Accumulation of cadmium and copper by female Oxya chinensis (Orthopera: Acridoidea) in soil-plant-insect system

One purpose of this research is to present accumulation of cadmium （Cd） and copper （Cu） by female Oxya chinensis （Orthopera： Acridoidea） in a simulated soil-plant-insect ecosystem treated with Cd. Fourth-instar nymphs of O. chinensis had been fed on wheat （Triticurn aestivum） seedlings contaminated with Cd and Cu for one month. In the ecosystem, the Cd concentration in wheat seedlings rose greatly with the increasing of Cd in the soil, but the Cu concentration in wheat seedlings was not found elevated. There was a highly significant difference（P〈0.05） in Cd concentrations of wheat seedlings and not any significant difference（P〉0.05） in Cu concentrations of wheat seedlings. The Cd and Cu concentration in different body part-head, thorax, abdomen, and hind femur, varied under different Cd concentrations in soil. There were significant differences （P〈0.05） in the four parts of Cd and Cu accumulations with all treatments. The order of Cd accumulation was thorax 〉abdomen 〉head 〉hind femur and the Cu was abdomen 〉thorax 〉 head〉hind femur. The results indicated that Cd and Cu were accumulated from the soil to grasshoppers through the plant; that is to say, Cd and Cu in environment could be transported to animal or human via food chain.

Research Progress on Remediation Technology Suitable for Farmland Soil Contaminated by Cd

Cd contamination range of farmland soil in China is wide,which has constituted a major threat for food safety and residents＇ health. Via multi-year development,there are more remediation methods suitable for soil contaminated by Cd among the world,but some methods are only suitable for the contaminated sites and indoor research,and can not be applied in large-range contaminated farmland. We analyze the source of Cd in farmland soil. By combining farmland＇s characteristics,three remediation techniques（ low-absorption crops plantation,soil solidification and phytoremediation） and their effects are analyzed,and the existing problems and research prospects of the above techniques are explored. The research could provide reference for restoring farmland soil contaminated by Cd in China,recovering its production function and enhancing food safety standards.

Status of Heavy Metal Contamination in Paddy Soil of Guangxi Province and Effect of Silicon Fertilization on Cd Content in Brown Rice

[Objective] To provide a scientific basis for the management of Cd contamination, the status of Cd contamination in paddy soil of Guangxi Province, as well as the effect of silicon fertilization on Cd content in brown rice, was investigated. [Method] A total of 157 topsoil（0-20 cm） samples were collected from the major rice-growing paddy fields in Guangxi Province. The Cd contents in the topsoil samples were determined. The paddy soil environment quality and potential ecological risk were evaluated by single factor index and potential ecological index methods. In addition, in the Cd-contaminated paddy fields, the effects of different silicon fertilization treatments（no application（CK）, soil application of 750 kg/hm^2 silicon fertilizer（S）, leaf application of 1 500 L/hm^2 0.2% nanometer silicon（L）, soil application of 750 kg/hm^2 silicon fertilizer ＋ leaf application of 1 500 L/hm^2 0.2% nanometer silicon（SL）） on Cd content in brown rice were investigated. [Result] The total Cd contents in the 157 topsoil samples from paddy fields of Guangxi Province ranged from 0.02 to 7.33 mg/kg with an average content of 0.53 mg/kg. The Cd contents in 35.03% of the topsoil samples exceeded the grade II of national soil environment quality standards, and the topsoil samples were dominated by moderate and mild Cd contamination. Different silicon fertilization treatment all significantly reduced the Cd content in brown rice（P〈0.05）. In the treatment III, the Cd content in brown rice was lowest. Compared with that in the CK group, the Cd content in brown rice in the treatment III was reduced by 73.45%, in the treatment II was reduced by 62.07%, and in the treatment I was reduced by 34.48%. [Conclusion] The Cd in paddy fields of Guangxi Province showed a moderate to high ecological risk,and rational application of silicon fertilizer could effectively reduce the Cd content in brown rice.

Compound contamination and secondary ecological effects of Cd and As in soil－alfalfa ecosystems

d and As both have harmful effects on the growth,development and seed germination of alfalfa, especially in such a condition as the coexistence of Cd and As in soil environment The research using the pot-culture imitative method first found that if soil was simultaneously polluted by Cd and As,function of alfalfa absorbing Cd from soil may be promoted because of the existence of As,in conversely,Cd may inhibit alfalfa plant from absorbing As It was also found that secon- dary ecological effects were most likely to be brought out due to the coexistence of Cd and As. For example,alfalfa is passive to excessively absorb Cu and Pb .The harmful effects undoubtedly intensi- fy the contamination of alfalfa, The results showed that the mechanism of the interaction among Cd,As,Pb and Cu in soil-alfalfa ecosystems is very complicated.

Long-Term Fate of Agent Orange and Dioxin TCDD Contaminated Soils and Sediments in Vietnam Hotspots

The soils, tropical climate, and network of canals and rivers of southern Vietnam have created one of the most diverse tropical jungles and intensely cultivated landscapes of Southeast Asia. This paradise has a long history of numerous wars, foreign occupations, and most recently the Second Indochina War (aka the Vietnam War 1965-1972) which defoliated rain forests and ancient wetland mangroves and left behind contaminated soil and sediment hotspots. During this war, the United States (US) military sprayed 80 million liters of Agent Orange contaminated with the dioxin TCDD in a guerrilla war against communist insurgents. Agent Orange was a synthetic plant growth regulator comprised of equal amounts of two herbicides 2,4-dichloro phenoxyacetic acid C8H6Cl2O3 (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid C8H5Cl3O3 (2,4,5-T). TCDD, the dioxin, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (C12H4Cl4O2) was an unintended byproduct of the accelerated combustion process used in the manufacture of herbicides containing 2,4,5-T. Agent Orange has frequently been blamed for soil and sediment contamination and long-term human health problems;however, the true source of harm is the dioxin TCDD. Agent Orange has a short half-life of days and weeks after application to vegetation, and has not been found to persist, after 50 years, in the water or soils of southern Vietnam. However, the half-life of dioxin TCDD depends on where it is deposited and varies from 1 to 3 years on soil surfaces that have been fully exposed to sunlight, to as long as 20 to 50 years or more when buried in tropical subsoils, and more than 100 years in river and sea sediments. Dioxin TCDD was heavily concentrated in the US Air Force bases in Vietnam where the herbicides were stored, loaded on planes and helicopters for aerial spraying, and used extensively around military base perimeter fences as a security measure to prevent surprise attacks. Bien Hoa Air Force base, 40 km northeast of Ho Chi Minh City, continues to be one of the mega-hotspots where after 48 years the dioxin TCDD levels in fish and shrimp are still high and fishing is banned in ponds and lakes adjacent to the airbase. Although expensive, one of the most effective remediation to dioxin TCDD contaminated soils is incineration which is the recommended method of dioxin TCDD disposal.

Effects of Exogenous 5-Aminolevulinic Acid and 24-Epibrassinolide on Cd Accumulation in Rice from Cd-Contaminated Soil

High grain-Cd-accumulating rice variety Yongyou 9 was planted in Cd-contaminated farmland in Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province, China to study the effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid(ALA) and24-epibrassinolide(EBR) on Cd accumulation in brown rice. Results showed that the exogenous ALA and EBR had no significant effects on agronomic traits, soil pH and total Cd content in soil, but had some effects on the available Cd content in soil, and significantly influenced the Cd accumulation in the different parts of rice. Results also showed that 100 mg/L exogenous ALA significantly reduced the Cd accumulation in brown rice to blow the food safety standard(0.2 mg/kg), and also significantly reduced the Cd contents in the roots and culm of rice. However, 200 mg/L exogenous ALA treatment increased the Cd content in brown rice remarkably. In addition, 0.15 mg/L EBR treatment increased Cd accumulation in roots, culm, leaves and brown rice notably, whereas 0.30 mg/L exogenous EBR treatment reduced the Cd accumulation in brown rice properly, but it was not significant. Therefore,proper concentration of ALA can effectively reduce the Cd accumulation in brown rice, which can be used as an effective technical method for the safe production of rice in Cd polluted farmland.

Spatial distribution of Cd and Cu in soils in Shenyang Zhangshi Irrigation Area(SZIA),China

Heavy metal contamination of soils,derived from sewage irrigation,mining and inappropriate utilization of various agrochemicals and pesticides,and so on,has been of wide concern in the last several decades.The Shenyang Zhangshi Irrigation Area(SZIA) in China is a representative area of heavy metal contamination of soils resulting from sewage irrigation for about 30 years.This study investigated the spatial distribution and temporal variation of soil cadmium(Cd) and copper(Cu) contamination in the SZIA.The soil samples were collected from the SZIA in 1990 and 2004;Cd and Cu in soils was analyzed and then the spatial distribution and temporal variation of Cd and Cu in soils were modeled using Kriging methods.The results show that long-term sewage irrigation had caused serious Cd and Cu contamination in soils.The mean and the maximum of soil Cd are markedly higher than the levels in second grade standard soil(LSGSS) in China,and the maximum of soil Cu is close to the LSGSS in China in 2004 and is more than the LSGSS in China in 1990.The contamination magnitude of soil Cd and the soil extent of Cd contamination had evidently increased since sewage irrigation ceased in 1992.The contamination magnitude of soil Cu and the soil extent of Cu contamination had evidently increased in topsoil,but obviously decresed in subsoil.The soil contamination of Cd and Cu was mainly related to Cd and Cu reactivation of contaminated sediments in Shenyang Xi River and the import of Cd and Cu during irrigation.The eluviation of Cd and Cu in contaminated topsoil with rainfall and irrigation water was another factor of temporal-spatial variability of Cd and Cu contamination in soils.

Inhibition and Control Effects of Different Amendments on Cd Activation in Soil and Cd Absorption in Rice

Through pot tests of early rice and late rice in Cd polluted environment(soil Cd content,1.0 mg/kg),the inhibition and control effects of single application of organic fertilizers involving pig manure and biochar,and their combined application with alkaline amendments involving lime and oyster shell powder on soil Cd activation and rice Cd absorption were compared.And the correlation between soil available Cd and rice grain Cd was discussed.The results showed that compared with CK which did not involve amendments,the grain yields of early rice and late rice increased by 15.52%~36.01%and 12.02%~27.28%,respectively,the grain Cd content decreased by 24.76%~64.53%and 4.93%~58.32%,respectively,and the grain Cd accumulation decreased by 22.27%~51.76%and 33.84%~46.95%,respectively,except for single pig manure treatment.In particular,the Cd reduction effect of biochar was significantly better than that of pig manure,and the combined application with oyster shell powder was better than that with lime;after the harvest of early and late rice,the available Cd content in soil applied with amendments decreased by 35.00%~65.88%and 30.93%~68.57%,respectively,compared with CK.Further analysis showed that the soil available Cd content and rice grain Cd content could fit the linear equation well(R2>0.70,P<0.05),which demonstrated that the combined application of organic fertilizers and alkaline amendments can quickly reduce the Cd content of rice grain by passivating soil available Cd,and the combined application between biochar and oyster shell powder had a better effect.

6种固化剂对土壤Pb Cd Cu Zn的固化效果

通过在重金属污染土壤中分别施加沸石、石灰石、硅藻土、羟基磷灰石、膨润土和海泡石6种固化剂,研究了这6种固化剂对土壤中Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn的固化效果,筛选出几种效果较好的固化剂。实验结果表明:沸石、石灰石和羟基磷灰石均能够有效地降低土壤中交换态Pb、Cd的含量,并且明显减少了土壤中Pb、Cd的毒性浸出量,其中沸石最多降低土壤中交换态Pb、Cd含量分别达到48.7%和56.2%,减少土壤中Pb、Cd的毒性浸出量达到37.1%和30.1%;沸石、石灰石均能够有效降低土壤中交换态Cu的含量,降低量分别高达68.1%和85.2%,膨润土能有效减少土壤中Cu的毒性浸出量,减少量最高达到66.51%;石灰石对土壤中Zn有着良好的固化效果。

长期不同施肥对红壤Cu和Cd含量及活化率的影响

对始于1990年的红壤旱地施肥长期定位试验的6个处理包括对照(不施肥,CK)、施氮(N)、氮磷(NP)、氮磷钾(NPK)、氮磷钾+有机肥(NPKM)和有机肥(M)的历年耕层土壤重金属Cu和Cd全量和有效态含量进行分析,以阐明长期不同施肥条件下红壤Cu、Cd含量及活化率变化特征。结果表明,16a连续不施肥或施用化肥(N/NP/NPK)条件下土壤Cu、Cd全量和有效态含量基本保持不变;Cu活化率随施肥时间变化不显著,但Cd的活化率在施肥后期(1996-2006)呈明显上升趋势,在施氮处理上高达95.7%;不施肥和配施化肥下Cd的活化率与土壤pH值呈极显著负相关。化肥配施有机肥(NPKM)和单施有机肥处理(M)的土壤中Cu、Cd全量和有效态含量及其活化率随时间均呈显著上升趋势;土壤Cd含量从1990年的0.12mg·kg-1上升为2006年的1.31～1.48mg·kg-1,平均年上升0.08～0.09mg·kg-1;土壤有效态Cd含量2006年达到0.53～0.58mg·kg-1,为1990年的18.0～19.9倍;Cd活化率与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关。长期施用有机肥红壤Cu、Cd含量超标严重,土壤Cu和Cd全量之间达极显著相关(r=0.887**,n=30),其来源具有一致性,有机肥为环境带来的风险应予以重视。

绿化植物废弃物对土壤中Cu Zn Pb和Cd形态的影响

利用自制的Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd污染的灰潮土和黄泥土,通过室内培养实验研究了不同绿化植物废弃物添加量和不同培养时间对这两种污染土壤中这4种重金属形态的影响。结果表明,绿化植物废弃物的加入抑制了Cu的活化,且添加60%绿化植物废弃物时有机结合态Cu的含量最高;绿化植物废弃物与污染土培养2～3个月时,残余态Zn的含量最高,对植物的毒害最小;绿化植物废弃物添加量为60%时灰潮土中有效态Pb含量较低,而添加量为30%时黄泥土中有效态Pb含量最低;绿化植物废弃物添加量的多少对灰潮土Cd形态的影响较小,但黄泥土中的Cd则随绿化植物废弃物量的增加活性逐渐减弱,且两种土壤均在培养2～3个月时可交换态Cd的含量最低。

长期施肥对黑土中Cu、Cd含量及其剖面分布的影响

以经过8个不同施肥处理的黑土样品为材料,研究长期不同施肥处理下,黑土中Cu、Cd含量的差异。采用原子吸收分光光度法和Tessier-连续提取法,研究黑土中全Cu、全Cd和有效Cu、有效Cd的含量差异。结果表明,有机肥的长期施用,会使土壤中Cu、Cd与有机质发生络合并使Cu、Cd在土壤表层累积;秸秆和氮磷钾(S+NPK)化肥的长期配合施用,有利于作物对有效Cu和Cd的吸收,从而使Cu、Cd在土壤中没有明显积累;NP及NPK处理下,二铵、氯化钾肥对土壤中Cu、Cd积累的影响不明显。长期耕作不施肥(CK)处理时,因无外源Cu、Cd,以及作物对有效Cu、Cd的长期吸收,土壤中Cu、Cd含量低于不耕作不施肥(休闲)处理的。从垂直剖面上看,Cu、Cd主要积累在黑土表层,而表层以下不同施肥处理间Cu、Cd含量的差异和变幅不大。有机肥料能明显地向土壤中带入Cu、Cd,造成Cu、Cd在土壤表层的积累,并由于植物体的吸收对人体造成潜在危害,而其他化学肥料对土壤中Cu和Cd积累的影响不明显。本研究为人们的生产实践提供了施肥理论和依据,并且对土壤的污染防治也具有现实意义。

Cu、Cd污染对土壤脲酶活性的影响研究

随着重金属污染的越来越重,重金属对土壤环境的危害引起人们广泛的关注,土壤酶作为土壤生态系统中生化反应的催化剂,对各种土壤代谢过程起驱动作用。为研究单因素重金属Cu、Cd对于土壤脲酶活性的影响,以至于对环境保护和环境评价工作提供意见。本文采用靛酚蓝比色法测定脲酶活性,以氨氮浓度表征土壤脲酶活性。实验结果表明,随着Cu2+、Cd2+浓度的增加,土壤脲酶活性显著降低,即重金属对土壤脲酶具有抑制作用。

长三角和珠三角农业土壤对Pb、Cu、Cd的吸附解吸特性

研究了长江三角州和珠江三角州10种代表性农业土壤对重金属Pb、Cu和Cd的吸附与解吸特性。结果表明:大多数土壤对重金属有较强吸附能力,土壤性质对重金属吸附与解吸行为有很大影响。其中,pH值是影响土壤对重金属吸附与解吸的最重要因素,土壤重金属吸附量随pH值增加而增加。土壤pH值和有机质或粘粒含量较高的土壤(如乌栅土、青紫泥田、黄斑田),其对重金属吸附能力高于pH值和有机质或粘粒含量较低的土壤(如黄筋泥、粉泥田)。重金属解吸量随重金属吸附量和土壤重金属饱和度增加呈指数增加趋势;土壤对重金属的吸附能力从强至弱依次为Pb、Cu、Cd;当3种重金属共存时,重金属之间竞争能力强弱顺序与吸附能力顺序相同。重金属之间竞争作用随土壤酸度和重金属污染程度的增加而增强。

土壤对重金属Cu(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附研究

采用等温吸附平衡法研究了土壤对重金属Cu2+和Cd2+的吸附,研究了浓度、搅拌时间、静置时间以及pH对土壤吸附铜和镉影响。结果表明,土壤对铜的吸附量大于镉,土壤对重金属吸附的最佳条件是搅拌15 min,静置20 min,pH为7.0,初步确定土壤对铜和隔的吸附属于Freundlich吸附。

皖北砂姜黑土Cu、Cd、Zn形态分布特征

采用小麦农田取样,对土壤中的重金属运用连续提取方法,研究了皖北砂姜黑土中Cu、Cd、Zn的化学形态、含量及分布特征.结果表明:在砂姜黑土中,重金属Cu、Cd、Zn含量的平均值高于该土地土壤的背景值.土壤中Cu、Cd、Zn的残留态在总量中所占比例比较高,交换态、有机态、碳酸盐结合态含量明显低于残留态.在三种元素中,Zn的化学形态变化趋势最为一致,表现为残留态>碳酸盐结合态>铁锰氧化物结合态>有机态>交换态;统计分析表明:Cu、Cd、Zn在砂姜黑土中的形态分布与土壤PH值、有机质含量等因素相关;该土壤受到了一定程度的污染.

Cu-Cd复合胁迫对2种萱草生长与抗氧化酶活性的影响

【目的】对金娃娃萱草(Hemerocallis hybridus Stella de Oro)和大花萱草(Hemerocallis middendorffii)在Cu-Cd复合胁迫条件下的生长及生理特性进行研究,为重金属污染土壤的花卉植物修复提供理论依据。【方法】以金娃娃萱草和大花萱草多年生分株苗为材料,进行盆栽试验,以不处理植株为对照,探讨不同Cu-Cd复合处理(T1:Cu 100mg/kg+Cd 0.3 mg/kg,T2:Cu 400 mg/kg+Cd 1 mg/kg,T3:Cu 800 mg/kg+Cd 20 mg/kg,T4:Cu1 200mg/kg+Cd 100mg/kg)和胁迫时间(30,60,90,120d)下,2种萱草株高、干质量、叶片光合色素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率及抗氧化酶(POD、SOD)活性等生理指标的变化。【结果】T1处理促进了大花萱草的生长,随着Cu-Cd胁迫的继续加剧,其植株高度和生物量下降;与对照相比,Cu-Cd胁迫处理金娃娃萱草植株高度和生物量一直呈下降趋势。与对照相比,大花萱草T1处理SOD活性有所增加,而后随胁迫强度的增加,SOD活性逐渐下降;金娃娃萱草SOD活性一直呈下降趋势;2种萱草POD活性均随Cu-Cd复合含量的增加逐渐上升。金娃娃萱草叶片叶绿素含量随Cu-Cd复合含量的增加而降低,而大花萱草叶片叶绿素含量呈先增加后降低趋势;2种萱草净光合速率和蒸腾速率均呈双峰曲线,峰值出现在10:00和16:00。【结论】大花萱草对Cu-Cd复合胁迫的耐受性较金娃娃萱草强,更有利于对重金属污染土壤的修复。

Cd和Cu在草甸棕壤-植物系统中行为特性的研究

在沈阳生态站开展了重金属迁移积累行为特性的试验研究,探讨了不同重金属元素在土壤及作物体内迁移积累变化规律.外源重金属元素Cd、Cu施入土壤后,无论是低剂量还是高剂量处理,水田土壤Cd元素已迁移到45 cm的深度,而Cu元素迁移到30 cm的深度.旱田土壤低剂量和高剂量处理Cd迁移到30 cm,而Cu元素只有高剂量处理迁移到30 cm的深度.土壤Cd、Cu元素向下层迁移的量微乎其微,重金属元素大多滞留在土壤表层.水稻、玉米吸收的Cd大部分积累在作物体的根和茎叶中,而Cu大部分积累在作物体的根系中,Cd、Cu籽实吸收量占植物体总吸收量的1.16%～3%.水稻、玉米地上部吸收Cd的量>地上部吸收Cu的量,在作物体中Cd的迁移能力强于Cu的迁移能力.

长期施用猪粪和化肥对稻田土壤Cu、Zn和Cd含量及有效性的影响

为研究有机肥与化肥处理下稻田土壤Cu、Zn、Cd含量之间的差异,并探明关键影响因子,本研究利用持续了35 a的长期定位试验,分析了土壤重金属全量及有效态、土壤理化性质和水稻产量,并利用多种统计分析方法研究了猪粪组和化肥组土壤Cu、Zn和Cd与土壤理化指标之间的关系。结果表明:与对照(不施肥)相比,长期施用猪粪使土壤Cu、Zn、Cd全量和有效态含量分别提高了134%~239%、57%~124%、58%~171%和191%~380%、285%~811%、61%~184%,并显著提升了土壤有机质(SOM)、阳离子交换量(CEC)及氮磷养分含量;而化肥处理对土壤重金属全量及有效态含量无显著影响,对土壤理化指标的提升相对较小。冗余分析(RDA)发现,猪粪组土壤全氮(TN)、CEC和速效磷(AP)分别解释了重金属方差变异的89.1%、6.4%和2.0%,化肥组土壤pH和全磷(TP)分别解释了方差变异的45.0%和22.2%,达到显著水平。进一步通过偏最小二乘路径模型(PLS-PM)分析发现,猪粪对重金属有效态的贡献远大于化肥,主要通过影响土壤重金属全量和CEC从而影响重金属有效性,其路径系数分别为0.6217和0.2953,均达到显著水平。猪粪组土壤重金属与理化指标之间由于“同源”关系呈显著正相关,而化肥组两者的关系受水稻生长活动等因素影响较大。研究表明,长期施肥可以通过调控土壤理化指标等影响重金属有效性,施用猪粪进行稻田土壤培肥的同时,需要注意土壤重金属的累积风险。

用几种溶样方法对典型土样中Pb、Cr、Ni、Cd、Mn、Cu、Zn的溶出情况比较

本文采用HNO_3、HCl-HNO_3、HNO_3-H_2SO_4-HClO_4,溶洋方法消解土样,用原子吸收法测定题述中的元素,并与HCl-HNO_3-HF-HClO_4全消解方法进行了比较.发现除用HF以外的其它酸溶法Pb、Cr的溶出较少溶出比分别低于55％和67％,主要原因是Pb、Cr包藏在土壤的矿物晶格中。