.4 mg/L,1.3%≤R≤52.5%)。钚(Ⅳ)在土壤胶体表面生成的主要配位种态是≡SOPu(OH)_(3),种态百分数>95%,且种态百分数与胶体浓度正相关。实验和表面配位计算证实,钚(假)胶体增强了钚的运动能力,比水溶态钚污染远场水域的风险更大。DLVO作用势计算结果指出,随着胶体浓度的继续增大,胶体-介质间第二能量最小值(Ф_(min2))的波谷深度加深。该引力相互作用势导致钚(假)胶体在介质表面的吸着沉积效率增大,且与实验观察到的逐渐变弱的钚(假)胶体的运动能力一致(375.4 mg/L≤ρ≤2017.8 mg/L,52.5%≤R≤12.7%)。

猪粪源溶解性有机质对锰矿区耕地土壤中镉迁移的影响

镉(Cd)是迁移潜力最大的重金属元素之一。土壤中Cd迁移过程及影响因素的研究对于土-水生态系统中Cd的环境风险评估及修复治理有重要意义。为探求外源富碳有机质对金属矿区污染耕地土壤中Cd迁移的影响,开展原状土柱淋洗试验,考察猪粪源溶解性有机质(DOM)的引入(232 mg/L)对胶体结合态Cd(C-Cd)和水溶态Cd(D-Cd)迁移过程的差异及影响机制。结果表明:①猪粪DOM引入前,土壤胶体是Cd迁移的主要载体,胶体浓度是影响总镉(T-Cd)和C-Cd浓度动态变化的主要因素;猪粪DOM引入后,原状土柱淋洗过程中T-Cd和C-Cd的迁移量分别是对照阶段的1.8倍和2.2倍,pH成为影响Cd迁移的关键因素。②猪粪DOM的引入主要通过提升溶液pH,促进土壤胶体的迁移(迁移量较对照阶段增加了68.4%)进而增加C-Cd的迁移量(较对照阶段增加了124.4%)。同时,pH的增加也抑制了Cd^(2+)的解吸,导致D-Cd迁移量较对照阶段减少了41.2%。③猪粪DOM引入后的淋洗过程中,DOM通过提升土壤胶体Cd富集系数(由32.6mg/kg增至43.4mg/kg),进一步提升了土壤胶体对Cd迁移的支配作用,T-Cd中C-Cd的占比高达90.1%。因此,在农用地Cd污染土壤或场地污染土壤修复过程中涉及外源富碳有机质(如畜禽粪便、城市污泥、堆肥/生物质炭)应用时,应重点关注外源DOM促进胶体结合态Cd迁移进入浅层地下水的环境风险。

农业活动下土壤胶体释放特征差异的研究进展

土壤胶体作为性质最活跃的土壤组分之一,对污染物的迁移转化具有重要的调控作用。农业活动会频繁地改变土壤环境的水动力/水化学条件,势必会影响土壤胶体的环境行为。本文首先综述了农业活动对于土壤胶体释放量,以及胶体组分影响的调控机理,其次重点总结了土壤胶体释放量及施肥所引起的土壤胶体组分性质的差异。最后在现有的农业活动对土壤胶体释放特征差异相关研究的基础上,对尚需深入研究的关键问题进行了展望。

扰动后冻土抗压强度衰减规律及机理研究

土体强度是冻结施工的关键技术指标,为研究外部扰动作用对冻土抗压强度的影响,采用室内试验方法对扰动后原状和重塑冻土无侧限抗压强度变化规律研究。研究表明原状冻土在扰动10次内,强度迅速衰减,之后降速放缓并稳定,残余强度与峰值强度比值约为0.3;重塑冻土强度随扰动次数呈弧形下降,残余强度与峰值强度比值小于0.1;冻土强度衰减原因可以从冰晶格断裂、土颗粒胶体断裂及温度升高三方面考虑;对于原状土,结构性破坏引起的强度衰减不可忽略,通过电镜试验发现,扰动后单位面积内土颗粒数量增加,有效粒径减小,颗粒形态更加规则,而重塑土颗粒形态未有明显变化,其强度损失主要是因为冰胶结力的丧失。结论可为冻结施工时外力扰动控制提供借鉴与参考。

磷肥不同施用量对紫色土坡面胶体态磷流失的影响

[目的]农田磷流失风险与磷肥用量密切相关,鉴于土壤胶体在土-水界面磷素迁移转化过程中的重要作用,探讨施用磷肥对紫色土坡面胶体态磷流失的影响及其与产流产沙之间的关系,为从土壤胶体视角认识磷素迁移机制提供科学依据。[方法]试验采用人工模拟降雨和室内分析相结合的方法,开展4个磷肥施用量0(P0)、20(P20)、40(P40)和100(P100)mg·kg-1下紫色土坡面产流产沙及胶体态磷流失特征研究。[结果]地表径流量受磷肥施用量影响较小,侵蚀产沙量受磷肥施用量影响较大,施磷后坡面初始产沙量显著降低了49.3%-68.7%,P100处理累积产沙量较其他施磷处理显著降低了26.5%-30.9%。地表径流是紫色土坡面水分散性总磷(WTP)和胶体态磷(CP)的主要流失途径,其流失比例分别占总流失量的57.5%-93.9%和62.3%-94.8%,且CP是地表径流WTP流失的主要形态,占WTP流失量的72.1%-80.7%。施磷显著增加了磷素流失风险,与P0处理相比,施磷后地表径流WTP、CP、DP(溶解态磷)累积流失负荷量分别提高了2.56-20.97倍、2.72-22.21倍、1.17-10.40倍,侵蚀泥沙WTP、CP、DP的累积流失负荷量分别提高了0.24-0.92倍、0.05-1.09倍、0.47-0.76倍。[结论]紫色土坡面胶体态磷流失的主要途径为地表径流,胶体态磷流失与产流过程密切相关,流失负荷量主要取决于磷肥施用量。水分散性总磷与胶体态磷呈极显著相关关系,胶体态磷是紫色土坡面磷素流失主要形态,可以通过调控地表径流,合理减施磷肥以减少坡面CP流失。

不同电解质体系中土壤胶体凝聚动力学的动态光散射研究

利用动态光散射技术研究在不同浓度的KNO3和Mg(NO3)2中土壤胶体颗粒的凝聚过程动力学.通过分析凝聚过程中光强和有效粒径随时间的变化得到:(1)根据凝聚过程中光强的稳定与否,可以判断土壤胶体凝聚过程中碰撞的发生是由布朗运动支配还是由重力作用支配;(2)在不同的电解质体系下土壤胶体凝聚表现为快速凝聚特征或不同的慢速凝聚特征,并且在慢速凝聚中存在一个对重力敏感的电解质浓度;(3)两种电解质作用下的土壤胶体凝聚特征相似,但对Mg(NO3)2体系浓度变化的敏感性远远大于KNO3体系.此外,通过分析凝聚平均速率随电解质浓度的变化,找到慢速凝聚与快速凝聚的电解质浓度转折点,即临界絮凝浓度(CFC),提供了一个实验测定CFC的可能方法.